biofuelwatch : Message: New papers on biofuels and UK Press coverage : Independent, Biofuels make climate change worse, scientific study concludes : Guardian, Biofuel farms make CO2 emissions worse

Message #1766 of 3631 |

From andrewboswell@... Fri Feb 08 09:54:47 2008
Return-Path: <andrewboswell@...>
X-Sender: andrewboswell@...
X-Apparently-To: biofuelwatch@yahoogroups.com
X-Received: (qmail 32034 invoked from network); 8 Feb 2008 17:54:47 -0000
X-Received: from unknown (66.218.67.97)
by m35.grp.scd.yahoo.com with QMQP; 8 Feb 2008 17:54:47 -0000
X-Received: from unknown (HELO mk-outboundfilter-3.mail.uk.tiscali.com) (212.74.114.23)
by mta18.grp.scd.yahoo.com with SMTP; 8 Feb 2008 17:54:42 -0000
X-Trace: 36908392/mk-outboundfilter-1.mail.uk.tiscali.com/F2S/$NILDRAM-ACCEPTED/temporary-group/81.86.204.46
X-SBRS: None
X-RemoteIP: 81.86.204.46
X-IP-MAIL-FROM: andrewboswell@...
X-IP-BHB: Once
X-IP-Direction: IN
X-Received: from 81-86-204-46.dsl.pipex.com (HELO ANDREWJACQUI) ([81.86.204.46])
by smtp.f2s.tiscali.co.uk with ESMTP; 08 Feb 2008 17:54:34 +0000
To: <biofuelwatch@yahoogroups.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Feb 2008 17:54:35 -0000
Message-ID: <02b001c86a7b$aaf1e3c0$0302a8c0@ANDREWJACQUI>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/related;
boundary="----=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0"
X-Mailer: Microsoft Office Outlook 11
X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3198
Thread-Index: Achqe6nwQMODWxhbSFqCPbrn9UvfEw==
X-Originating-IP: 212.74.114.23
X-eGroups-Msg-Info: 2:4:8:0:1
From: "Andrew Boswell" <andrewboswell@...>
Reply-To: <andrewboswell@...>
Subject: New papers on biofuels and UK Press coverage : Independent, Biofuels make climate change worse, scientific study concludes : Guardian, Biofuel farms make CO2 emissions worse
X-Yahoo-Group-Post: member; u=328168391; y=1ZVUEm9f7Sn7x1pQ3EZuYndwh7sLLtr3Ubr-jiynWqA8huxTBJ9xoyU
X-Yahoo-Profile: a_boswell_2004

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
boundary="----=_NextPart_001_02B2_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0"

------=_NextPart_001_02B2_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

New papers from Science on biofuels and UK Press coverage; Independent,
Biofuels make climate change worse, scientific study concludes :; Guardian,
Biofuel farms make CO2 emissions worse; && other Press coverage at bottom

Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through
Emissions from Land Use Change

Timothy Searchinger,1* Ralph Heimlich,2 R. A. Houghton,3 Fengxia Dong,4
Amani Elobeid,4 Jacinto Fabiosa,4 Simla Tokgoz,4 Dermot Hayes,4 Tun-Hsiang
Yu4 1Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, German Marshall Fund of
the U.S., Georgetown Environmental Law and Policy Institute. 2Agricultural
Conservation Economics, 3Woods Hole Research Center, 4Center for
Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.

Most prior studies have found that substituting biofuels for gasoline will
reduce greenhouse gasses because biofuels sequester carbon through the
growth of the feedstock. These analyses have failed to count the carbon
emissions that occur as farmers worldwide respond to higher prices and
convert forest and grassland to new cropland to replace the grain (or
cropland) diverted to biofuels. Using a worldwide agricultural model to
estimate emissions from land use change, we found that corn-based ethanol,
instead of producing a 20% savings, nearly doubles greenhouse emissions over
30 years and increases greenhouse gasses for 167 years. Biofuels from
switchgrass, if grown on U.S. corn lands, increase emissions by 50%. This
result raises concerns about large biofuel mandates and highlights the value
of using waste products.

10.1126/science.1151861

Supporting Online Material :
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1151861/DC1/1

Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt

Joseph Fargione,1 Jason Hill,2,3 David Tilman,2* Stephen Polasky,2,3 Peter
Hawthorne2

1The Nature Conservancy, 1101 West River Parkway, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN
55415, USA. 2Department of Ecology,

Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
3Department of Applied Economics, University

of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide

(CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to lowcarbon

fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential lowcarbon

energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon

savings depends on how they are produced. Converting

rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce

food-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the

United States creates a 'biofuel carbon debt' by releasing

17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas

(GHG) reductions these biofuels provide by displacing

fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass

or from biomass grown on abandoned agricultural lands

planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and

offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages.

10.1126/science.1152747

Supporting Online Material :
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1152747/DC1/1

http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/biofuels-make-climat
e-change-worse-scientific-study-concludes-779811.html

Biofuels make climate change worse, scientific study concludes

<javascript:launchPopup('http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-ch
ange/biofuels-make-climate-change-worse-scientific-study-concludes-779811.ht
ml?action=Popup&gallery=no','',%20770,%20658,%20true,%20true,%20true,%20fals
e);>

JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images

Workers load harvested sugarcane onto a truck in the central Philippine
island of Negros

By Steve Connor, Science Editor
Friday, 8 February 2008

Growing crops to make biofuels results in vast amounts of carbon dioxide
being released into the atmosphere and does nothing to stop climate change
or global warming, according to the first thorough scientific audit of a
biofuel's carbon budget.

Scientists have produced damning evidence to suggest that biofuels could be
one of the biggest environmental con-tricks because they actually make
global warming worse by adding to the man-made emissions of carbon dioxide
that they are supposed to curb. Two separate studies published in the
journal Science show that a range of biofuel crops now being grown to
produce "green" alternatives to oil-based fossil fuels release far more
carbon dioxide into the air than can be absorbed by the growing plants.

The scientists found that, in the case of some crops, it would take several
centuries of growing them to pay off the "carbon debt" caused by their
initial cultivation. Those environmental costs do not take into account any
extra destruction to the environment, for instance the loss of biodiversity
caused by clearing tracts of pristine rainforest.

"All the biofuels we use now cause habitat destruction, either directly or
indirectly. Global agriculture is already producing food for six billion
people. Producing food-based biofuel, too, will require that still more land
be converted to agriculture," said Joe Fargioine of the US Nature
Conservancy who was the lead scientist in one of the studies.

The scientists carried out the sort of analysis that has been missing in the
rush to grow biofuels, encouraged by policies in the United States and
Europe where proponents have been keen to extol biofuels' virtues as a green
alternative to the fossil fuels used for transport.

Both studies looked at how much carbon dioxide is released when a piece of
land is converted into a biofuel crop. They found that when peat lands in
Indonesia are converted into palm-oil plantations, for instance, it would
take 423 years to pay off the carbon debt.

The next worse case was when forested land in the Amazon is cut down to
convert into soybean fields. The scientists found that it would take 319
years of making biodiesel from the soybeans to pay of the carbon debt caused
by chopping down the trees in the first place.

Such conversions of land to grow corn (maize) and sugarcane for biodiesel,
or palm oil and soybean for bioethanol, release between 17 and 420 times
more carbon than the annual savings from replacing fossil fuels, the
scientists calculated.

"This research examines the conversion of land for biofuels and asks the
question 'is it worth it?' Does the carbon you lose by converting forests,
grasslands and peat lands outweigh the carbon you 'save' by using biofuels
instead of fossil fuels?" Dr Fargione said.

"And surprisingly the answer is 'no'. These natural areas store a lot of
carbon, so converting them to croplands results in tons of carbon emitted
into the atmosphere," he said.

The demand for biofuels is destroying the environment in other ways.
American farmers for instance used to rotate between soybean and corn crops
but the demand for biofuel has meant that they are growing corn only. As a
result, Brazilian farmers are cutting down forests to grow soybean to meet
the shortfall in production.

"In finding solutions to climate change, we must ensure that the cure is not
worse than the disease," said Jimmie Powell, a member of the scientific team
at the Nature Conservancy.

"We cannot afford to ignore the consequences of converting land for
biofuels. Doing so means we might unintentionally promote fuel alternatives
that are worse than the fossil fuels they are designed to replace. These
findings should be incorporated into carbon emission policy going forward,"
Dr Powell said yesterday.

The European Union is already having second thoughts about its policy aimed
at stimulating the production of biofuel. Stavros Dimas, the EU environment
commissioner, admitted last month that the EU did not foresee the scale of
the environmental problems raised by Europe's target of deriving 10 per cent
of its transport fuel from plant material.

Professor John Pickett, chair of the recent study on biofuels commissioned
by the Royal Society, said that although biofuels may play an important role
in cutting greenhouse gases from transport, it is important to remember that
one biofuel is not the same as another.

"The greenhouse gas savings that a biofuel can provide are dependent on how
crops are grown and converted and how the fuel is used," Professor Pickett
said. "Given that biofuels are already entering global markets, it will be
vital to apply carbon certification and sustainability criteria to the
assessment of biofuels to promote those that are good for people and the
environment. This must happen at an international level so that we do not
just transfer any potentially negative effects of these fuels from one place
to another."

Professor Stephen Polasky of the University of Minnesota, an author of one
of the studies published in Science, said that the incentives currently
employed to encourage farmers to grow crops for biofuels do not take into
account the carbon budget of the crop.

"We don't have the proper incentives in place because landowners are
rewarded for producing palm oil and other products but not rewarded for
carbon management. This creates incentives for excessive land clearing and
can result in large increases in carbon emissions," Professor Polasky said.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/feb/08/scienceofclimatechange.biofuel
s

Biofuel farms make CO2 emissions worse

. Land conversion increases greenhouse gases - study
. Carbon debt may take centuries to pay off

This article appeared in the Guardian
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian> on Friday February 08
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2008/feb/08> 2008 on p14 of the UK
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2008/feb/08/mainsection/uknews4>
news section. It was last updated at 00:14 on February 08 2008.

Transforming ecosystems into farms for biofuel crops will increase global
warming and result in net increases in carbon emissions, according to a
study.

Scientists have found that converting rainforests, peatlands and grasslands
can outweigh the carbon savings made from biofuels and produce "carbon
debts" which could take centuries to pay off.

The study will add to concerns about the ability of biofuels to replace
fossil fuels. The EU is reviewing its pledge that biofuels such as
bioethanol and biodiesel should make up 10% of transport fuel by 2020.
Britain has a separate target of 5% biofuels in petrol and diesel by 2010.

In the study, US researchers calculated that converting natural ecosystems
to grow corn or sugarcane to produce ethanol, or palms or soybeans for
biodiesel, could release between 17 and 420 times more carbon than the
annual savings from replacing fossil fuels.

This is due to the carbon contained in the original plants and soils which
is released as CO2 when the vegetation rots after it is cleared. The
researchers said this carbon debt must be paid before biofuels produced on
the land could count towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

"This research examines the conversion of land for biofuels and asks the
question 'Is it worth it?'" said Joe Fargione, a scientist for the
environmental group The Nature Conservancy. "Does the carbon you lose by
converting forests, grasslands and peatlands outweigh the carbon you 'save'
by using biofuels instead of fossil fuels? And surprisingly, the answer is
no."

In Indonesia the researchers found that converting land for palm oil
production ran up the worst carbon debts, requiring 423 years to pay off.
Producing soybeans in the Amazon would take 319 years of soy biodiesel to
offset the carbon debt.

Stephen Polasky of the University of Minnesota, one of the authors of the
study, published today in the journal Science, said: "We don't have proper
incentives in place because landowners are rewarded for producing palm oil
and other products but not rewarded for carbon management. This creates
incentives for excessive land clearing and can result in large increases in
carbon emissions."

Fargione said all biofuels now in use destroyed habitats. "Producing
food-based biofuel will require that still more land be converted to
agriculture," he said. The team also identified biofuels which did not
contribute to global warming, including agricultural waste and grasses grown
on land not suitable for crops.

"Biofuels made on perennial crops grown on degraded land that is no longer
useful for growing food crops may actually help us fight global warming,"
said Jason Hill of the University of Minnesota, who also took part in the
study. "One example is ethanol made from diverse mixtures of native prairie
plants."

Other Press coverage:

Destroying Native Ecosystems For Biofuel Crops
<http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140809.htm> Worsens
Global Warming
Science Daily (press release) - 22 hours ago
... products but not rewarded for carbon management," said University of
Minnesota Applied Economics professor Stephen Polasky, an author of the
study. ...

Are Biofuels Bad for the Environment?
<http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=0200014DEN78>
Sci-Tech Today - 6 minutes ago
Fargione and co-authors Jason Hill, David Tilman, Stephen Polasky and Peter
Hawthorne from the University of Minnesota also found significant carbon
debt in ...

Full Text <http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5861/321>
Science Magazine (subscription) - Jan 17, 2008
Edward B. Barbier, 1 * Evamaria W. Koch, 2 Brian R. Silliman, 3 Sally D.
Hacker, 4 Eric Wolanski, 5 Jurgenne Primavera, 6 Elise F. Granek, 7 Stephen
Polasky ...

Studies <http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/02/studies-say-bio.html>
Say Biofuels Worse Than Gasoline
Wired News - 1 hour ago
By Brandon Keim February 08, 2008 | 11:19:56 AMCategories: Energy,
Government, Plants When all relevant factors are accounted for, biofuels
produce more ...

Biofuels not `miracle' cure,
<http://www.thestar.com/sciencetech/article/301676> studies say
Toronto Star, Canada - 8 hours ago
Biofuels - gasoline substitutes made from plants - can't make much of a dent
in climate change and might actually make it worse, say two reports released
...

<http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hOQLqH3pUlwjUEeWivsZy9LK1XEw>

Converting land for biofuel
<http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hOQLqH3pUlwjUEeWivsZy9LK1XEw> worsens
global warming: study
AFP - 8 hours ago
WASHINGTON (AFP) - Clearing raw land to produce biofuels actually
contributes to global warming by emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases
into the ...

Biofuel crops increase
<http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-sci-biofuel8feb08,1,72
53036.story> carbon emissions
Los Angeles Times, CA - 9 hours ago
The conversion of forests and grasslands into fields for the plants offsets
the benefit of using the fuel, researchers find. Greenhouse-gas output
overall ...

Studies Say Clearing Land
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/07/AR200802070
4230.html?hpid=moreheadlines> for Biofuels Will Aid Warming
Washington Post, United States - 14 hours ago
By Juliet Eilperin Clearing land to produce biofuels such as ethanol will do
more to exacerbate global warming than using gasoline or other fossil fuels,
...

Digging up land for biofuels
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/02/08/eabiofuel
s108.xml> is 'pointless'
Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - 14 hours ago
By Paul Eccleston Clearing land to produce crops for biofuels will increase
the problem of climate change rather than help solve it, a major study
warns. ...

Biofuel drive might raise CO
<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/497389a8-d5e9-11dc-bbb2-0000779fd2ac.html> 2
Financial Times, UK - 15 hours ago
By Clive Cookson Converting non-agricultural land to grow biofuel crops
causes large emissions of carbon dioxide that worsen global warming rather
than ...

<http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=biofuels-bad-for-people-and-climate>

Biofuels Are Bad for Feeding
<http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=biofuels-bad-for-people-and-climate>
People and Combating Climate Change
Scientific American - 17 hours ago
By David Biello BAD BIOFUEL: Clearing rainforest to plant palms for oil,
like the one pictured here, is a major emitter of the greenhouse gases that
cause ...

Biofuels make climate change
<http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/biofuels-make-clima
te-change-worse-scientific-study-concludes-779811.html> worse, scientific
study concludes
Independent, UK - 17 hours ago
By Steve Connor, Science Editor Growing crops to make biofuels results in
vast amounts of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere and does
nothing ...

Study: Ethanol May Add to
<http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gG6RDP96uZ_A1auof7LysRqbgDxAD8ULPD0G0>
Global Warming
The Associated Press - 18 hours ago
WASHINGTON (AP) - The widespread use of ethanol from corn could result in
nearly twice the greenhouse gas emissions as the gasoline it would replace
because ...

UPDATE 1-Food-based
<http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN0741251420080207> biofuels can
spur climate change-study
Reuters UK, UK - 20 hours ago
By Deborah Zabarenko, Environment Correspondent WASHINGTON, Feb 7 (Reuters)
- Alternative fuels made from corn, soybeans, sugar cane and palm trees can
in ...

Clearing Land for Biofuels
<http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080207-biofuels-carbon.html
> Makes Global Warming Worse
National Geographic, DC - 20 hours ago
Growing crops to make biofuels may accelerate global warming, not slow down
its effects, a new study says. When farmers clear native ecosystems such as
...

<http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=4257226&page=1>

Biofuel: Bad for the
<http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=4257226&page=1>
Environment?
ABC News - 21 hours ago
By ASHLEY PHILLIPS As the debate over global warming increases and "green
fever" sweeps the nation, many environmentalists and politicians have viewed
...

Studies Suggest Biofuels
<http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120241324358751455.html?mod=googlenews_wsj>
Can Worsen Warming
Wall Street Journal - 21 hours ago
By GAUTAM NAIK While the US and others race to expand the use and production
of biofuels, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests these gasoline
...

<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/02/07/eabiofuel
107.xml>

Biofuel crops 'increase
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/02/07/eabiofuel
107.xml> carbon emissions'
Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - 22 hours ago
By Paul Eccleston Ploughing up land to produce crops for biofuels won't help
the fight against climate change, a major new survey claims. ...

<http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/02/07/little-carbon-sink-on-
the-prairie/?mod=googlenews_wsj>

Little Carbon Sink on the
<http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/02/07/little-carbon-sink-on-
the-prairie/?mod=googlenews_wsj> Prairie
Wall Street Journal - 22 hours ago
More grist for the biofuel debate: A new study out today says Midwestern
corn ethanol could be a bigger environmental villain than the Asian palm oil
that ...

2 studies conclude that
<http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/07/healthscience/biofuel.php> biofuels
are not so green after all
International Herald Tribune, France - 22 hours ago
By Elisabeth Rosenthal Almost all biofuels used today cause more greenhouse
gas emissions than conventional fuels if the pollution caused by producing
these ...

<http://www.enews20.com/news_Study_Shows_Biofuel_Farms_Aid_Global_Warming_05
697.html>

Study Shows Biofuel Farms
<http://www.enews20.com/news_Study_Shows_Biofuel_Farms_Aid_Global_Warming_05
697.html> Aid Global Warming
Enews 2.0, UK - 1 hour ago
By Julia Bonelli According to a new study made by the University of
Minnesota and the Nature Conservancy, the "farms" for biofuel crops, which
created by ...

Good news for Big Oil,
<http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2008/02/08/good-news-for-big-oil-biofuels-cau
se-pollution/> biofuels cause pollution
BloggingStocks - 1 hour ago
The idea behind switching energy usage from fossil-based fuel like gas to
ethanol is that it is better for the environment. Much of the push to create
...

More Facts about Biofuels
<http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_vie
w&newsId=20080208005428&newsLang=en> and Greenhouse Gases Surface after ...
Business Wire (press release), CA - 2 hours ago
"The new study from the Nature Conservancy and University of Minnesota only
proves that hasty political action can sometimes have the opposite effect of
...

Researchers call for
<http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2209252/researchers-call-c
rackdown> crackdown on carbon intensive biofuels
Business Green, UK - 4 hours ago
Almost all biofuels result in more carbon emissions than the fossil fuels
they are intended to replace, according to the latest study to raise grave
...

<http://www.dbtechno.com/science/2008/02/08/biofuel-farms-increase-co2-emiss
ions/>

Biofuel Farms Increase CO2
<http://www.dbtechno.com/science/2008/02/08/biofuel-farms-increase-co2-emiss
ions/> Emissions
dBTechno, MA - 4 hours ago
Washington (dbTechno) - Scientists have found that transforming ecosystems
into biofuel crops increases global warming as it causes the level of CO2
...

Widespread Use Of Ethanol
<http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7009971819> Linked To Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
AHN - 5 hours ago
Washington DC (AHN) - Challenging the sudden rush to use bio fuels to
protect the environment, a new study now links widespread use of corn-based
ethanol to ...

The biofuels threat
<http://www.scenta.co.uk/scenta/news/cit/1715342/the-biofuels-threat.htm>
Scenta.co.uk, UK - 5 hours ago
New reports, published in Science, suggests that when the full costs of
producing biofuels crops are taken into account they could be more
environmentally ...

Study reveals that
<http://www.pjstar.com/stories/020808/TRI_BFNJIFT1.009.php> biodiesel may
not save as much as thought
Peoria Journal Star, IL - 6 hours ago
By TERRY BIBO If you think using ethanol automatically fights global
warming, you may want to look at a new study released today in Science
magazine. ...

Studies: Biofuels use could
<http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080208/BUSINE
SS01/802080390/-1/SPORTS01> worsen warming
DesMoinesRegister.com, IA - 7 hours ago
By PHILIP BRASHER . Register Washington Bureau . February 8, 2008
Washington, DC - Increased use of ethanol and biodiesel could worsen global
warming by ...

Biofuel crops adds to
<http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=423201&sid=ENV&ssid=26> global
warming
Zee News, India - 10 hours ago
Silicon Valley, Feb 08: More harm than good is being done by the rush to
grow biofuel crops, which actually increases the greenhouse gas emissions
rather ...

Environment / Study warns <http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_8202237>
of biofuels' effect on climate
Pioneer Press, MN - 11 hours ago
BY DENNIS LIEN Converting healthy grasslands, forests and other native
ecosystems into farms for biofuel crops worsens global warming, a new study
says. ...

Revealed: biofuels' carbon
<http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/02/08/Revealed_biofuels_carbon_debt>
debt
LIVENEWS.com.au, Australia - 14 hours ago
Biofuels won't stop climate change, in fact, they might add to global
warming, scientists have found. The crops needed to make biofuels release
vast amounts ...

Biofuels bombshell <http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/2/7/11350/87265>
Grist Magazine, WA - 16 hours ago
Some very respected researchers today have lobbed a real bombshell into the
energy public policy world: they have concluded that ethanol produced both
by ...

------=_NextPart_001_02B2_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: text/html;
charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<html xmlns:v=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-micr=
osoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" =
xmlns:st1=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" xmlns=3D"http://ww=
w.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">

<head>
<meta http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dus-ascii">
<meta name=3DGenerator content=3D"Microsoft Word 11 (filtered medium)">
<o:SmartTagType
namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"Street=
"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"PostalCode"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"State"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"PlaceType"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"PlaceName"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"country-region"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"address"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"City"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name=3D"place"/>

<style>

</style>

</head>

<body lang=3DEN-US link=3Dblue vlink=3Dpurple>

<div class=3DSection1>

New papers from Science on biofuels and <st1:countr=
y-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">UK</st1:place></st1:country-region> Pres=
s
coverage; Independent, Biofuels make climate change worse, scientific study
concludes :; Guardian, Biofuel farms make CO2 emissions worse; && o=
ther
Press coverage at bottom<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> =
</o:p>

Use of <st1=
:country-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> Cr=
oplands
for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land Use Cha=
nge<o:p></o:p>

</div>

 


<div class=3DSection2>

<o:p> </o:p></font=
>

Timothy Searchinger,<=
/font>1* Ralph
Heimlich,2 R. A. Houghton,</font=
>3 Fengxia
Dong,4 Amani Elobeid,=
4 Jacinto
Fabiosa,4 Simla Tokgoz,<=
font
size=3D1 face=3DVerdana>4 Dermot
Hayes,4 Tun-Hsiang Yu<=
font
size=3D1 face=3DVerdana>4 1Woodrow
Wilson School, Princeton University, German Marshall Fund of the U.S.,
Georgetown Environmental Law and Policy Institute. 2=
Agricultural
Conservation Economics, 3Woods <=
st1:PlaceName
w:st=3D"on">Hole</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Research</st1:P=
laceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">Center</st1:PlaceType>, 4=
Center
for Agricultural and Rural Development, <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceNa=
me
w:st=3D"on">Iowa</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">State</st1:Pla=
ceType> <st1:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></fon=
t>

<o:p> </o:p>

Most prior studies have found that substituting biofuels =
for
gasoline will reduce greenhouse gasses because biofuels sequester carbon
through the growth of the feedstock. These analyses have failed to count th=
e
carbon emissions that occur as farmers worldwide respond to higher prices a=
nd
convert forest and grassland to new cropland to replace the grain (or cropl=
and)
diverted to biofuels. Using a worldwide agricultural model to estimate
emissions from land use change, we found that corn-based ethanol, instead o=
f
producing a 20% savings, nearly doubles greenhouse emissions over 30 years =
and
increases greenhouse gasses for 167 years. Biofuels from switchgrass, if gr=
own
on U.S. corn lands, increase emissions by 50%. This result raises concerns
about large biofuel mandates and highlights the value of using waste produc=
ts. <o:p></o:p>

10.1126/science.1151861 <o:p></o:p></fon=
t>

<h3>Supporting Online Material : <a
href=3D"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1151861/DC1/1">http://www.scienc=
emag.org/cgi/data/1151861/DC1/1</a>
<o:p></o:p></h3>

<div style=3D'mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid w=
indowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm'>

<o:p> </o:p>

</div>

<o:p> </o:p></font=
>

<o:p> </o:p></font=
>

Land Cleari=
ng and
the Biofuel Carbon Debt<o:p></o:p>

Joseph Fargione</font=
>,1 Jason Hill=
,2,3 David Tilman</fon=
t>,2* Stephen Polasky=
,2,3 Peter Hawthorne</=
font>2<o:p></o:p>

1The Nat=
ure
Conservancy, <st1:address w:st=3D"on"><st1:Street w:st=3D"on">1101 West Riv=
er
Parkway, Suite 200</st1:Street>, <st1:City w:st=3D"on">Minneapolis</st1:C=
ity>, <st1:State
w:st=3D"on">MN</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st=3D"on">55415</st1:PostalCo=
de>, <st1:country-region
w:st=3D"on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:address>. 2=
Department
of Ecology,<o:p></o:p>

Evolution, and Behavior, <st=
1:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Minnes=
ota</st1:PlaceName>,
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">St. Paul</st1:City>, <st1:Stat=
e w:st=3D"on">MN</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st=3D"on">55108</st1:PostalCode>, <st1:country-region w:=
st=3D"on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
3Department of Applied Econom=
ics,
University<o:p></o:p>

of <st1:State w:st=3D"on">Mi=
nnesota</st1:State>,
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">St. Paul</st1:City>, <st1:Stat=
e w:st=3D"on">MN</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st=3D"on">55108</st1:PostalCode>, <st1:country-region w:=
st=3D"on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></p=
>

<o:p> </o:p>

Increasing =
energy
use, climate change, and carbon dioxide<o:p></o:p>

(CO<=
/font>2) emissions=
from
fossil fuels make switching to lowcarbon<o:p></o:p>

fuels a hig=
h
priority. Biofuels are a potential lowcarbon<o:p></o:p></=
p>

energy sour=
ce,
but whether biofuels offer carbon<o:p></o:p>

savings dep=
ends
on how they are produced. Converting<o:p></o:p>

rainforests=
,
peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce<o:p></o:p><=
/p>

food-based
biofuels in <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Brazil</st1:country-region>, <s=
t1:place
w:st=3D"on">Southeast Asia</st1:place>, and the<o:p></o:p></b=
>

<st1:country-region w:st=
=3D"on"><st1:place
w:st=3D"on">United States</st=
1:place></st1:country-region> creates a ‘biofuel carbon debt’ by releasing=
<o:p></o:p>

17 to 420 t=
imes
more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas<o:p></o:p></=
b>

(GHG) reduc=
tions
these biofuels provide by displacing<o:p></o:p>

fossil fuel=
s. In
contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass<o:p></o:p>

or from bio=
mass
grown on abandoned agricultural lands<o:p></o:p>

planted wit=
h
perennials incur little or no carbon debt and<o:p></o:p><=
/p>

offer immed=
iate
and sustained GHG advantages.<o:p></o:p></p=
>

<o:p> </o:p>

10.1126/science.1152747<o:p>=
</o:p>

<o:p> </o:p></=
p>

Supporting =
Online
Material :  <a
href=3D"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1152747/DC1/1">http://www.scienc=
emag.org/cgi/data/1152747/DC1/1</a>
<o:p></o:p>

<div style=3D'mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid w=
indowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm'>

<o:p> </o:p>

</div>

<o:p> </o:p>

<h1><a
href=3D"http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/biofuels-ma=
ke-climate-change-worse-scientific-study-concludes-779811.html">http://www.=
independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/biofuels-make-climate-change-w=
orse-scientific-study-concludes-779811.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></h1>

<h1>Biofuels
make climate change worse, scientific study concludes<o:p></o:p></fo=
nt></h1>

<a
href=3D"javascript:launchPopup('http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cl=
imate-change/biofuels-make-climate-change-worse-scientific-study-concludes-=
779811.html?action=3DPopup&gallery=3Dno','',%20770,%20658,%20true,%20tr=
ue,%20true,%20false);"><img border=3D0 width=3D294 height=3D187
id=3D"_x0000_i1025" src=3D"cid:image001.jpg@..." alt=3D"&nbsp=
;"></a><o:p></o:p>

JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images</=
strong><o:p></o:p>

Workers load harvested sugarcane onto a truck in the central Philip=
pine
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">island</st1:PlaceType> of=
<st1:PlaceName
w:st=3D"on">Negros</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></=
p>

By
Steve Connor, Science Editor 
</author>Friday, 8 February 2008</fon=
t>
<o:p></o:p>

Growing crops to make biofuels results in vast a=
mounts
of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere and does nothing to st=
op
climate change or global warming, according to the first thorough scientifi=
c
audit of a biofuel's carbon budget.<o:p></o:p>



Scientists
have produced damning evidence to suggest that biofuels could be one of the
biggest environmental con-tricks because they actually make global warming
worse by adding to the man-made emissions of carbon dioxide that they are
supposed to curb. Two separate studies published in the journal Science sho=
w
that a range of biofuel crops now being grown to produce "green"
alternatives to oil-based fossil fuels release far more carbon dioxide into=
the
air than can be absorbed by the growing plants. <o:p></o:p></=
p>

The
scientists found that, in the case of some crops, it would take several
centuries of growing them to pay off the "carbon debt" caused by
their initial cultivation. Those environmental costs do not take into accou=
nt
any extra destruction to the environment, for instance the loss of biodiver=
sity
caused by clearing tracts of pristine rainforest. <o:p></o:p>=


"All
the biofuels we use now cause habitat destruction, either directly or
indirectly. Global agriculture is already producing food for six billion
people. Producing food-based biofuel, too, will require that still more lan=
d be
converted to agriculture," said Joe Fargioine of the US Nature Conserv=
ancy
who was the lead scientist in one of the studies. <o:p></o:p>=


The
scientists carried out the sort of analysis that has been missing in the ru=
sh
to grow biofuels, encouraged by policies in the <st1:country-region w:st=3D=
"on">United
States</st1:country-region> and <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Europe</st1:place> =
where
proponents have been keen to extol biofuels' virtues as a green alternative=
to
the fossil fuels used for transport.<o:p></o:p>

Both
studies looked at how much carbon dioxide is released when a piece of land =
is
converted into a biofuel crop. They found that when peat lands in <st1:coun=
try-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-regio=
n> are
converted into palm-oil plantations, for instance, it would take 423 years =
to
pay off the carbon debt. <o:p></o:p>

The next
worse case was when forested land in the Amazon is cut down to convert into
soybean fields. The scientists found that it would take 319 years of making
biodiesel from the soybeans to pay of the carbon debt caused by chopping do=
wn
the trees in the first place.<o:p></o:p>

Such
conversions of land to grow corn (maize) and sugarcane for biodiesel, or pa=
lm
oil and soybean for bioethanol, release between 17 and 420 times more carbo=
n
than the annual savings from replacing fossil fuels, the scientists calcula=
ted.
<o:p></o:p>

"This
research examines the conversion of land for biofuels and asks the question=
'is
it worth it?' Does the carbon you lose by converting forests, grasslands an=
d
peat lands outweigh the carbon you 'save' by using biofuels instead of foss=
il
fuels?" Dr Fargione said. <o:p></o:p>

"And
surprisingly the answer is 'no'. These natural areas store a lot of carbon,=
so
converting them to croplands results in tons of carbon emitted into the
atmosphere," he said. <o:p></o:p>

The
demand for biofuels is destroying the environment in other ways. American
farmers for instance used to rotate between soybean and corn crops but the
demand for biofuel has meant that they are growing corn only. As a result,
Brazilian farmers are cutting down forests to grow soybean to meet the
shortfall in production. <o:p></o:p>

"In
finding solutions to climate change, we must ensure that the cure is not wo=
rse
than the disease," said Jimmie Powell, a member of the scientific team=
at
the Nature Conservancy. <o:p></o:p>

"We
cannot afford to ignore the consequences of converting land for biofuels. D=
oing
so means we might unintentionally promote fuel alternatives that are worse =
than
the fossil fuels they are designed to replace. These findings should be
incorporated into carbon emission policy going forward," Dr Powell sai=
d
yesterday. <o:p></o:p>

The
European Union is already having second thoughts about its policy aimed at
stimulating the production of biofuel. Stavros Dimas, the EU environment
commissioner, admitted last month that the EU did not foresee the scale of =
the
environmental problems raised by <st1:place w:st=3D"on">Europe</st1:place>'=
s
target of deriving 10 per cent of its transport fuel from plant material. <=
o:p></o:p>

Professor
John Pickett, chair of the recent study on biofuels commissioned by the Roy=
al
Society, said that although biofuels may play an important role in cutting
greenhouse gases from transport, it is important to remember that one biofu=
el
is not the same as another.<o:p></o:p>

"The
greenhouse gas savings that a biofuel can provide are dependent on how crop=
s
are grown and converted and how the fuel is used," Professor Pickett s=
aid.
"Given that biofuels are already entering global markets, it will be v=
ital
to apply carbon certification and sustainability criteria to the assessment=
of
biofuels to promote those that are good for people and the environment. Thi=
s
must happen at an international level so that we do not just transfer any
potentially negative effects of these fuels from one place to another.&quot=
;<o:p></o:p>

Professor
Stephen Polasky of the <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">Un=
iversity</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Minnesota</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>, an au=
thor
of one of the studies published in Science, said that the incentives curren=
tly
employed to encourage farmers to grow crops for biofuels do not take into
account the carbon budget of the crop. <o:p></o:p>

<div style=3D'mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid w=
indowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm'>

"We don't have the proper incentives in pla=
ce
because landowners are rewarded for producing palm oil and other products b=
ut
not rewarded for carbon management. This creates incentives for excessive l=
and
clearing and can result in large increases in carbon emissions," Profe=
ssor
Polasky said.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

</div>



<a
href=3D"http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/feb/08/scienceofclimatechang=
e.biofuels"
id=3D"proximic_proxit:aid=3Dinm&query_url=3Dhttp://www.independent.co.u=
k/environment/climate-change/biofuels-make-climate-change-worse-scientific-=
study-concludes-779811.html">http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/feb/08/=
scienceofclimatechange.biofuels</a>
<o:p></o:p>

<h1>Biofuel
farms make CO2 emissions worse<o:p></o:p></h1>

<spa=
n
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>· Land convers=
ion
increases greenhouse gases - study 
· Carb=
on
debt may take centuries to pay off<o:p></o:p>

This article appeared in <a
name=3D"&lid=3D{historyByline}{the_Guardian}&lpos=3D"></a><a
href=3D"http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian">the Guardian</a> on <a
name=3D"&lid=3D{historyByline}{The_GuardianFriday_"></a><a
href=3D"http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2008/feb/08">Friday February =
08
2008</a> on p14 of the <a name=3D"&lid=3D{historyByline}{UK_news}&l=
pos=3D{hist"></a><a
href=3D"http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2008/feb/08/mainsection/uknew=
s4">UK
news</a> section. It was last updated at 00:14 on February 08 2008. <o:p></=
o:p>

Transforming
ecosystems into farms for biofuel crops will increase global warming and re=
sult
in net increases in carbon emissions, according to a study. <o:p></o:p></sp=
an>

Scientists
have found that converting rainforests, peatlands and grasslands can outwei=
gh
the carbon savings made from biofuels and produce "carbon debts"
which could take centuries to pay off.<o:p></o:p>

The study
will add to concerns about the ability of biofuels to replace fossil fuels.=
The
EU is reviewing its pledge that biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel
should make up 10% of transport fuel by 2020. <st1:country-region w:st=3D"o=
n"><st1:place
w:st=3D"on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> has a separate target=
of 5%
biofuels in petrol and diesel by 2010.<o:p></o:p>

In the
study, US researchers calculated that converting natural ecosystems to grow
corn or sugarcane to produce ethanol, or palms or soybeans for biodiesel, c=
ould
release between 17 and 420 times more carbon than the annual savings from
replacing fossil fuels.<o:p></o:p>

This is
due to the carbon contained in the original plants and soils which is relea=
sed
as CO2 when the vegetation rots after it is cleared. The researchers said t=
his
carbon debt must be paid before biofuels produced on the land could count
towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. <o:p></o:p>

"This
research examines the conversion of land for biofuels and asks the question=
'Is
it worth it?'" said Joe Fargione, a scientist for the environmental gr=
oup
The Nature Conservancy. "Does the carbon you lose by converting forest=
s,
grasslands and peatlands outweigh the carbon you 'save' by using biofuels
instead of fossil fuels? And surprisingly, the answer is no." <o:p></o=
:p>

In <st1:country-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-regio=
n> the
researchers found that converting land for palm oil production ran up the w=
orst
carbon debts, requiring 423 years to pay off. Producing soybeans in the Ama=
zon
would take 319 years of soy biodiesel to offset the carbon debt.<o:p></o:p>=


Stephen
Polasky of the <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">University=
</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Minnesota</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>, one o=
f the
authors of the study, published today in the journal Science, said: "W=
e
don't have proper incentives in place because landowners are rewarded for
producing palm oil and other products but not rewarded for carbon managemen=
t.
This creates incentives for excessive land clearing and can result in large
increases in carbon emissions."<o:p></o:p>

Fargione
said all biofuels now in use destroyed habitats. "Producing food-based
biofuel will require that still more land be converted to agriculture,&quot=
; he
said. The team also identified biofuels which did not contribute to global
warming, including agricultural waste and grasses grown on land not suitabl=
e
for crops. <o:p></o:p>

<div style=3D'mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid w=
indowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm'>

"Biofuels made on perennial crops grown on
degraded land that is no longer useful for growing food crops may actually =
help
us fight global warming," said Jason Hill of the <st1:place w:st=3D"on=
"><st1:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Minne=
sota</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>,
who also took part in the study. "One example is ethanol made from div=
erse
mixtures of native prairie plants."<o:p></o:p>

</div>

Other
Press coverage:<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<div>
<a
href=3D"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080207140809.htm"
id=3D"s-XBwSIIpgBr3FG8vyzT1s3Q:r-1_0">Destroying Native Ecosystems For Bi=
ofuel Crops
Worsens Global Warming</a> 
Science Daily (press release) -<=
font
size=3D2> 22 hours ag=
o 
... products but not rewarded for carbon management," said <st1=
:place
w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceType w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1=
:PlaceName
w:st=3D"on">Minnesota Applied Economics</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> prof=
essor Stephen Polasky, an author of the s=
tudy. ...<o:p></o:p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<o:p> </o:p>

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<div>
<a
href=3D"http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=3D0200014DEN78=
"
id=3D"s-tb_DW3AKvs6nY8d_cSh6Yg:r-2_0">Are Biofuels Bad for the Environmen=
t?</a> 
Sci-Tech Today -<=
span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'> 6 minutes ago</span=
> 
Fargi=
one and
co-authors Jason Hill, David Tilman, =
Stephen
Polasky and Peter Hawthorne from the <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><s=
t1:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on">Min=
nesota</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
also found significant carbon debt in ...<o:p></o:p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<o:p> </o:p>

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<div>
<a
href=3D"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/319/5861/321"
id=3D"s-B-dCoRfQGAs5Mv_afP_x7A:r-3_0">Full Text</a> 
Science Magazine (subscription) -</font=
> Jan 17, 200=
8 
Edwar=
d B.
Barbier, 1 * Evamaria W. Koch, 2 Brian R. Silliman, 3 Sally D. Hacker, 4 =
Eric
Wolanski, 5 Jurgenne Primavera, 6 Elise F. Granek, 7 Stephen Polasky ...<o:p></o:p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<o:p> </o:p>

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0 wi=
dth=3D"100%"
style=3D'width:100.0%'>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/02/studies-say-bio.ht=
ml">Studies
Say Biofuels Worse Than Gasoline</a> 
Wired News -</fo=
nt> 1 hour =
ago 
B=
y Brandon
Keim February 08, 2008 | 11:19:56 AMCategories: Energy, Government,
Plants When all relevant factors are accounted for, biofuels produce =
more
...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.thestar.com/sciencetech/article/301676"
id=3D"s-0nGBw0_cWoY6I26sLuFzxw:r-1_1129621986">Biofuels not `miracle'=
cure,
studies say</a> 
<st1:City w:st=3D"on">=
Toronto=
</st1:City> <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Star</st=
1:City>, 
<st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Canada</st1:country-region></st1:pla=
ce> - 8 hours=
ago 
B=
iofuels
– gasoline substitutes made from plants – can't make much=
of
a dent in climate change and might actually make it worse, say two
reports released ...</=
span><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hOQLqH3pUlwjUEeWivsZy9LK1=
XEw"
id=3D"s-px0-pag0jcVJS7CtygbxvA:r-2i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D53 height=3D80 id=3D"_x0000_i1060"
src=3D"cid:image002.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hOQLqH3pUlwjUEeWivsZy9LK1=
XEw"
id=3D"s-px0-pag0jcVJS7CtygbxvA:r-2_1129621986">Converting land for bi=
ofuel
worsens global warming: study</a> 
AFP -<fon=
t
size=3D2> 8 hours=
ago 
W=
ASHINGTON
(AFP) — Clearing raw land to produce biofuels actually contribu=
tes
to global warming by emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases into =
the ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-sci-biof=
uel8feb08,1,7253036.story"
id=3D"s-xN2lvbMOF1cQv57hqWeI0A:r-3_1129621986">Biofuel crops increase
carbon emissions</a> 
Los Angeles Times, CA&n=
bsp;- 9 hours=
ago 
T=
he conversion
of forests and grasslands into fields for the plants offsets the bene=
fit
of using the fuel, researchers find. Greenhouse-gas output overall <b=
>...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/=
07/AR2008020704230.html?hpid=3Dmoreheadlines"
id=3D"s-fqSDzwYguVF7Jv9ZU3Jbcw:r-4_1129621986">Studies Say Clearing L=
and
for Biofuels Will Aid Warming</a> 
Washington Post, <st1:c=
ountry-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">United States</st1:place></st1:cou=
ntry-region> - 14 hour=
s ago 
B=
y Juliet
Eilperin Clearing land to produce biofuels such as ethanol will do mo=
re
to exacerbate global warming than using gasoline or other fossil fuel=
s, ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=3D/earth/2008=
/02/08/eabiofuels108.xml"
id=3D"s-xCk0ib5mZK2bPwTc-xrHBg:r-5_1129621986">Digging up land for bi=
ofuels
is 'pointless'</a> 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Telegraph.co.uk</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">United Kingdom=
</st1:country-region></st1:place> - 14 hours ago<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB> 
B=
y Paul
Eccleston Clearing land to produce crops for biofuels will increase t=
he
problem of climate change rather than help solve it, a major study wa=
rns.
...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.ft.com/cms/s/497389a8-d5e9-11dc-bbb2-0000779fd2ac.=
html"
id=3D"s-irE17U5iOD2_H62GdRfEGg:r-6_1129621986">Biofuel drive might ra=
ise CO
2</a> 
Financial Times, <st1:c=
ountry-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">UK</st1:place></st1:country-region=
> - 15 hour=
s ago 
B=
y Clive
Cookson Converting non-agricultural land to grow biofuel crops causes
large emissions of carbon dioxide that worsen global warming rather t=
han ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=3Dbiofuels-bad-for-people=
-and-climate"
id=3D"s-btkx91UsPralkAe3tnMfpg:r-7i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D79 height=3D80 id=3D"_x0000_i1061"
src=3D"cid:image003.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=3Dbiofuels-bad-for-people=
-and-climate"
id=3D"s-btkx91UsPralkAe3tnMfpg:r-7_1129621986">Biofuels Are Bad for F=
eeding
People and Combating Climate Change</a> 
Scientific American -</=
span> 17 hour=
s ago 
B=
y David
Biello BAD BIOFUEL: Clearing rainforest to plant palms for oil, like =
the
one pictured here, is a major emitter of the greenhouse gases that ca=
use ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/biofu=
els-make-climate-change-worse-scientific-study-concludes-779811.html"
id=3D"s-6XxQP-hycm8uwFeioL9czQ:r-8_1129621986">Biofuels make climate =
change
worse, scientific study concludes</a> 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Independent</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">UK</st1:countr=
y-region></st1:place> - 17 hours ago<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB> 
B=
y Steve
Connor, Science Editor Growing crops to make biofuels results in vast
amounts of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere and does
nothing ...</fo=
nt><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gG6RDP96uZ_A1auof7LysRqbgD=
xAD8ULPD0G0"
id=3D"s-02u04VKxaVwcKQBkhqRZgQ:r-9_1129621986">Study: Ethanol May Add=
to
Global Warming</a> 
The Associated Press -<=
/span> 18 hour=
s ago 
W=
ASHINGTON
(AP) — The widespread use of ethanol from corn could result in
nearly twice the greenhouse gas emissions as the gasoline it would
replace because ...</s=
pan><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN0741251420080207"
id=3D"s-DAzM9MobZuS7sfYgHrHv4w:r-10_1129621986">UPDATE 1-Food-based
biofuels can spur climate change-study</a> 
Reuters UK, <st1:countr=
y-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">UK</st1:place></st1:country-region=
> - 20 hour=
s ago 
B=
y Deborah
Zabarenko, Environment Correspondent WASHINGTON, Feb 7 (Reuters) -
Alternative fuels made from corn, soybeans, sugar cane and palm trees=
can
in ...<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080207-biofue=
ls-carbon.html"
id=3D"s-_mT3gztTcbbR9jhofxbmyQ:r-11_1129621986">Clearing Land for Bio=
fuels
Makes Global Warming Worse</a> 
National
Geographic, DC - 20 hours ago<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB> 
G=
rowing
crops to make biofuels may accelerate global warming, not slow down i=
ts
effects, a new study says. When farmers clear native ecosystems such =
as ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=
=3D4257226&page=3D1"
id=3D"s-u9nJT2yWYc0v0X9OD25A_A:r-12i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D80 height=3D60 id=3D"_x0000_i1062"
src=3D"cid:image004.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=
=3D4257226&page=3D1"
id=3D"s-u9nJT2yWYc0v0X9OD25A_A:r-12_1129621986">Biofuel: Bad for the
Environment?</a> 
ABC News -</font=
> 21 hour=
s ago 
B=
y ASHLEY
PHILLIPS As the debate over global warming increases and "green
fever" sweeps the nation, many environmentalists and politicians
have viewed ...=
<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120241324358751455.html?mod=
=3Dgooglenews_wsj"
id=3D"s-hD0iBMB9JKh6qDEqEqdGYQ:r-13_1129621986">Studies Suggest Biofu=
els
Can Worsen Warming</a> 
Wall Street Journal -</=
span> 21 hour=
s ago 
B=
y GAUTAM
NAIK While the <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on"=
>US</st1:place></st1:country-region>
and others race to expand the use and production of biofuels, a growi=
ng
body of scientific evidence suggests these gasoline ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=3D/earth/2008=
/02/07/eabiofuel107.xml"
id=3D"s-jWpFXhxPRsIyzKbpv2nvgw:r-14i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D80 height=3D53 id=3D"_x0000_i1063"
src=3D"cid:image005.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=3D/earth/2008=
/02/07/eabiofuel107.xml"
id=3D"s-jWpFXhxPRsIyzKbpv2nvgw:r-14_1129621986">Biofuel crops 'increa=
se
carbon emissions'</a> 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Telegraph.co.uk</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">United Kingdom=
</st1:country-region></st1:place> - 22 hours ago<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB> 
B=
y Paul
Eccleston Ploughing up land to produce crops for biofuels won't help =
the
fight against climate change, a major new survey claims. ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/02/07/little-c=
arbon-sink-on-the-prairie/?mod=3Dgooglenews_wsj"
id=3D"s-ywdX4ZUVB6DqP8xXj5utUg:r-15i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D56 height=3D80 id=3D"_x0000_i1064"
src=3D"cid:image006.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/02/07/little-c=
arbon-sink-on-the-prairie/?mod=3Dgooglenews_wsj"
id=3D"s-ywdX4ZUVB6DqP8xXj5utUg:r-15_1129621986">Little Carbon Sink on=
the
Prairie</a> 
Wall Street Journal -</=
span> 22 hour=
s ago 
M=
ore grist
for the biofuel debate: A new study out today says Midwestern corn
ethanol could be a bigger environmental villain than the Asian palm o=
il
that ...=
<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/07/healthscience/biofuel.=
php"
id=3D"s-w8yMvzUz4i9eT82GJynsAA:r-16_1129621986">2 studies conclude th=
at
biofuels are not so green after all</a> 
International Herald <st1:pl=
ace
w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Tribune</st1:City>, <st1:count=
ry-region
w:st=3D"on">France</st1:country-region></st1:place> -</f=
ont> 22 hour=
s ago 
B=
y
Elisabeth Rosenthal Almost all biofuels used today cause more greenho=
use
gas emissions than conventional fuels if the pollution caused by
producing these ...</s=
pan><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://www.enews20.com/news_Study_Shows_Biofuel_Farms_Aid_Glo=
bal_Warming_05697.html"
id=3D"s-o0ff3j9gbKcSM2SBPGNlfw:r-17i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D80 height=3D60 id=3D"_x0000_i1065"
src=3D"cid:image007.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.enews20.com/news_Study_Shows_Biofuel_Farms_Aid_Glo=
bal_Warming_05697.html"
id=3D"s-o0ff3j9gbKcSM2SBPGNlfw:r-17_1129621986">Study Shows Biofuel F=
arms
Aid Global Warming</a> 
Enews 2.0, <st1:country=
-region
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on">UK</st1:place></st1:country-region=
> - 1 hour =
ago 
B=
y Julia
Bonelli According to a new study made by the <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><=
st1:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on"=
>Minnesota</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
and the Nature Conservancy, the “farms” for biofuel crops=
,
which created by ...</=
span><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2008/02/08/good-news-for-big-oi=
l-biofuels-cause-pollution/"
id=3D"s-DHujPz0JoYmoT5iw6Ovolw:r-18_1129621986">Good news for Big Oil=
,
biofuels cause pollution</a> 
BloggingStocks -=
 1 hour =
ago 
T=
he idea
behind switching energy usage from fossil-based fuel like gas to etha=
nol
is that it is better for the environment. Much of the push to create =
...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmV=
iewId=3Dnews_view&newsId=3D20080208005428&newsLang=3Den"
id=3D"s-HAnqi-IwUlxRJWvuIeHhSA:r-19_1129621986">More Facts about Biof=
uels
and Greenhouse Gases Surface after ...</a> 
Business Wire (press
release), CA - 2 hours ago<sp=
an
lang=3DEN-GB> 
&=
#8220;The
new study from the Nature Conservancy and <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1=
:PlaceType
w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=3D"on"=
>Minnesota</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
only proves that hasty political action can sometimes have the opposi=
te
effect of ...</=
font><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2209252/rese=
archers-call-crackdown"
id=3D"s-IHfTNYyOMU6WlAYC61jcCg:r-20_1129621986">Researchers call for
crackdown on carbon intensive biofuels</a> 
Business <st1:place w:st=3D"=
on"><st1:City
w:st=3D"on">Green</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">U=
K</st1:country-region></st1:place> - 4 hours=
ago 
A=
lmost all
biofuels result in more carbon emissions than the fossil fuels they a=
re
intended to replace, according to the latest study to raise grave =
...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td width=3D80 valign=3Dtop style=3D'width:60.0pt;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt=
1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<font=
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><a
href=3D"http://www.dbtechno.com/science/2008/02/08/biofuel-farms-incr=
ease-co2-emissions/"
id=3D"s-FOmLo4v_Tn_MZftbpX8dHw:r-21i_1129621986"><img border=3D0 width=3D80 height=3D80 id=3D"_x0000_i1066"
src=3D"cid:image008.jpg@..."></a><o:p></o:p></sp=
an>
</td>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.dbtechno.com/science/2008/02/08/biofuel-farms-incr=
ease-co2-emissions/"
id=3D"s-FOmLo4v_Tn_MZftbpX8dHw:r-21_1129621986">Biofuel Farms Increas=
e CO2
Emissions</a> 
dBTechno, MA -</sp=
an> 4 hours=
ago 
<st1:State w:st=3D"on"><st1:place w:st=3D"on"><=
span
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Washington</s=
t1:place></st1:State> (dbTechno) - =
Scientists
have found that transforming ecosystems into biofuel crops increases
global warming as it causes the level of CO2 ...<o:p></o:p></spa=
n>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7009971819"
id=3D"s-JPyV7roxf4WUL3AdVebwNg:r-22_1129621986">Widespread Use Of Eth=
anol
Linked To Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a> 
AHN -<fon=
t
size=3D2> 5 hours=
ago 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on"><s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Washington</s=
t1:City> <st1:State w=
:st=3D"on">DC</st1:State></st1:place> (AHN) - Chall=
enging the
sudden rush to use bio fuels to protect the environment, a new study =
now
links widespread use of corn-based ethanol to ...<o:p></o:p></spa=
n>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.scenta.co.uk/scenta/news/cit/1715342/the-biofuels-=
threat.htm"
id=3D"s-qXFrAw7JSbHrYCtnr7FM3Q:r-23_1129621986">The biofuels threat</=
a> 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Scenta.co.uk</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">UK</st1:countr=
y-region></st1:place> - 5 hours ago<sp=
an
lang=3DEN-GB> 
N=
ew
reports, published in Science, suggests that when the full costs of p=
roducing
biofuels crops are taken into account they could be more environmenta=
lly ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.pjstar.com/stories/020808/TRI_BFNJIFT1.009.php"
id=3D"s-_dpLYyjlDLXnPZtUht8F-A:r-24_1129621986">Study reveals that
biodiesel may not save as much as thought</a> 
Peoria Journal
Star, IL - 6 hours ago<sp=
an
lang=3DEN-GB> 
B=
y TERRY
BIBO If you think using ethanol automatically fights global warming, =
you
may want to look at a new study released today in Science magazine. <=
b>...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=3D=
/20080208/BUSINESS01/802080390/-1/SPORTS01"
id=3D"s-q8xSvlKz5oONfh8rhLpYyQ:r-25_1129621986">Studies: Biofuels use=
could
worsen warming</a> 
DesMoinesRegister.com, =
IA - 7 hours=
ago 
B=
y PHILIP
BRASHER • Register Washington Bureau • February 8, 2008 <=
st1:place
w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">Washington</st1:City>, <st1:State w=
:st=3D"on">DC</st1:State></st1:place>
— Increased use of ethanol and biodiesel could worsen global wa=
rming
by ...<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=3D423201&sid=3DEN=
V&ssid=3D26"
id=3D"s-_sfZe790DgnwTjO4gZeqmw:r-26_1129621986">Biofuel crops adds to
global warming</a> 
Zee <st1:place w:st=3D"on"><=
st1:City
w:st=3D"on">News</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">In=
dia</st1:country-region></st1:place> - 10 hour=
s ago 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on">Silicon Valley</st1:place><=
font
size=3D2>, Feb 08: More=
harm than
good is being done by the rush to grow biofuel crops, which actually
increases the greenhouse gas emissions rather ...<o:p></o:p></spa=
n>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_8202237"
id=3D"s-Qg3L7miuXlyeYYis9dx7vg:r-27_1129621986">Environment / Study w=
arns
of biofuels' effect on climate</a> 
Pioneer Press, MN =
- 11 hour=
s ago 
B=
Y DENNIS
LIEN Converting healthy grasslands, forests and other native ecosyste=
ms
into farms for biofuel crops worsens global warming, a new study says=
. ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/02/08/Revealed_biofuels_=
carbon_debt"
id=3D"s-us9qeA_4ikWzCc5-NqXYTQ:r-28_1129621986">Revealed: biofuels' c=
arbon
debt</a> 
<st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on">LIVENEWS.com.au</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=3D"on">Australia</st1=
:country-region></st1:place> - 14 hours ago<s=
pan
lang=3DEN-GB> 
B=
iofuels
won’t stop climate change, in fact, they might add to global
warming, scientists have found. The crops needed to make biofuels rel=
ease
vast amounts ...</span=
><o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p> </o:p>=

<table class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D7 cellpadding=3D=
0>
<tr>
<td valign=3Dtop style=3D'padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
<a
href=3D"http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/2/7/11350/87265"
id=3D"s-oCrMBlyeU4uo-yhf3QO-8Q:r-29_1129621986">Biofuels bombshell</a=
> 
Grist Magazine, WA&nbsp=
;- 16 hour=
s ago 
S=
ome very
respected researchers today have lobbed a real bombshell into the ene=
rgy
public policy world: they have concluded that ethanol produced both b=
y ...<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<o:p></o:p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<script>
function clicked(ln, label, ctr, cid, sig) {return function() {var npp =3D =
'';var und_pos =3D cid.indexOf('_');if (und_pos !=3D -1) {npp =3D cid.subst=
ring(und_pos+1);cid =3D cid.substring(0, und_pos);}var click_params =3D "ct=
=3Dus/"+label+"-"+ctr+"&fp=3D47ac2df2a8495d94&ei=3DhpWsR7fTKqimoAOIm-CAAw&u=
rl=3D"+escape(ln.href).replace(/\+/g,"%2b").replace(/\#/g,"%23")+"&cid=3D"+=
cid;if (npp !=3D '')click_params +=3D "&npp=3D" + npp;if (sig !=3D '')click=
_params +=3D "&sig2=3D" + sig;ln.href=3D"/news/url?sa=3Dt&"+click_params;ln=
.onmousedown=3D"";return true;}}if (document.images) {var h =3D location.ho=
stname;var nln =3D document.links.length;var label =3D '';var cid =3D '';va=
r ctr =3D 0;for (var i =3D 0; i < nln; ++i) {var ln =3D document.links[i];v=
ar sig =3D '';if (ln.id) {var id =3D ln.id;if (id.substring(0,2) =3D=3D 's-=
') {colon_pos =3D id.indexOf(':');if (colon_pos =3D=3D -1) {sig =3D id.subs=
tring(2);id =3D '';} else {sig =3D id.substring(2, colon_pos);id =3D id.sub=
string(colon_pos+1);}}if (id.substring(0,2) !=3D 'r-') {if (sig =3D=3D '')c=
ontinue;} else {var und_pos =3D id.indexOf('_');if (und_pos =3D=3D -1) {lab=
el =3D id.substring(2);} else {label =3D id.substring(2, und_pos);cid =3D i=
d.substring(und_pos+1);}ctr =3D 0;}} else if (ln.host =3D=3D h || ln.hostna=
me =3D=3D h || ! label || ! cid ||ln.host =3D=3D "www.google.com" || ln.hos=
tname =3D=3D "www.google.com") {continue;}ln.onmousedown =3D clicked(ln, la=
bel, ctr++, cid, sig);}}
</script><o:p> </o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

</div>

</body>

</html>

------=_NextPart_001_02B2_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0--
------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image001.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image001.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image002.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image002.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image003.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image003.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image004.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image004.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image005.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image005.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image006.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image006.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image007.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image007.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
name="image008.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-ID: <image008.jpg@...>

[Attachment content not displayed.]

------=_NextPart_000_02B1_01C86A7B.AAF1E3C0--

Fri Feb 8, 2008 5:54 pm

Show Message Option

"Andrew Boswell" <andrewboswell@...>

a_boswell_2004

Offline

Send Email

Yahoo! Groups Tips

Did you know...

Messages

Yahoo! My Yahoo! Mail
	Sign In New User? Sign Up
		Tech - Groups - Help

Yahoo! Groups Tips

Did you know...

Best of Y! Groups

Messages