Amanda R. Ridley & M.F. Child, 2009. Specific targeting of host individuals by a kleptoparasitic bird. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology 63(8):1119-1126. ABSTRACT. Kleptoparasitism is a tactic used to acquire food opportunistically, and has been shown to provide several benefits, including greater food intake rate and the acquisition of items not normally available during self-foraging. Host individuals may differ in their ability to defend themselves against kleptoparasitic attacks, and therefore identifying those host individuals that are particularly vulnerable to attack could both provide energetic benefits and increase the efficiency of kleptoparasitism as a foraging strategy. Here, we show that the kleptoparasitic fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) specifically targets juveniles when following groups of cooperatively breeding pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor). Drongos give alarm calls upon sighting a predator, thus providing extra predator vigilance to foraging pied babblers. However, drongos also use alarm calls to steal food items. During kleptoparasitic attacks, drongos give false alarm calls and then swoop down to steal food items dropped by alarmed babblers. Juvenile pied babblers are particularly vulnerable to attack because they (a) spend a longer period handling prey items prior to consumption and (b) respond to alarm calls primarily by immediately moving to cover, in contrast to adults who respond by looking up and visually scanning the surrounding area. Drongos attack juvenile babblers significantly more often than adults, with attacks on juveniles more likely to result in the successful procurement of a food item. This patterns of attack suggests that drongos are able to differentiate between individuals of different age when targeting pied babblers, thus increasing the efficiency of kleptoparasitism as a foraging strategy.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

cf. R.B. Sharpe, 1877. Catalogue of the birds of the British Museum: Corvidae, Paradiseidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, & Prionipidae 3:1-343

Arthur Tweedale, 1878. Notes on the Dicruridae, and on their arrangement in the catalogue of the collection of the British Museum. Ibis 20:69-84

E.C.S. Baker, 1918. Some notes on the Dicruridae. Novitates Zoologicae 25:291-304

E.C.S. Baker, 1919. Further notes on some Dicruridae. Novitates Zoologicae 26:41-45

D.A. Bannerman, 1920. A review of the African Dicruridae in the British Museum. Ibis 62:439-445

Sam McDowell, 1947. Pterylography of the drongo (Dicrurus modestus coracinus). Auk 64(2):303

Charles Vaurie, 1947. Two new drongos from the Philippines. American Museum Novitates 1335:1-3

Ernst Mayr & Charles Vaurie, 1948. Evolution of the family Dicruridae (birds). Evolution 2(2):238-265

Charles Vaurie, 1949. A revision of the bird family Dicruridae. Bull. AMNH 93(4):199-342

Charles Vaurie, 1962. Family Dicruridae. Check-list of birds o f the world 15:137-157

C.M.N. White & M.D. Bruce, 1986. The birds of Wallacea. BOU Check-list 7:1-528

D.J. Pearson, 2000. Dicruridae. The birds of Africa 6:521-531

P.A.R. Hockey, W.R.J. Dean, P.G. Ryan, eds., 2005. Roberts' birds of southern Africa (Cape Town: Trustees of the John Voelker Bird Fund), 1296pp

Eric Pasquet, Jean-Marc Pons, Jerome Fuchs, Corrine Cruaud, Vincent Bretagnolle, 2007. Evolutionary history and biogeography of the drongos (Dicruridae), a tropical Old World clade of corvoid passerines. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution 45(1):158-167

Amanda R. Ridley, M.F. Child, M.B.V. Bell, 2007. Interspecific audience effects on the alarm-calling behaviour of a kleptoparasitic bird. Royal Soc. London Biology Letters 3(6):588-591 + Electronic Supplementary Material [4pp]

Amanda R. Ridley & Nichola J. Raihani, 2007. Facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler. Behavioral Ecology 18(2):324-330

Gerard Rocomoro & Dosithee Yeatman-Berthelot, 2009. Family Dicruridae (drongos). Handbook of the birds of the world 14 IN PRESS

Panaves Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001

Dinosauria Owen 1841

Saurischia Seeley 1887

Theropoda Marsh 1881

Coelurosauria von Huene 1914

Maniraptora Gauthier 1984

Avifilopluma Gauthier & de Querioz 2001

Avialiae Gauthier 1984

Aves Linnaeus 1758 (Converted Clade Name)

Neornithes Gadow 1893

Neognathae Pycraft 1900

Neoaves Sibley, Ahlquist, Monroe 1988

Passeriformes Garrod 1874

Passeri

Corvida

Corvoidea

Dicruridae Vigors 1825

= Edoliidae Swainson 1824

= Dicrurini Sibley & Ahlquist 1990

Dicrurus Vieillot 1816

= Edolius Cuvier 1816/Rafinesque 1815

= Edolyus [sic] Oken 1821 nomen nudum

= Drongo Tickell 1833 nomen dubium

= Criniger Tickell 1833 nomen dubium/Temminck 1820

= Chibia Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Bhringa Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Bhuchanga Hodgson 1836

= Chaptia Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Melisseus Hodgson 1841 nomen dubium [new name for Bhringa 1836]

= Cometes Hodgson 1841 nomen dubium [new name for Chibia 1836]/Billberg 1828

= Dissemurus Gloger 1841

= Prepopterus 'Hodg.' Blyth 1842 [new name for Chaptia 1836]

= Dicrourus [emendation] Gloger 1842

= Prepopterus Hodgson 1844 nomen nudum/Blyth 1842

= Dicrourus [emendation] Cabanis 1847

= Dicrourus 'Viell.' [emendation] Bonaparte 1850

= Musicus Reichenbach 1850 nomen nudum [plate caption]

= Dicranostreptus Reichenbach 1850 nomen nudum [plate caption]

= Trichometopus Cabanis 1851 nomen dubium [new name for Chibia 1836]

= Buchanga [emendation] Bonaparte 1854

= Balacassius Bonaparte 1854 nomen nudum

= Entomolestes Sundevall 1872 [new name for Chaptia 1836]

= Dissemuroides Hume 1872 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis Salvadori 1878 nomen dubium

= Dissemurulus Oates 1889

= Dissemuropsis Dubois 1901 nomen dubium [new name for Dissemuroides 1872]

= Dicrachibia Hachisuka 1928 nomen dubium

 

Dicrurus ludwigii (A. Smith 1834)

= Edolius ludwigii A. Smith 1834

= Dicrurus sharpei Oustalet 1879 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus muenzneri Reichenow 1915 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus elgonensis van Someren 1920 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus ludwigii tephrogaster Clancey 1975 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus ludwigii saturnus Clancey 1976 nomen dubium

 

Dicrurus atripennis Swainson 1837

Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein 1794)

= Corvus adsimilis Bechstein 1794

= Dicrurus musicus Vieillot 1816 nomen dubium

= Muscicape emarginata M.H.K. Lichtenstein 1823 nomen duibum

= Muscicape divaricata M.H.K. Lichtenstein 1823 nomen dubium

= Edolius lugubris Ehrenberg 1828 nomen nudum [plate caption]

= Dicrurus canipennis Swainson 1837 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus mystaceus Bonaparte 1850 nomen dubium

= Musicus Reichenbach 1850 nomen nudum [plate caption]

= Dicrurus aculeatus Cassin 1851 nomen dubium

= Edolius erythrophthalmus Heuglin 1867 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus fugax Peters 1868 nomen dubium

= Musicus divaricatus (M.H.K. Lichtenstein 1823) G.R. Gray 1870 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus modestus atactus Oberholser 1899 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus adsimilis jubaensis van Someren 1931 nomen dubium

Dicrurus modestus Hartlaub 1849

= Edolius ahatensis 'Temminck MS' Hartlaub 1849 nomen nudum [in synonmy]

= Dicrourus coracinus J. & E. Verreaux 1851 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus modestus ugandensis van Someren 1921 nomen dubium

Dicrurus fuscipennis (Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1887)

= Buchanga atra var. fuscipennis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1887

Dicrurus aldabranus (Ridgway 1893)

= Buchanga aldabrana Ridgway 1893

Dicrurus forficatus (Linnaeus 1766)

= Lanius forficatus Linnaeus 1766

= Muscicapa galeata Boddaert 1783 nomen dubium

= Edolius forficatus 'Gm.' [i.e. Linnaeus 1766] Cuvier 1816

= Dicrurus cristatus Vieillot 1817 nomen dubium

= Edolius forficatus potior Bangs & Penard 1922 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus forficatus viridior Salomonsen 1934 nomen dubium

Dicrurus waldenii Schlegel 1866

= Buchanga waldeni [sic] (Schlegel 1866) Sharpe 1877

Dicrurus macrocercus Viellot 1817

= Muscicapa atra Hermann 1804/Gmelin 1788

= Muscicapa biloba M.H.K. Lichtenstein 1823 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus indicus Stephens 1826 nomen dubium

= Bhuchanga albirictus Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Edolius fingah Blyth 1847 nomen dubium/Lanius fingah Shaw 1809

= Dicrurus minor Blyth 1850 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus longus 'Temm. MS' Bonaparte 1850 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus himalayensis Tytler 1868 nomen nudum

= Dicrurus cathoecus Swinhoe 1871 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus ater harterti E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus annectens siamensis Kloss 1918 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus macrocercus thai Kloss 1921 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus macrocercus javanus Kloss 1921 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus macocercus peninsularis Ticehurst 1932 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus macrocercus tsipi Koelz 1954 nomen dubium

Dicrurus leucophaeus Viellot 1817

= Dicrurus leucogaster Vieillot 1817 nomen dubium

= Edolius cineraceus Horsfield 1821 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus ceylonensis Stephens 1826 nomen dubium

= Edolius albiventer Voigt 1831 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus cinereus Swainson 1837 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus cinerascens [sic] G.R. Gray 1844 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus pyrrhops Hodgson 1844 nomen nudum

= Dicrurus intermedius Blyth 1846 nomen dubium/Edolius intermedius Lesson 1831

= Dicrurus longicaudatus 'A. Hay' Jerdon 1862 nomen dubium

= Buchanga waldeni Beavan 1868 nomen dubium/Dicrurus waldenii Schlegel 1866

= Buchanga leucogenis Walden 1870 nomen dubium

= Buchanga wallacei Walden 1870 nomen dubium

= Buchanga mouhoti Walden 1870 nomen dubium

= Buchanga innexa Walden 1870 nomen dubium

= Buchanga leucogenys [emendation] (Walden 1870) Sharpe 1877 nomen dubium

= Buchanga stigmatops Sharpe 1879 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus nigrescens Oates 1889 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucogenys var. salangensis Reichenow 1890 nomen dubium

= Buchanga palawanensis Whitehead 1890 nomen dubium

= Buchanga periophthalmica Salvadori 1894 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaeus var. whiteheadi Dubois 1901 nomen dubium [new name for Buchanga palawanensis 1890]

= Buchanga stigmatops phaedra Reichenow 1904 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucogenis diporus Oberholser 1912 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus cineraceus celaenus Oberholser 1912 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucogenys cerussata Bangs & Phillips 1914 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaeus disturbans E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaeus hopwoodi E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaeus stevensi E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaeus minimus E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus cineraceus rebaptizatus E. Hartert 1918 nomen dubium [new name for Buchanga palawanensis 1890]

= Buchanga leucophaea batakensis Robinson & Kloss 1919 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucogenis siberu Chasen & Kloss 1926 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucogenys meridionalis Hachisuka 1926 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaea penrissenensis Harrison & Hartley 1934 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaea dulitensis Harrison & Hartley 1934 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bondi de Schauensee 1937 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucophaeus rocki Riley 1940 nomen dubium

Dicrurus caerulescens (Linnaeus 1758)

= Lanius caerulescens Linnaeus 1758

= Lanius caeruleus Statius Mueller 1776 nomen dubium

= Lanius fingah Shaw 1809 nomen rejectum [new name for Lanius caerulescens 1758]

= Drongo caerulescens Tickell 1833 nomen dubium/Lanius caerulescens Linnaeus 1758

= Dicrurus leucopygialis Blyth 1846 nomen dubium

= Buchanga insularis Sharpe 1877 nomen dubium

Dicrurus annectans (Hodgson 1836)

= Buchanga annectans Hodgson 1836

= Edolius affinis Blyth 1842 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus annectens [emendation] (Hodgson 1836) Sharpe 1877

Dicrurus aeneus Vieillot 1817

= Dicrurus aeratus Stephens 1826 nomen dubium

= Edolius metallica Voigt 1831 nomen dubium

= Chaptia muscipetoides Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= [?] Drymonax niger Lesson 1839 nomen dubium

= Prepopterus aeneus (Vieillot 1817) Blyth 1842

= Propopterus (Chaptia) aeneus, v. muscipetoides Hodgson 1844 nomen nudum

= Chaptia malayensis 'A. Hay MS' Blyth 1846 nomen dubium

= Edolius picinus 'Muell. MS' Bonaparte 1850 nomen dubium

= Chaptia brauniana Swinhoe 1863 nomen dubium

= Entomolestes aeneus (Vieillot 1817) Sundevall 1872

= Chaptia aenea kwangsiensis Chong 1932 nomen dubium

Dicrurus remifer (Temminck 1823)

= Edolius remifer Temminck 1823

= Bhringa tectirostris Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Melisseus remifer (Temminck 1823) Hodgson 1844

= Bringha remifer peracensis E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Bhringha remifer attenuata Robinson & Kloss 1918 nomen dubium

= Bhringa remifer sumatrana Hachisuka 1926 nomen dubium

= Bhringa remifer latispatua de Schauensee 1929 nomen dubium

= Bhringa fangi Chong 1932 nomen dubium

Dicrurus balicassius (Linnaeus 1766)

= Corvus balicassius Linnaeus 1766

= Dicrurus 'Balicasse.Fingah._Drongo, Buff.' Vieillot 1816

= Edolius furcatus Wagler 1827 nomen dubium

= Edolius viridescens J. Gould 1836 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus balicassius (Linnaeus 1766) G.R. Gray 1841

= Balicassius Bonaparte 1854 nomen nudum

= Balicassius philippensis Bonaparte 1854 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus mirabilis Walden & Layard 1872 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus balicassius lefoli Delacour & Jabouille 1928 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus balicassius abraensis Vaurie 1947 nomen dubium

Dicrurus hottentottus (Linnaeus 1766)

= Corvus hottentottus Linnaeus 1766

= Edolius barbatus J.E. Gray 1831 nomen dubium

= Criniger splendens Tickell 1833 nomen dubium

= Edolius chrishna J. Gould 1836 nomen dubium

= Chibia casia Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Chibia malabaroides Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Cometes crishna (J. Gould 1836) Hodgson 1844 nomen nudum

= Edolius densus 'Temm. MS' Bonaparte 1850 nomen dubium

= Trichometopus brevirostris Cabanis 1850 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus megalornis G.R. Gray 1858 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus pectoralis Alfred Russel Wallace 1863 nomen dubium

= Dicrorus [sic] bimaensis Alfred Russel Wallace 1864 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus leucops Alfred Russel Wallace 1865 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus striatus Tweedale 1877 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis megalornis (G.R. Gray 1858) Salvadori 1878 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis axillaris Salvadori 1878 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus palawensis Tweeddale 1878 nomen dubium

= Chibia borneensis Sharpe 1879 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis guillemardi Salvadori 1890 nomen dubium

= Chibia jentincki Vordermann 1893 nomen dubium

= Chibia menagei Bourns & Worcester 1894 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis vitidinitens Salvadori 1894 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus kuehni E. Hartert 1901 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus dohertyi E. Hartert 1902 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus suluensis E. Hartert 1902 nomen dubium

= Chibia cuyensis McGregor 1903 nomen dubium

= Chibia worcesteri McGregor 1905 nomen dubium

= Chibia ter meuleni Finsch 1907 nomen dubium

= Chibia cagayanensis Mearns 1909 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis pectoralis solombensis Oberholser 1919 nomen dubium

= Dicruropsis pectoralis sirensis Oberholser 1919 nomen dubium

= Dicrachibia menagei (Bourns & Worcester 1894) Hachisuka 1928 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus hottentottus vicinus Rensch 1928 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus hottentottus sumbae Rencsch 1931 nomen dubium

= Chibia hottentota [sic] londae Koelz 1939 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus hottentottus sumarensis Vaurie 1947 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus hottentottus renschi Vaurie 1949 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus hottentottus banggaiensis Vaurie 1952 nomen dubium

Dicrurus montanus (Riley 1919)

= Dicruropsis montana Riley 1919

Dicrurus bracteatus J. Gould 1843

= Dicrourus carbonarius 'Muell. MS' Bonaparte 1850 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus assimils G.R. Gray 1858 nomen dubium/Corvus adsimilis Bechstein 1794

= Dicrurus atrocaeruleus G.R. Gray 1860 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus amboiensis G.R. Gray 1861 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus laemo-stictus P.L. Sclater 1877 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus (Chibia) longirostris E.P. Ramsay 1882 nomen dubium

= Chibia propinqua Tristram 1889 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus meeki Rothschild & Hartert 1901 nomen dubium

= Chibia carbonaria dejecta E. Hartert 1908 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bracteatus baileyi Mathews 1912 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus hottentottus manumeten Stresemann 1914 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus (?bracteatus) buruensis E. Hartert 1919 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bracteatus stellatus Neumann 1922 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bracteatus ultramontanus Stresemann 1923 nomen dubium [new name for Dicrurus assimilis 1858]

= Dicrurus hottentotus morotensis Vaurie 1946 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bracteatus morotaiensis Van Bemmel 1947 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bracteatus atrabectus Schodde & Mason 1999 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus bracteatus solomonensis Doughty 1999 nomen dubium

Dicrurus megarhynchus (Quoy & Gaimard 1830)

= Edolius megarhynchus Quoy & Gaimard 1830

= Edolius intermedius Lesson 1831 nomen dubium

= Dicranostreptus Reichenbach 1850 nomen nudum [plate caption]

= Dicranostreptus megarhynchus (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) G.R. Gray 1855

= Dicronostreptus [sic] mezorhynchus [sic] (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) Jerdon 1862

Dicrurus andamensis 'Tytler' Beavan 1867

= Dissemuroides dicruriformis Hume 1872 nomen dubium

Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus 1766)

= [?] Corvus tropicus J.F. Gmelin 1788 nomen dubium [unidentifiable]

= Lanius malabaricus Latham 1790 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus platurus Vieillot 1817 nomen dubium

= Edolius retifer Temminck 1823 nomen dubium

= Edolius rangoonensis J. Gould 1836 nomen dubium

= Edolius grandis J. Gould 1836 nomen dubium

= Chibia malabaroides Hodgson 1836 nomen dubium

= Edolius setifer [emendation] Temminck 1839 nomen dubium

= Edolius cristatellus Blyth 1842 nomen dubium

= Edolius dentirostris 'A. Hay' Jerdon 1845 nomen dubium

= Edolius orissae 'A. Hay' Jerdon 1845 nomen dubium

= Edolius bengalensis Blyth 1846 nomen dubium

= Edolius malyensis Blyth 1859 nomen dubium/Chaptia malayensis Blyth 1846

= Dissemurus formosus Cabanis 1851 nomen dubium

= Edolius affinis Beavan 1867 nomen dubium/Blyth 1842

= Dicrurus singularis G.R. Gray 1869 nomen nudum

= Dissemurus ceylonensis Sharpe 1877 nomen dubium/Dicrurus ceylonensis Stephens 1826

= Dissemurus alcocki Finn 1899 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus johni E. Hartert 1902 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus malabaricus otiosus Richmond 1903 nomen dubium [new name for Edolius affinis 1867]

= Dissemurus paradiseus olizurus Oberholser 1912 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus adelphus Oberholser 1912 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus pachistus Oberholser 1912 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus elassopterus Oberholser 1912 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus Oberholser 1917 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus nicobariensis E.C.S. Baker 1918 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus banguey Chasen & Kloss 1919 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus endomychus Oberholser 1919 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus paradiseus insularis Hachisuka 1926 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus paradiseus wallacei Hachisuka 1926 nomen dubium/Buchanga wallacii Walden 1870

= Dissemurus paradiseus hypoballus Oberholser 1926 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus mallomicrus Oberholser 1926 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus messatius Oberholser 1926 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus siakensis Oberholser 1926 nomen dubium

= Dissemurus paradiseus colpiotes Oberholser 1926 nomen dubium

= Dicrurus paradiseus ceylonicus Vaurie 1949 nomen dubium [new name for Dissemurus ceylonensis 1877]

 

Dicrurus lophorinus Vieillot 1817

= Dicrurus edoliformis Blyth 1846 nomen dubium

 

 

STEPHAN PICKERING / Chofetz Chayim ben-Avraham

THE DINOSAUR FRACTALS PROJECT