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From: "Hossein Javadi" <javadi_hossein@...>
Subject: Higgs Boson and Ceartion Particle Higgs
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New Results Change Estimate of Higgs Boson Mass=20=20
New Results Change Estimate of Higgs Boson Mass=20
In a case of the plot thickening as the mystery unfolds, the Higgs boson ha=
s just gotten heavier, even though the subatomic particle has yet to be fou=
nd. In a letter to the scientific journal Nature, published in the June 10,=
2004 issue, an international collaboration of scientists working at the Te=
vatron accelerator of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab),=
report the most precise measurements yet for the mass of the top quark - a=
subatomic particle that has been found - and this requires an upward revis=
ion for the long-postulated but still undetected Higgs boson.=20=20
"Since the top quark mass we are reporting is a bit higher than previously =
measured, it means the most likely value of the Higgs mass is also higher,"=
says Ron Madaras, a physicist with the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrenc=
e Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), who heads the local particip=
ation in the D-Zero experiment at the Tevatron. "The most likely Higgs mass=
has now been increased from 96 to 117 GeV/c2" - GeV/c2 is a common particl=
e-physics unit of mass; the mass of the proton measures about 1 GeV/c2 - "w=
hich means it's probably beyond the sensitivity of current experiments, but=
very likely to be found in future experiments at the Large Hadron Collider=
being built at CERN."=20=20
The Higgs boson has been called the missing link in the Standard Model of P=
articles and Fields, the theory that's been used to explain fundamental phy=
sics since the 1970s. Prior to 1995 the top quark was also missing, but the=
n the experimental teams working at the Tevatron's two large detector syste=
ms, D-Zero and=20
=20=20=20=20=20=20=20
New measurements of top quark mass at Fermilab have revised estimates=
for the mass of the Higgs boson.=20=20
=20=20=20=20=20
CDF, were able to discover it independently.=20
Scientists believe that the Higgs boson, named for Scottish physicist Peter=
Higgs, who first theorized its existence in 1964, is responsible for parti=
cle mass, the amount of matter in a particle. According to the theory, a pa=
rticle acquires mass through its interaction with the Higgs field, which is=
believed to pervade all of space and has been compared to molasses that st=
icks to any particle rolling through it. The Higgs field would be carried b=
y Higgs bosons, just as the electromagnetic field is carried by photons.
"In the Standard Model, the Higgs boson mass is correlated with top quark m=
ass," says Madaras, "so an improved measurement of the top quark mass gives=
more information about the possible value of the Higgs boson mass."=20=20
According to the Standard Model, at the beginning of the universe there wer=
e six different types of quarks. Top quarks exist only for an instant befor=
e decaying into a bottom quark and a W boson, which means those created at =
the birth of the universe are long gone. However, at Fermilab's Tevatron, t=
he most powerful collider in the world, collisions between billions of prot=
ons and antiprotons yield an occasional top quark. Despite their brief appe=
arances, these top quarks can be detected and characterized by the D-Zero a=
nd CDF experiments.=20=20
In announcing the D-Zero results, experiment cospokesperson John Womersley =
said, "An analysis technique that allows us to extract more information fro=
m each top quark event that occurred in our detector has yielded a greatly =
improved precision of plus or minus 5.3 GeV/c2 in the top mass measurement,=
compared with previous measurements. The new measurement is comparable to =
the precision of all previous top quark mass measurements put together. Whe=
n this new result is combined with all other measurements from both the D-Z=
ero and CDF experiments, the new world average for the top mass becomes 178=
.0 plus or minus 4.3 GeV/c2=20
The D-Zero detector system consists of a central tracking detector array, a=
hermetic calorimeter for measuring energy, and a large solid-angle muon de=
tector system. Berkeley Lab designed and built the two electromagnetic end-=
cap calorimeters and also the initial vertex detector, the innermost compon=
ent of the tracking system. Tracking detectors supplement calorimeters by m=
easuring particle trajectories. Only when trajectory and energy measurement=
s are combined can scientists identify and characterize particles=20
=20=20=20=20=20=20=20
Top quarks and other particles are produced when energetic protons an=
d antiprotons collide.
=20=20=20=20=20
Top quarks and other particles are produced when energetic protons and anti=
protons collide.
While raising the central value for the top quark mass appears to diminish =
the possibility that the Higgs boson could be discovered at the Tevatron, i=
t does open a wider door for new discoveries in supersymmetry, also known a=
s SUSY, an extension of the Standard Model that unites particles of force a=
nd matter through the existence of superpartners (sometimes referred to as =
"sparticles"). Supersymmetry seeks to fill gaps left by the Standard Model.=
=20
"The current mass limits or bounds that exclude supersymmetric particles ar=
e very sensitive to the top quark mass," says Madaras. "Since the top quark=
mass is now higher, these limits or bounds are not as severe, which increa=
ses the chance of seeing supersymmetric particles at the Tevatron."
Scientists from nearly 40 US universities and 40 foreign institutions contr=
ibuted to the data analysis reported in the letter to Nature by the D-Zero =
experimental group. Berkeley Lab co-authors of the letter in addition to Ma=
daras were Mark Strovink, Al Clark, Tom Trippe, and Daniel Whiteson.
Fermilab Director Michael Witherell said in a statement that these results =
do not end the story of precision measurements of the top quark mass. "The =
two collider detectors, D-Zero and CDF, are recording large amounts of data=
in Run II of the Tevatron. The CDF collaboration has recently reported pre=
liminary new measurements of the top mass based on Run II data. The precisi=
on of the world average will improve further when their results are final. =
Over the next few years, both experiments will make increasingly precise me=
asurements of the top quark mass."
Fermilab, like Berkeley Lab, is funded by the Department of Energy's Office=
of Science. In response to the Nature letter from the D-Zero group, Raymon=
d L. Orbach, Director of the Office of Science, said: "These important resu=
lts demonstrate how our scientists are applying new techniques to existing =
data, producing new estimates for the mass of the Higgs boson. We eagerly a=
wait the next round of results from the vast quantities of data that are ge=
nerated today at the Fermilab Tevatron
Berkeley Lab is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory located in =
Berkeley, California. It conducts unclassified scientific research and is m=
anaged by the University of California. Fermilab is a national laboratory f=
unded by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, operated b=
y Universities Research Association, Inc.=20
Additional information
a.. More about the D-Zero experiment at the Fermi National Accelerator La=
boratory (Fermilab)=20
b.. More about Fermilab=20
CPH Theory, Creation Particle Higgs Theory
Introduction
For Newton, the force of gravity was merely a function of masses and the di=
stance between them. For Einstein, gravity was caused by a deformation of s=
pace-time continuum. On this basis, he developed a highly complex algebra t=
hat merely describes it geometrically. Nowadays the majority of studies exp=
lain only the effects of gravity and not its nature.
The unification of gravity with electricity has been a challenge for many g=
reat physicists of the last century. Einstein dedicated almost 35 years to =
the problem without success, while, in 1968, Dirac suggested that it would =
not be possible to unify the fundamental forces.
Was Dirac right? Isn't a unified force in nature? We know many Physical Sci=
entists had been working hard to find a unified field theory. Also, they pr=
edicated many interesting theories. In this field hardest efforts had belon=
ged to String Theory.
I had believed any effort for finding a unified theory without considering =
conversion of the force and energy does not have any considerable success. =
In fact there is a unified force/particle in nature. In other words, Force,=
Energy and Mass had formed a unified fundamental particle that calls CPH i=
n Theory of CPH. In Theory of CPH, Force and Energy are convertible. Also a=
ccording to Relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. So, Force, Energy a=
nd Mass are three manifests of a unified entity that is called CPH. And we =
should change our perception about force, energy and mass.
Definition of CPH
Suppose there is a particle with mass of m that is moving with speed Vc in =
an inertial frame. And Vc>c and c is the speed of light. So, its linear mom=
entum gives mVc. (Figure 1). It is Called CPH (Creation Particle Higgs).
Figure 1
Principle of CPH
CPH is a particle with constant mass m and moves with constant speed Vc.=20
CPH has the momentum of Inertia I. In any interaction between CPH and other=
particles/forces, the amount of Vc does not change, so;
gradVc=3D0 in all inertial frames and any space
Explain
According to figure 1, a CPH carries linear momentum of P=3DmVc. So, CPH ha=
s inertia and also has Momentum Inertia I. When an external force is applie=
d on a CPH, then a part of its Linear momentum (P=3DmVc) converts to angula=
r momentum and CPH takes Spin, so that the amount speed of CPH does not cha=
nge in any case. When CPH has Spin, it is called GRAVITON. (Figure 2)
Figure 2
When a graviton works on an object/particle, graviton does disappear and co=
nverts to energy. Because it is not acceptable that force acts and produces=
energy; and force does not have any effect on itself while producing energ=
y. All efforts for finding a unified field theory had no success, because p=
hysicists do not consider the conversion of force and energy. Also, a gravi=
ton acts on another graviton and produces energy. See Figure 3.
Figure 3
The picture above shows two gravitons with the mass of m, speed of Vc and l=
inear momentum of P=3DmVc, in distance of r feel each other. They absorb ea=
ch other and "r" decreases. But CPH must move with the speed of Vc, so it l=
oses a part of its linear speed and takes Spin.=20
A Photon is formed by a lot of CPH that they have spin and photon has spin =
too. So, when a photon is traveling with speed of c, CPH has linear speed o=
f c and it has spin itself, and a speed equal to the speed of the photon (a=
ccording to the structure of photon).=20
In a gravitational field, when a photon shifts to blue, gravitons convert t=
o energy. And when the photon shifts to red, energy converts to graviton. A=
nd when energy decays, it produces Matter and Anti-Matter. See Figure 4. In=
fact ever thing formed of CPH.
=20
Figure 4
CPH Theory propounded that force and energy is equivalent, so CPH theory ma=
y provide the answer. From one principle - that CPH moves with constant amo=
unt of speed Vc and gradVc=3D0 in all inertial frames in any space - CPH th=
eory provides a single explanatory framework capable of encompassing all fo=
rces and all matter and anti-matter.
CPH theory proclaims, for instance, all observed particles/objects consist =
of CPH. They can come in forms of masses, energies, fundamental particles a=
nd fundamental forces. The strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism=
, and gravity -- are reflections of various ways in which a CPH can move in=
the same structure of matter or photon. Just as photons or gravitons in em=
pty space, light or gravity effects reach the earth from a very far star.
CPH is pure gravity force. CPH moves with speed of Vc in an inertial frame =
if no external force is applied on it. When an external force is applied on=
a CPH, it takes spin and is called graviton. So, Vc equals the speed of gr=
aviton (in an inertial frame), when it has no spin.
In fact a CPH is a sub-quanta of existence in nature. CPH has mass that is =
a manifest of matter; its movement is a manifest of energy. CPH has sub-qua=
nta bounding gravity field around itself.=20
A CPH feels another CPH by this sub-quanta gravity field. Also, two CPH abs=
orb each other by their sub-quanta fields. See Figure 5.
Photons (and all subatomic particles) are formed by many CPH that they have=
spin; and photon has spin too. So, when a photon is traveling with speed o=
f c, CPH has a linear speed of c and it has itself spin and a speed equal t=
o the speed of the photon (in the structure of photon or other subatomic pa=
rticles).=20
Figure 5
So, quantum energy is formed by a lot of CPH. Also, CPH (gravitons) work on=
CPH and produces energy. In the other words, force and energy are equivale=
nt. Force converts to energy and energy changes to force. Fore example; for=
ce converts to energy in blue-shift and energy converts to force in red-shi=
ft.
Two objects/particles (like the moon and the earth, or an electron and a pr=
oton in an atom) transfer CPH continuously.=20
Photo Electric and Compton Effect by CPH=20
According to CPH theory a photon contains n number of CPH that they are mov=
ing with the speed of c in the structure of photons. The given mass of a CP=
H is m, so its momentum is P=3Dmc and the momentum of photon is P=3Dnmc, se=
e Figure 6.=20
=20
Figure 6
When a photon collides to an electron, a number of CPH that exist in the ph=
oton enter the electron. See Figure 7.=20
=20
Figure 7
In photoelectric effect all CPHs of photon enter the structure of the Elect=
ron. Consider that it will happen if the amount of the energy of the photon=
is sufficient.=20
In Compton Effect some CPH enter the structure of the photon and other CPHs=
do not enter.=20
In the picture above, k>k1 and k2=3Dk-k1 when CPH is joined with the electr=
on.=20
Spring;
Take a look at spring. There is a spring with one of its sides connected to=
the wall (Figure 8). In formal physics it is defined by the conversion of =
potential energy and kinetic energy. Let us explain it according to the con=
version of force and energy.
=20
=20
Figure 6
=20
A. The spring is pushed by hand. During the time that hands were pushing th=
e spring, hand's energy converts to force. In fact a lot of CPHs leaves the=
hand and enters the spring. The momentum of these CPH is transferred to th=
e spring. Hands had lost momentum (and energy), and spring gained momentum =
and energy. It is such as the following:
example; a wagon has a lot of sand that collides to an empty wagon. Some sa=
nds leave the first wagon and enter the empty wagon.
In situation A, F=3D - kx and its direction is toward the left side and ene=
rgy equals zero: E=3D0.
B. Force is converting to energy. Spring will return to its equilibrium sit=
uation. Object opposes with the spring's movement. The force of the spring =
converts to energy and the amount of force decreases and energy increases.
C. No force is applied on an object, but energy is maximum: the Object is m=
oving toward the left side and its energy converts to force.
=20
Gravity
According TO CPH Theory, gravity is a currency among objects. For example c=
onsider the interaction between the earth and the moon:
Earth has a gravitational field. The gravitational field is formed by gravi=
tons that are moving toward the earth and they are interacting with each ot=
her. Suppose the earth is alone and there are no interactions between earth=
and other bodies in universe. When gravitons reach the earth, the earth ab=
sorbs them. Then gravitons obey all forces around them. But the earth is no=
t alone and it has interaction with other bodies. Take a look at earth and =
moon. There are two fields; one is around the earth and the other one is ar=
ound the moon. When a graviton reaches the earth, the other one moves towar=
d the moon and pushes the earth toward the moon. (Remember flow and ebb). A=
lso when a graviton reaches the moon, the other one moves toward the earth =
and pushes the moon toward the earth. So earth (In fact every thing) is bom=
barded by gravitons continuously.=20
=20
Figure 9
If movements in the space are without any gravitational effects, they move =
linearly with the speed of c (top of Figure 9). But space is full of gravit=
y. So, photons' paths are like the right side of Figure 9.
Left side of Figure 9 shows that a photon is moving in a gravitational fiel=
d of a massive body.
In point A, the photon has the speed of c, frequency of f and energy of E t=
hat reaches point A. Gravitational field acts on the photon, some gravitons=
enter the structure of the photon. Photons accelerate toward the massive b=
ody. Its frequency, energy and speed increase.=20
In point B, the photon has a frequency of f1, energy of E1 and speed of c1.=
During the time that photons are falling, the distance between the photon =
and body decreases, until it reaches the point G. In point G Frequency, spe=
ed and energy are maximum for that photon. When photon reaches point F', it=
is the same as point F, and so on. In point A' it is the same as point A.
The behavior of photons and gravitational fields is the same as spring and =
objects. On the left side of Figure 9, when a photon is falling, it shifts =
to blue and the gravity force converts into energy.
When photon is escaping from a massive body it shifts to red and energy con=
verts to gravity force.
Theory of CPH - the ultimate explanation of the universe at its most micros=
copic level, a theory that does not rely on any deeper explanation - would =
provide the firmest foundation on which to build our understanding of the w=
orld.=20
CPH bends space=20
We know the frequency of photon does change in gravitational field. When gr=
avity force acts on a photon, the energy of the photon increases and its fr=
equency increases too (or decreases). In red-shift work is negative (freque=
ncy decreases) and in blue-shift work is positive (frequency increases). Wh=
en photon is leaving gravitational field, it shifts to red and when photon =
is falling it shifts to blue. When light is moving in space that there is n=
o gravitational effect, the path of light is linear (figure 10).=20
Now suppose light is moving in gravitational field of a massive body. Gravi=
ty works on it. When distance between photon and massive body goes to short=
, light shifts to blue like photon is falling. But when distance between ph=
oton and massive body goes to long, light shifts to red like photon escapes=
(Figure 10).
Figure 10
What the inside observer observes is the opposite of what the outside obser=
ver observes.=20
Zero Point Energy=20
Quantum energy is formed by a lot of CPH. Also, CPH (graviton) works on CPH=
and produces energy.=20
It happens when the density of the graviton is high. (Figure 11).=20
According to the size of a gamma photon and the number of CPH in it, we can=
calculate the density of CPH in the structure of the photon. The diameter =
of an electron is less than 10^ -18 m. A gamma photon (in pair production) =
produces an electron and a positron. Suppose the volume of a photon is 2 ti=
mes bigger than the electron's volume.
=20
Figure 11
Suppose that the density of CPH in structure of photon is De(cph)=3Dn per m=
^3,
Space is full of gravitons. Gravitons have interaction among each other. Th=
ey absorb each other and convert to electromagnetic wave. When they convert=
to energy, that density of CPH reaches to=20
De(cph)=3Dn per m^3.
So, for space we have;
Integral on volume of De(cph)=3D0 to De(cph)=3Dn per m^3 on dDe(cph) =3D E =
, E is electromagnetic energy.
=20
Integration of gravitons is a projection to production electromagnetic ener=
gy.
In the other word, force and energy are equivalent. Force converts to energ=
y and energy changes to force.=20
For more see Theory of CPH and Mathematical Modeh of CPH=20
Any fresh opinion most welcome
Sincerely
Hossein Javadi
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<DIV> </DIV>
<P align=3Dleft><B><FONT size=3D6>New Results Change Estimate of Higgs Boso=
n=20
Mass</FONT><FONT size=3D4> </FONT></B></P>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<P align=3Dleft><B><FONT size=3D4>New Results Change Estimate of Higgs Boso=
n Mass=20
</FONT></B></P>
<P align=3Dleft>In a case of the plot thickening as the mystery unfolds, th=
e Higgs=20
boson has just gotten heavier, even though the subatomic particle has yet t=
o be=20
found. In a letter to the scientific journal <I>Nature</I>, published in th=
e=20
June 10, 2004 issue, an international collaboration of scientists working a=
t the=20
Tevatron accelerator of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab=
),=20
report the most precise measurements yet for the mass of the top quark =97 =
a=20
subatomic particle that <I>has</I> been found =97 and this requires an upwa=
rd=20
revision for the long-postulated but still undetected Higgs boson. </=
P>
<P align=3Dleft>"Since the top quark mass we are reporting is a bit higher =
than=20
previously measured, it means the most likely value of the Higgs mass is al=
so=20
higher," says Ron Madaras, a physicist with the U.S. Department of Energy's=
=20
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), who heads the local=20
participation in the D-Zero experiment at the Tevatron. "The most likely Hi=
ggs=20
mass has now been increased from 96 to 117 GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP>" =97=20
GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP> is a common particle-physics unit of mass; the mass of th=
e=20
proton measures about 1 GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP> =97 "which means it's probably be=
yond=20
the sensitivity of current experiments, but very likely to be found in futu=
re=20
experiments at the Large Hadron Collider being built at CERN." </P>
<P align=3Dleft>The Higgs boson has been called the missing link in the Sta=
ndard=20
Model of Particles and Fields, the theory that's been used to explain=20
fundamental physics since the 1970s. Prior to 1995 the top quark was also=20
missing, but then the experimental teams working at the Tevatron's two larg=
e=20
detector systems, D-Zero and </P>
<P align=3Dleft> </P><FONT face=3DTahoma>
<DIV>
<TABLE width=3D"43%" border=3D1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><IMG height=3D281=20
src=3D"cid:005d01c53801$8c8f2000$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D250=
=20
border=3D0>=20
<P>New measurements of top quark mass at Fermilab have revised estima=
tes=20
for the mass of the Higgs boson. =20
</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></FONT>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<P style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">CDF, were able to discover it independently. =
</P>
<P style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">Scientists believe that the Higgs boson, name=
d for=20
Scottish physicist Peter Higgs, who first theorized its existence in 1964, =
is=20
responsible for particle mass, the amount of matter in a particle. Accordin=
g to=20
the theory, a particle acquires mass through its interaction with the Higgs=
=20
field, which is believed to pervade all of space and has been compared to=20
molasses that sticks to any particle rolling through it. The Higgs field wo=
uld=20
be carried by Higgs bosons, just as the electromagnetic field is carried by=
=20
photons.</P>
<P align=3Dleft>"In the Standard Model, the Higgs boson mass is correlated =
with=20
top quark mass," says Madaras, "so an improved measurement of the top quark=
mass=20
gives more information about the possible value of the Higgs boson mass."&n=
bsp;=20
</P>
<P align=3Dleft>According to the Standard Model, at the beginning of the un=
iverse=20
there were six different types of quarks. Top quarks exist only for an inst=
ant=20
before decaying into a bottom quark and a W boson, which means those create=
d at=20
the birth of the universe are long gone. However, at Fermilab's Tevatron, t=
he=20
most powerful collider in the world, collisions between billions of protons=
and=20
antiprotons yield an occasional top quark. Despite their brief appearances,=
=20
these top quarks can be detected and characterized by the D-Zero and CDF=20
experiments. </P>
<P align=3Dleft>In announcing the D-Zero results, experiment cospokesperson=
John=20
Womersley said, "An analysis technique that allows us to extract more=20
information from each top quark event that occurred in our detector has yie=
lded=20
a greatly improved precision of plus or minus 5.3 GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP> in the =
top=20
mass measurement, compared with previous measurements. The new measurement =
is=20
comparable to the precision of all previous top quark mass measurements put=
=20
together. When this new result is combined with all other measurements from=
both=20
the D-Zero and CDF experiments, the new world average for the top mass beco=
mes=20
178.0 plus or minus 4.3 GeV/c<SUP>2 </SUP></P>
<P align=3Dleft>The D-Zero detector system consists of a central tracking d=
etector=20
array, a hermetic calorimeter for measuring energy, and a large solid-angle=
muon=20
detector system. Berkeley Lab designed and built the two electromagnetic en=
d-cap=20
calorimeters and also the initial vertex detector, the innermost component =
of=20
the tracking system. Tracking detectors supplement calorimeters by measurin=
g=20
particle trajectories. Only when trajectory and energy measurements are com=
bined=20
can scientists identify and characterize particles </P>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<DIV>
<TABLE width=3D"30%" border=3D1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><IMG height=3D530=20
src=3D"cid:005e01c53801$8c8f2000$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D350=
=20
border=3D0>=20
<P>Top quarks and other particles are produced when energetic protons=
and=20
antiprotons collide.</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<P align=3Dleft>Top quarks and other particles are produced when energetic =
protons=20
and antiprotons collide.</P>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<P>While raising the central value for the top quark mass appears to dimini=
sh=20
the possibility that the Higgs boson could be discovered at the Tevatron, i=
t=20
does open a wider door for new discoveries in supersymmetry, also known as =
SUSY,=20
an extension of the Standard Model that unites particles of force and matte=
r=20
through the existence of superpartners (sometimes referred to as "sparticle=
s").=20
Supersymmetry seeks to fill gaps left by the Standard Model. </P>
<P>"The current mass limits or bounds that exclude supersymmetric particles=
are=20
very sensitive to the top quark mass," says Madaras. "Since the top quark m=
ass=20
is now higher, these limits or bounds are not as severe, which increases th=
e=20
chance of seeing supersymmetric particles at the Tevatron."</P>
<P>Scientists from nearly 40 US universities and 40 foreign institutions=20
contributed to the data analysis reported in the letter to <I>Nature</I> by=
the=20
D-Zero experimental group. Berkeley Lab co-authors of the letter in additio=
n to=20
Madaras were Mark Strovink, Al Clark, Tom Trippe, and Daniel Whiteson.</P>
<P>Fermilab Director Michael Witherell said in a statement that these resul=
ts do=20
not end the story of precision measurements of the top quark mass. "The two=
=20
collider detectors, D-Zero and CDF, are recording large amounts of data in =
Run=20
II of the Tevatron. The CDF collaboration has recently reported preliminary=
new=20
measurements of the top mass based on Run II data. The precision of the wor=
ld=20
average will improve further when their results are final. Over the next fe=
w=20
years, both experiments will make increasingly precise measurements of the =
top=20
quark mass."</P>
<P>Fermilab, like Berkeley Lab, is funded by the Department of Energy=92s O=
ffice=20
of Science. In response to the <I>Nature</I> letter from the D-Zero group,=
=20
Raymond L. Orbach, Director of the Office of Science, said: =93These import=
ant=20
results demonstrate how our scientists are applying new techniques to exist=
ing=20
data, producing new estimates for the mass of the Higgs boson. We eagerly a=
wait=20
the next round of results from the vast quantities of data that are generat=
ed=20
today at the Fermilab Tevatron</P>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<P align=3Dleft> </P>
<P align=3Dleft>Berkeley Lab is a U.S. Department of Energy national labora=
tory=20
located in Berkeley, California. It conducts unclassified scientific resear=
ch=20
and is managed by the University of California. Fermilab is a national=20
laboratory funded by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy=
,=20
operated by Universities Research Association, Inc. </P>
<H4>Additional information</H4>
<UL>
<LI>More about the <A href=3D"http://www-d0.fnal.gov/">D-Zero experiment<=
/A> at=20
the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)=20
<LI>More about <A href=3D"http://www.fnal.gov/">Fermilab</A> </LI></UL>
<DIV align=3Dcenter> </DIV>
<DIV align=3Dcenter><FONT face=3DArial size=3D5>CPH Theory, Creation Partic=
le Higgs=20
Theory</FONT></DIV><FONT color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Introduction</P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>For Newton, the force of gravity was merely a function of masses and the=
=20
distance between them. For Einstein, gravity was caused by a deformation of=
=20
space-time continuum. On this basis, he developed a highly complex algebra =
that=20
merely describes it geometrically. Nowadays the majority of studies explain=
only=20
the effects of gravity and not its nature.</P>
<P>The unification of gravity with electricity has been a challenge for man=
y=20
great physicists of the last century. Einstein dedicated almost 35 years to=
the=20
problem without success, while, in 1968, Dirac suggested that it would not =
be=20
possible to unify the fundamental forces.</P>
<P>Was Dirac right? Isn't a unified force in nature? We know many Physical=
=20
Scientists had been working hard to find a unified field theory. Also, they=
=20
predicated many interesting theories. In this field hardest efforts had bel=
onged=20
to String Theory.</P>
<P>I had believed any effort for finding a unified theory without consideri=
ng=20
conversion of the force and energy does not have any considerable success. =
In=20
fact there is a unified force/particle in nature. In other words, Force, En=
ergy=20
and Mass had formed a unified fundamental particle that calls CPH in Theory=
of=20
CPH. In Theory of CPH, Force and Energy are convertible. Also according to=
=20
Relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. So, Force, Energy and Mass are =
three=20
manifests of a unified entity that is called CPH. And we should change our=
=20
perception about force, energy and mass.</P></FONT><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman"=20
color=3D#0000ff size=3D4><B>
<P>Definition of CPH</P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>Suppose there is a particle with mass of m that is moving with speed Vc =
in an=20
inertial frame. And Vc>c and c is the speed of light. So, its linear mom=
entum=20
gives mVc. (Figure 1). It is Called CPH (Creation Particle Higgs).</P></FON=
T>
<P> </P>
<P> </P><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D121=20
src=3D"cid:005f01c53801$8c8f2000$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D136=20
border=3D0></P></FONT>
<P> </P><FONT size=3D3>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 1</P></FONT><FONT color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Principle of CPH</P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>CPH is a particle with constant mass m and moves with constant speed Vc.=
</P>
<P>CPH has the momentum of Inertia I. In any interaction between CPH and ot=
her=20
particles/forces, the amount of Vc does not change, so;</P></FONT><FONT=20
face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D4>
<P align=3Dcenter>gradVc=3D0 in all inertial frames and any space</P></FONT=
><FONT=20
color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Explain</P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>According to figure 1, a CPH carries linear momentum of P=3DmVc. So, CPH=
has=20
inertia and also has Momentum Inertia </FONT><FONT size=3D4>I</FONT><FONT s=
ize=3D3>.=20
When an external force is applied on a CPH, then a part of its Linear momen=
tum=20
(P=3DmVc) converts to angular momentum and CPH takes Spin, so that the amou=
nt=20
speed of CPH does not change in any case. When CPH has Spin, it is called=20
GRAVITON. (Figure 2)</P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D228=20
src=3D"cid:006001c53801$8c8f2000$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D287=20
border=3D0></P></FONT><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 2</P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>When a graviton works on an object/particle, graviton does disappear and=
=20
converts to energy. Because it is not acceptable that force acts and produc=
es=20
energy; and force does not have any effect on itself while producing energy=
. All=20
efforts for finding a unified field theory had no success, because physicis=
ts do=20
not consider the conversion of force and energy. Also, a graviton acts on=20
another graviton and produces energy.</FONT><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" =
size=3D3>=20
</FONT><FONT size=3D3>See Figure 3.</P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D279=20
src=3D"cid:006101c53801$8c922d40$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D275 borde=
r=3D0></P>
<P> </P>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 3</P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>The picture above shows two gravitons with the mass of m, speed of Vc an=
d=20
linear momentum of P=3DmVc, in distance of r feel each other. They absorb e=
ach=20
other and =93r=94 decreases. But CPH must move with the speed of Vc, so it =
loses a=20
part of its linear speed and takes Spin. </P>
<P>A Photon is formed by a lot of CPH that they have spin and photon has sp=
in=20
too. So, when a photon is traveling with speed of c, CPH has linear speed o=
f c=20
and it has spin itself, and a speed equal to the speed of the photon (accor=
ding=20
to the structure of photon). </P>
<P>In a gravitational field, when a photon shifts to blue, gravitons conver=
t to=20
energy. And when the photon shifts to red, energy converts to graviton. And=
when=20
energy decays, it produces Matter and Anti-Matter. See Figure 4. In fact ev=
er=20
thing formed of CPH.</P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> <IMG height=3D239=20
src=3D"cid:006201c53801$8c922d40$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D519=20
border=3D0></P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 4</P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>CPH Theory propounded that force and energy is equivalent, so CPH theory=
may=20
provide the answer. From one principle - that CPH moves with constant amoun=
t of=20
speed Vc and gradVc=3D0 in all inertial frames in any space - CPH theory pr=
ovides=20
a single explanatory framework capable of encompassing all forces and all m=
atter=20
and anti-matter.</P>
<P>CPH theory proclaims, for instance, all observed particles/objects consi=
st of=20
CPH. They can come in forms of masses, energies, fundamental particles and=
=20
fundamental forces. The strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, a=
nd=20
gravity <B>-- </B>are reflections of various ways in which a CPH can move i=
n the=20
same structure of matter or photon. Just as photons or gravitons in empty s=
pace,=20
light or gravity effects reach the earth from a very far star.</P>
<P>CPH is pure gravity force. CPH moves with speed of Vc in an inertial fra=
me if=20
no external force is applied on it. When an external force is applied on a =
CPH,=20
it takes spin and is called graviton. So, Vc equals the speed of graviton (=
in an=20
inertial frame), when it has no spin.</P>
<P>In fact a CPH is a sub-quanta of existence in nature. CPH has mass that =
is a=20
manifest of matter; its movement is a manifest of energy. CPH has sub-quant=
a=20
bounding gravity field around itself. </P>
<P>A CPH feels another CPH by this sub-quanta gravity field. Also, two CPH=
=20
absorb each other by their sub-quanta fields. See Figure 5.</P>
<P>Photons (and all subatomic particles) are formed by many CPH that they h=
ave=20
spin; and photon has spin too. So, when a photon is traveling with speed of=
c,=20
CPH has a linear speed of c and it has itself spin and a speed equal to the=
=20
speed of the photon (in the structure of photon or other subatomic=20
particles).</FONT><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D3> </P></FONT><FONT=
size=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D185=20
src=3D"cid:006301c53801$8c922d40$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D516 borde=
r=3D0></P>
<P> </P>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 5</P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>So, quantum energy is formed by a lot of CPH. Also, CPH (gravitons) work=
on=20
CPH and produces energy. In the other words, force and energy are equivalen=
t.=20
Force converts to energy and energy changes to force. Fore example; force=20
converts to energy in blue-shift and energy converts to force in=20
red-shift.<BR>Two objects/particles (like the moon and the earth, or an ele=
ctron=20
and a proton in an atom) transfer CPH continuously. </P></FONT><FONT=20
color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Photo Electric and Compton Effect by CPH </P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>According to CPH theory a photon contains n number of CPH that they are=
=20
moving with the speed of c in the structure of photons. The given mass of a=
CPH=20
is m, so its momentum is P=3Dmc and the momentum of photon is P=3Dnmc, see =
Figure 6.=20
</P></FONT><FONT size=3D2></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> <IMG height=3D165=20
src=3D"cid:006401c53801$8c93b3e0$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D381 borde=
r=3D0></P>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 6</P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>When a photon collides to an electron, a number of CPH that exist in the=
=20
photon enter the electron. See Figure 7. </P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=
=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D289=20
src=3D"cid:006501c53801$8c93b3e0$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D366=20
border=3D0> </P>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 7</P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>In photoelectric effect all CPHs of photon enter the structure of the=20
Electron. Consider that it will happen if the amount of the energy of the p=
hoton=20
is sufficient. </P>
<P>In Compton Effect some CPH enter the structure of the photon and other C=
PHs=20
do not enter. </P>
<P>In the picture above, k>k1 and k2=3Dk-k1 when CPH is joined with the=
=20
electron. </P></FONT><FONT color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Spring;<BR></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>Take a look at spring. There is a s=
pring=20
with one of its sides connected to the wall (Figure 8). In formal physics i=
t is=20
defined by the conversion of potential energy and kinetic energy. Let us ex=
plain=20
it according to the conversion of force and energy.<BR> </P></FONT><FO=
NT=20
face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D259=20
src=3D"cid:006601c53801$8c93b3e0$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D147=20
border=3D0></P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P><BR> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 6<BR> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3><B>
<P>A. </B>The spring is pushed by hand. During the time that hands were pus=
hing=20
the spring, hand's energy converts to force. In fact a lot of CPHs leaves t=
he=20
hand and enters the spring. The momentum of these CPH is transferred to the=
=20
spring. Hands had lost momentum (and energy), and spring gained momentum an=
d=20
energy. It is such as the following:<BR>example; a wagon has a lot of sand =
that=20
collides to an empty wagon. Some sands leave the first wagon and enter the =
empty=20
wagon.<BR><BR>In situation A, F=3D <B>-</B> kx and its direction is toward =
the=20
left side and energy equals zero: E=3D0.<BR><BR><B>B. </B>Force is converti=
ng to=20
energy. Spring will return to its equilibrium situation. Object opposes wit=
h the=20
spring's movement. The force of the spring converts to energy and the amoun=
t of=20
force decreases and energy increases.<BR><BR><B>C.</B> No force is applied =
on an=20
object, but energy is maximum: the Object is moving toward the left side an=
d its=20
energy converts to force.<BR> </P></FONT><FONT color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Gravity</P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>According TO CPH Theory, gravity is a currency among objects. For exampl=
e=20
consider the interaction between the earth and the moon:<BR>Earth has a=20
gravitational field. The gravitational field is formed by gravitons that ar=
e=20
moving toward the earth and they are interacting with each other. Suppose t=
he=20
earth is alone and there are no interactions between earth and other bodies=
in=20
universe. When gravitons reach the earth, the earth absorbs them. Then grav=
itons=20
obey all forces around them. But the earth is not alone and it has interact=
ion=20
with other bodies. Take a look at earth and moon. There are two fields; one=
is=20
around the earth and the other one is around the moon. When a graviton reac=
hes=20
the earth, the other one moves toward the moon and pushes the earth toward =
the=20
moon. (Remember flow and ebb). Also when a graviton reaches the moon, the o=
ther=20
one moves toward the earth and pushes the moon toward the earth. So earth (=
In=20
fact every thing) is bombarded by gravitons continuously. </P></FONT><FONT=
=20
face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> <IMG height=3D283=20
src=3D"cid:006701c53801$8c93b3e0$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D413 borde=
r=3D0></P>
<P> </P>
<P> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 9</P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>If movements in the space are without any gravitational effects, they mo=
ve=20
linearly with the speed of c (top of Figure 9). But space is full of gravit=
y.=20
So, photons=92 paths are like the right side of Figure 9.<BR>Left side of F=
igure 9=20
shows that a photon is moving in a gravitational field of a massive body.<B=
R>In=20
point A, the photon has the speed of c, frequency of f and energy of E that=
=20
reaches point A. Gravitational field acts on the photon, some gravitons ent=
er=20
the structure of the photon. Photons accelerate toward the massive body. It=
s=20
frequency, energy and speed increase. <BR>In point B, the photon has a freq=
uency=20
of f1, energy of E1 and speed of c1. During the time that photons are falli=
ng,=20
the distance between the photon and body decreases, until it reaches the po=
int=20
G. In point G Frequency, speed and energy are maximum for that photon. When=
=20
photon reaches point F', it is the same as point F, and so on. In point A' =
it is=20
the same as point A.<BR>The behavior of photons and gravitational fields is=
the=20
same as spring and objects. On the left side of Figure 9, when a photon is=
=20
falling, it shifts to blue and the gravity force converts into energy.<BR>W=
hen=20
photon is escaping from a massive body it shifts to red and energy converts=
to=20
gravity force.<BR>Theory of CPH =96 the ultimate explanation of the univers=
e at=20
its most microscopic level, a theory that does not rely on any deeper=20
explanation - would provide the firmest foundation on which to build our=20
understanding of the world. </P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P> </P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>CPH bends space </P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>We know the frequency of photon does change in gravitational field. When=
=20
gravity force acts on a photon, the energy of the photon increases and its=
=20
frequency increases too (or decreases). In red-shift work is negative (freq=
uency=20
decreases) and in blue-shift work is positive (frequency increases). When p=
hoton=20
is leaving gravitational field, it shifts to red and when photon is falling=
it=20
shifts to blue. When light is moving in space that there is no gravitationa=
l=20
effect, the path of light is linear (figure 10). </P>
<P>Now suppose light is moving in gravitational field of a massive body. Gr=
avity=20
works on it. When distance between photon and massive body goes to short, l=
ight=20
shifts to blue like photon is falling. But when distance between photon and=
=20
massive body goes to long, light shifts to red like photon escapes (Figure=
=20
10).</P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D342=20
src=3D"cid:006801c53801$8c953a80$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D404=20
border=3D0></P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 10</P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>What the inside observer observes is the opposite of what the outside=20
observer observes. </P></FONT><FONT color=3D#0000ff><B>
<P>Zero Point Energy </P></B></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>Quantum energy is formed by a lot of CPH. Also, CPH (graviton) works on =
CPH=20
and produces energy. </P>
<P>It happens when the density of the graviton is high. (Figure 11). </P>
<P>According to the size of a gamma photon and the number of CPH in it, we =
can=20
calculate the density of CPH in the structure of the photon. The diameter o=
f an=20
electron is less than 10^ -18 m. A gamma photon (in pair production) produc=
es an=20
electron and a positron. Suppose the volume of a photon is 2 times bigger t=
han=20
the electron=92s volume.</P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D181=20
src=3D"cid:006901c53801$8c953a80$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D300=20
border=3D0> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Figure 11</P>
<P> </P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>Suppose that the density of CPH in structure of photon is De(cph)=3Dn pe=
r=20
m^3,</P>
<P>Space is full of gravitons. Gravitons have interaction among each other.=
They=20
absorb each other and convert to electromagnetic wave. When they convert to=
=20
energy, that density of CPH reaches to </P>
<P>De(cph)=3Dn per m^3.</P>
<P>So, for space we have;</P>
<P>Integral on volume of De(cph)=3D0 to De(cph)=3Dn per m^3 on dDe(cph) =3D=
E , E is=20
electromagnetic energy.</P></FONT><FONT size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P></FONT><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2></FONT><FONT=
size=3D2>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG height=3D130=20
src=3D"cid:006a01c53801$8c953a80$0100007f@cphxfwiw5emcth" width=3D270=20
border=3D0> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter> </P>
<P align=3Dcenter>Integration of gravitons is a projection to production=20
electromagnetic energy.</P></FONT><FONT size=3D3>
<P>In the other word, force and energy are equivalent. Force converts to en=
ergy=20
and energy changes to force. </P>
<P> For more see <A=20
href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cph_theory/Unified-CPH-Theory-New.pdf=
">Theory=20
of CPH</A> and <A=20
href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cph_theory/Mathematical-Model-CPH.pdf=
">Mathematical=20
Modeh of CPH</A> </P>
<P>Any fresh opinion most welcome</P>
<P>Sincerely</P>
<P>Hossein Javadi</P>
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"Hossein Javadi" <javadi_hossein@...>
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