Review ANTH
S2008


- You are responsible for everything on the midterm (less than 25%
will be on final – know your Punnett!!!)
- Review and understand all homeworks
- Define anthropology, and its four parts.
- Also subspecialities of physical anthropology – forensics, medical
anthro etc.
- 4 broad topics of this class –on syllabus! Re-read syllabus –that is
helpful
- Remember the 3rd molar study in class
- Remember Dr. Buss' study about male and female mate selection – what
is hard wired? We choose differently why?
- Scientific Method – explain it
- History of the development of evolutionary thinking – the people
Darwin borrowed from
- Darwin, Lyell, Malthus, Wallace, Buffon, Lamark, Linnaeus, Cuvier,
Thomsen, etc.
- Review the Map Quizzes
- Three Postulates of Natural Selection –
- How the Grant's Research tested these – see handout
- Genetics – Mendel
- His Pea studies
- Cell terminology, Sexual reproduction,
- Genetic terminology
- Punnett squares
- Modern Synthesis – evolution of allele freqs
- Forces of evolution
- Gene flow, genetic drift, mutations, founder effect,
- Sickle cell anemia and malaria – modern synthesis in action –
- ABO Blood Group system
- Speciation – reproductive isolating mechanisms
- Macromutations
- Geologic history
- Phylogeny
- Primate taxonomy
- Phenotypic traits of primates
- Jane Goodall and chimpanzee study
- Hominoids
- Comparative primate behaviors – baboons, bonobos, chimpanzees
- Social Life – benefits and costs
- Sociobiology – Altruism, inclusive fitness, Hamilton's rule
- Female and male dominance hierarchies
- Paleoanthropology
- Osteology [book diagrams]
- Fossil formation [book]
- Dating techniques [see handout]
- Primate evolution – from Proconsul (Omomyids) to Homo sapiens
- Becominghuman.org
- SEE CHART FOR ALL YOU SHOULD KNOW – FILL IT IN AND LEARN IT.
- Decide what are essential elements of the fossil crania – a few
major elements for each species –
- Bipedalism- physical shifts
- Theories for the evolution of bipedalism – models.
- Hominid evolution, major tool types, major steps each species took.
- Neanderthals – where did they go? Theories?
- MRE vs RAO – multiregional vs recent African origins
- Lumpers vs Splitters what is the difference?
- Explaining Human variability
- Racial types – phenotypic and genotypic reasons they don't exist
- Race as a cultural construct
- Documenting the variability of specific traits around the world –
height, nose length, skin color – rickets – lactase tolerance after 2
years.

FROM COURSE OUTLINE – WHAT YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW IS BELOW
A. Background to biological evolution.
1. Major subfields of anthropology.
a. Biological or Physical Anthropology
b. Archaeology
c. Cultural Anthropology
d. Linguistics
2. Major research areas within physical/biological anthropology.
. Primatology
a. Paleoanthropology
b. Sociobiology
c. Forensics
3. Anthropological perspective.
4. Scientific method and its application to physical anthropology.
5. Historical advances in the natural sciences, resulting in part from
the age of discovery and exploration.
. Advances in Geology (Lyell)
a. Advances in Biological Classification (Linnaeus)
b. Advances in Population studies (Malthus)
c. European ethnocentric and racist world views, particularly the
notions of fixity of species and a general sense of stasis.
B. Darwin's theory of biological evolution and Mendelian inheritance,
including basic genetics, taxonomy, and speciation.
1. Historical development of the Darwinian theory of natural selection.
. Contributions of 18th and 19th century scientists to evolutionary
theory (Lamark, Wallace, Erasmus Darwin)
a. Process by which Darwin used these earlier ideas to formulate his
three postulates of natural selection.
2. Theory of natural selection
. Variation in species and how natural selection acts on this
variation through differential reproductive success to alter species.
a. Galapagos finches and recent studies by Rosemary and Peter Grant.
b. Shortcomings of Darwin's explanation of evolution in reference to
19th century genetics and theories of inheritance (blending).
3. Basic principles of Mendelian inheritance.
. Mendel's pea experiments.
a. Concepts of dominant, recessive, and codominant alleles.
b. Principles of segregation and independent assortment.
c. Using the Punnett Square.
4. Cellular structure and genetic structure of DNA and RNA.
. Basic cell types and organelles including mitochondria and ribosomes.
a. Nature of chromosomes and the concept of a gene.
b. Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis.
c. Meiosis and the evolutionary process.
d. New frontiers of genetic research.
5. Mechanisms that produce genetic variation in populations.
. Mutation
a. Genetic drift
b. Gene flow
6. Concepts of population genetics using hemoglobin and malaria examples.
7. Concepts of taxonomy
8. Homology and analogy.
9. Concepts of genus and species
10. Speciation, including the roles of geographic isolation and
natural selection.
11. Geologic time scale
12. Major living mammalian groups.
13. Contrast gradualism with punctuated equilibrium (S.J. Gould).
C. The field of primatology.
1. Ancestral mammalian traits and the evolutionary trends that define
the order Primates.
2. Primate taxonomic classification, emphasizing the major taxa:
suborder, superfamily, family, genus and species.
3. Distinguishing features of prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans.
4. Describe hominoid morphological traits and social structures.
5. Primate field studies.
6. Primate behavioral ecology
7. Types of primate social interactions including grooming, dominance,
and affiliative and aggressive behaviors.
8. Territoriality and resource acquisition.
9. Primate learned social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
10. Reproductive strategies (r-selected versus k-selected).
11. Kin selection and Hamilton's Rule.
12. Sexual selection.
13. Importance of the mother-infant bond in contributing to the normal
social and psychological development of primate infants.
14. Primate communication and the evolution of language.
15. Nonhuman species' culture and tool use.
16. Between-group aggression in chimpanzees.
17. Female sexual selection in Baboons.
18. Bonobo sexual relationships.
D. Human origins and the important elements of paleoanthropology.
1. Define hominid, integrating the concept of biocultural evolution.
2. Paleoanthropology and the reconstruction of human biocultural
evolution.
3. Data gathered from Olduvai Gorge and the example of how it is
employed by paleoanthropology.
4. Various dating methods.
5. Experimental archaeology to interpret early hunting and tool use.
6. Different hypotheses for hominid origins.
7. Fossil evidence for primate origins.
8. Fossil evidence for anthropoid origins.
9. Fossil evidence for the origins and dispersal of the hominoids.
10. Major skeletal adaptations for full-time bipedalism.
11. Plio-Pleistocene hominids in chronological order.
12. Major early hominid fossil sites in Africa.
13. Classifying hominid species.
14. Dispersal of H. erectus out of Africa.
15. Fossil discoveries from Europe.
16. Early pre-modern Homo sapiens.
17. Evidence that Neandertals evolved in Europe.
18. Culture of Neandertals, including technology, settlement patterns,
subsistence behaviors, and symbolic behaviors.
19. List the cultural contrasts between Neandertals and Upper
Paleolithic humans.
20. Anatomically modern Homo sapiens.
21. Skeletal differences between anatomically modern H. sapiens and
pre-modern H. sapiens.
22. Geographic distribution of H. sapiens and the Out of Africa model.
23. Climatic, technological, and subsistence changes in the Upper
Paleolithic.
E. Behavior and biology today.
1. Historical views of human variation
2. Contrast modern race concepts and racist beliefs.
3. Adaptive aspects of human genotypic and phenotypic variation.
4. Population genetics and the study of human diversity.
5. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium formula.
6. Examples of human biocultural evolution.
7. Adaptive advantages of skin color related to levels of UV radiation
and the incidence of rickets.
8. Human responses to heat, cold, and high altitude.
9. Bergmann's and Allen's rules.
10. Interactions between natural selection and human infectious diseases.
11. Nutritional effects on growth and development.
12. Human senescence.
13. The future of the Earth and the human species in light of the
threat of overpopulation.