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Besant is a flat disc used as an ornament. Besant was also called solidus, a gold coin of the Roman empire used in Europe until the 15th century. Four dots (besants) on the cross of Louis the Pious (9th century) later evolved into the 'Jerusalem Cross' which was used as a coat of arms for the Latin kingdom in Jerusalem. It was also called 'Crusader's cross' during the Crusades. The four small dots (later small crosses) are symbolic of the four Gospels proclaimed to the four corners of the earth, beginning in Jerusalem; the large cross symbolizes the person of Christ.
Four canonical gospels are attributed to the Four Evangelists: (Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke and Gospel of John). "Go into the whole world and proclaim the Gospel to every creature. He who believes and is baptized will be saved; he who does not believe will be condemned" (
Mk 16:15-16). This Gospel of Mark is cited as the doctrine for Dominus Jesus initiated by Ratzinger, the present Pope in the Vatican.
http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html There is a good possibility that this was the inspiration for the Bharatiya mintmaster to produce this plagiarised masterpiece of Crusader's Cross, while deleting the words 'Satyameva jayate' from the Bharatam State Emblem on the obverse of the coin.
See the plagiarised coin at :The World of Louis the Pious (768 - 840: Reign 814 - 840)
http://home.eckerd.edu/~oberhot/flouisphome.htm Given the situation in present-day Bharatam, this plagiarised piece can be called in numismatics: the coin of Antonia from the Vatican. http://vivekajyoti.blogspot.com/2007/03/note-indian-two-rupee-coin-bearing.html
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S. Kalyanaraman
dharmo rakshati rakshitah (dharma protects the protectors).
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