David,

Nice test report. Will take some time to digest your findings. Keep up the
good work!

Jon

----- Original Message -----
From: "davidj95650" <djenkins@...>
To: <MEG_builders@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Monday, November 03, 2003 10:44 AM
Subject: [MEG_builders] Results from a new A-Theory


> In their rebuttal to the critics of their original paper, "Further
> Considerations on Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory",
> Physical Review, August 15, 1961, Aharonov and Bohm state that a
> moving electron will have a back-reaction on to a source of A
> (magnetic vector potential). Unfortunately they did not further
> explain this back-reaction. After posting my message (MEG_builders
> message #1204, Sep 11, 2003) about the convective derivative, how
> the velocity of charge is affected by it's motion through a gradient
> of A, I wanted to observe some change in the magnetic field of an
> output coil which may be caused by such a condition. I built a
> transformer on a nanocrystalline core with small "sense" coils at
> the base of the output coil. Two sense coils are on the outside of
> the leg of the core, two others are in the interior space of the
> core.
>
> See the bitmap image, "ACoreTst1.bmp".
> Go to "Files" then go to the folder "MESSAGE ATTACHMENTS", go
> to the folder "Results from a new A-Theory", and open
> "AcoreTst1.bmp".
>
> The basic core is a Honeywell AMCC-320, cut core (The core has
> been cleanly cut into two halves. Uncut cores can be purchased
> also, and will have lower reluctance because there is no gap from
> the cut). Honeywell cores can be purchased from Eastern Components,
> www.eastern-components.com.
>
> Spaced from the core by 0.02-inch-thick tape, the ferrite sense
> coils are placed at the side and the center of the leg of the main
> core. This was to provide an indication of any differences between
> the outside edge of the output coil and its center. Above the
> sense coils is a sheet of 0.002-inch thick brass which acts as a
> shield to any electrical field between the output coil and the sense
> coils. (Typically the output coil operates at several hundred volts
> peak, and coupling of that voltage into the sense coils could mask
> measurements of the magnetic field.) The ends of this shield layer
> are insulated from one-another to prevent it from becoming a
> shorted turn which of course would kill the transformer action.
>
> There is another layer of 0.02-inch tape over the brass shield
> to reduce the capacitance between it and the output coil. The
> output coil is a bifilar (two wires in parallel) winding of #23
> enamel-coated magnet wire, of 23 bifilar turns per layer, with
> a 0.006-inch layer of teflon tape between the winding layers.
> There are a total of 13 layers for a total of 299 bifilar turns.
> Then end of one bifilar wire is connected to the start of the
> other wire to provide an effective total of 598 turns. At the
> junction of the two wires, a capacitor can be placed to adjust
> the series-resonant frequency so that different operating
> frequencies can be tested (This series resonance is between the
> transformed capacitance of the output coil and the leakage
> inductance of the drive coil).
>
> In the illustration, a permanent magnet is shown. Tests
> were made with and without a stack of Neodymium magnets to note
> any differences.
>
> The outside sense coils are in a region where there is only
> one contribution to the A-field, from the leg of the core. The
> other sense coils are in the interior space of the core where
> there are contributions from the top, bottom, and the leg of
> the core. The magnetic-vector-potentials are additive, in
> accordance with the usual vector addition (direction and
> amplitude are equally important).
>
> See the bitmap image, "AgradCor1.bmp".
> Go to "Files" then go to the folder "MESSAGE ATTACHMENTS", go
> to the folder "Results from a new A-Theory", and open
> "AgradCor1.bmp".
>
> The image illustrates the A-potential vectors as I visualize
> them around the nanocrystalline core. This drawing was to
> illustrate the static A from a permanent magnet, but it also is
> true for the dA/dt when the core is used as a transformer. In the
> case of the dA/dt, there are only three contributions to the A in
> the interior of the core space, A from the magnet is ignored.
>
> I had anticipated that where the A-potential was greatest, there
> would be the greatest B-field reaction from the electrons moving
> in the coil. Instead what I find is that the volume where the
> A-potential is weakest (outside the core leg), has the greatest
> B-field from the output coil. I'm cetain I'm observing the
> B-field, and it is solely from the current in the output coil.
> This was verified by driving the core at low frequencies where the
> drive coil would magnetize the core significantly, but little
> resonant current and only load current would occur in the output
> coil. The jpeg, "AllSigsLowFreq.jpg", illustrates this. This
> image is in the folder "Results from a new A-Theory".
>
> Channel 1 of the oscilloscope is connected to the side-mounted
> sense coil on the outside of the core leg, channel 2 is connected to
> the side-mounted sense coil on the interior side of the core leg,
> channel 3 is the timing clock from the drive-coil logic, and channel
> 4 is connected to the output coil through a 200:1 voltage divider.
> There is a simple R-C filter on the sense coil outputs to linearize
> their response with frequency so that the voltage indications at
> different frequencies will be proportional to the magnetic field,
> and not the frequency. The top trace is the clock for the drive-
> coil controller and its leading-edge indicates the beginning of a
> cycle. Digital logic makes each phase of the drive signal about 49%
> of the period, which provides a square wave to the drive coil.
> Channel 1's trace is just below the square-wave of the driver-
> controller signal, and ranges from about 3.3 divisions above the
> bottom of the screen to about 6.7 divisions. Thus the peak-to-peak
> signal is about 3.4 divisions at 50 mV/division for an amplitude of
> 170 mV. Channel 2's trace ranges from just about 0.3 division above
> the bottom to about 3.9 divisions at 20 mV/division for an amplitude
> of 78 mV. The output voltage ranges from 2.8 divisions to 5.1
> divisions at 200 volts/division for an amplitude of 460 volts. Thus
> the ratio of voltages between the two sense coils is 170/78 which is
> 2.2 to 1. NOTE: the notation at the bottom of the screen says
> 800VP-P and was for a different measurement and is in error for this
> measurement. The load on the output coil was 15k ohms. Also, only
> one wind of the bifilar coil was used, so that resonance of the
> output coil would be at a frequency much higher than the operating
> frequency for this test. I didn't want resonance effects to
> interfere with the transformer action.
>
> The image, "AllSigsHiFreq.jpg", in the folder "Results from a new
> A-Theory", illustrates the output coil operating in series resonance
> with the drive-coil. A 500 pF capacitor and 2.2 mH inductor are in
> series between the end of one bifilar wire and the start of the
> other. The 2.2 mH inductor was placed to allow higher frequency
> effects such as the Lenz pulse to occur more easily (less capacitive
> loading of the core). Note that the channel 1 and 2 sensitivities
> have been changed significantly. Channel 1's signal now ranges from
> 3.5 divisions to 6.5 divisions at 200 mV/division for a total
> amplitude of 600 mV peak-to-peak. Channel 2's signal ranges from 0.8
> divisions to 3.2 divisions for an amplitude of 240 mV. The ratio of
> the two sense coils is 2.5 to 1. The output coil amplitude is now
> 6 divisions at 200 volts/division for a total amplitude of 1,200 volts
> peak-to-peak. As noted on the screen, there is a 60k ohm load
> connected to the output coil.
>
> NOTE: the sense-coil signals are shifted (delayed) about 90
> degrees (1/4 cycle) due to the R-C filters. Without the R-C filters,
> the signals from the sense-coils are in phase with the output voltage,
> as they should be, but then high-frequency artifacts appear stronger
> than they are in reality.
>
> The image "CoreBuildUp.jpg", in the folder "Results from a new A-
> Theory", shows the built-up core. There are two drive coils in place
> to try different resonance frequencies because the leakage inductance
> will change based on the length of the magnetic path from the drive
> coil to the output coil. The output coil being tested is on the
> right-hand side of the image, where the coaxial-cable connections to
> two of the sense coils can be seen. The output coil on the left has
> the connections to each layer brought out so that experiments can be
> performed with different total turns in its circuit.
>
> A note about the drive circuit: it is composed of four MOSFETs in
> a bridge configuration so that the full supply voltage can be applied
> across the drive coil for each phase of the drive. For this test,
> it's only function is to provide a variable-frequency square wave to
> the drive coil to provide large values of dB/dt in the core, and
> consequent large values of dA/dt outside the core. A simplified
> circuit diagram can be seen in the image "TestCir1.bmp", in the
> folder "Results from a new A-Theory".
>
> The ratio of measured B-field inside the output coil is close to
> the 3:1 value of the A strength ratios in my idealization. Why they
> are not precisely 3:1 is probably due to the fact that I have
> approximated the A values, and because A is not blocked by the core
> (or any other physical matter) there are some vectorial subtractions
> occurring due to vectors interfering around the output coil which
> results in less than a 3:1 ratio occurring.
>
> By the way, the addition of the permanent magnet to the core
> did not change the ratio significantly and I have not made precise
> measurements of its impact at this time. The difference in ratio
> may have been 10%, not a lot compared to the basic ratio. The
> images in this report are those with the magnet in place.
>
> Also, there was no significant difference in signal level
> between the sense-coils on the outside of the leg versus
> those at the center.
>
> To help eliminate experimental error, I built an entirely
> different configuration, on an AMCC-1000 uncut core, which is
> dramatically different in size from the AMCC-320. The sense-
> coils are also very different in size. The effect is
> repeatable as the measured ratio between outside and interior
> of the core is 3.2:1 which is close to that reported here.
>
> A symmetrically wound coil will have a reasonably uniform
> magnetic field at points that are symmetrically similar. (The
> field distribution in a rectangular shape is not uniform, although
> at symmetric points around the center of the shape the field will
> be the same.) This experiment indicates to me that the magnetic
> vector potential is real, as theorized by Aharonov and Bohm, and
> that we have not fully exploited it as yet.
>
> David J.
>
> Files:
> ACoreTst1.bmp
> AgradCor1.bmp
> AllSigsLowFreq.jpg
> AllSigsHiFreq.jpg
> CoreBuildUp.jpg
> TestCir1.bmp