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Hello there,
I am a PhD student studying TEFL. Next Monday, I have a lecture on "code
switching and language contact". It was fascinating to me to find such a site.
but unfortunately I couldn't get any articles from this site . Specially, I need
information about psychological aspect of code switching. Would you please help
me? I will be so thankful.
Thanks in advance.
I'm eagerly waiting for the response.

__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Tired of spam?  Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around
http://mail.yahoo.com

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hi everyone!
My name is Silvina. I live in Argentina and I am a teacher of English. I'm very
interested in Lingüistics and I'm planning to take up a postgraduate course on
that.
I've read Zahra's mail looking for information on code-switching. As far as I
know - and speaking from a personal perspective as well - when an individual is
bilingual he/she attaches a particular language to specific domains. When
dealing with feelings and personal issues, the mother tongue is likely to come
up as the best vehicle to deal with these. Therefore, two people can work
together and use their second language as the language of work, but switch to
their mother tongue when they are having a more intimate conversation. From my
personal experience, it wouldn't cross my mind to use English with my children
when we are having a personal conversation, it would be impersonal and less
sincere. Therefore, I only do so for casual chit chat. The same applies to
diglossic situations, for example, in Paraguay Spanish is used in educational
and official contexts, whereas jokes and family talk - the type of interaction
that aims at strengthening social bonds - takes place in Guaraní. I think this
is so because language is so inextricably linked to culture and to identity.
Well, hope to read what others have to say,
Best,
Silvina
   ----- Original Message -----
   From: Zahra Amirian
   To: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
   Sent: Sunday, December 05, 2004 6:18 PM
   Subject: [code-switching] code switching



   Hello there,
   I am a PhD student studying TEFL. Next Monday, I have a lecture on "code
switching and language contact". It was fascinating to me to find such a site.
but unfortunately I couldn't get any articles from this site . Specially, I need
information about psychological aspect of code switching. Would you please help
me? I will be so thankful.
   Thanks in advance.
   I'm eagerly waiting for the response.

   __________________________________________________
   Do You Yahoo!?
   Tired of spam?  Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around
   http://mail.yahoo.com

   [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]






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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

hi everyone,
silvina...there is a problem....what you are talking
about is alternation i.e. use of different languages
in different domains et....however, code
mixing/switching is when you mix two languages in the
same sentence or maybe speak out one clause in one
language and another in another language. to put it
nicely, we can say say that code mixing can be
intersentential or intrasentential........ (i dont
want to go into the details of nomenclature here but
code mixing and swithching can be used for each other
though it is better to use inter- or intra-sentential
to clarify what we are saying)...
lidaa



--- Silvina Faure <si_re_fa@...> wrote:

>
> Hi everyone!
> My name is Silvina. I live in Argentina and I am a
> teacher of English. I'm very interested in
> Lingüistics and I'm planning to take up a
> postgraduate course on that.
> I've read Zahra's mail looking for information on
> code-switching. As far as I know - and speaking from
> a personal perspective as well - when an individual
> is bilingual he/she attaches a particular language
> to specific domains. When dealing with feelings and
> personal issues, the mother tongue is likely to come
> up as the best vehicle to deal with these.
> Therefore, two people can work together and use
> their second language as the language of work, but
> switch to their mother tongue when they are having a
> more intimate conversation. From my personal
> experience, it wouldn't cross my mind to use English
> with my children when we are having a personal
> conversation, it would be impersonal and less
> sincere. Therefore, I only do so for casual chit
> chat. The same applies to diglossic situations, for
> example, in Paraguay Spanish is used in educational
> and official contexts, whereas jokes and family talk
> - the type of interaction that aims at strengthening
> social bonds - takes place in Guaraní. I think this
> is so because language is so inextricably linked to
> culture and to identity. Well, hope to read what
> others have to say,
> Best,
> Silvina
>   ----- Original Message -----
>   From: Zahra Amirian
>   To: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
>   Sent: Sunday, December 05, 2004 6:18 PM
>   Subject: [code-switching] code switching
>
>
>
>   Hello there,
>   I am a PhD student studying TEFL. Next Monday, I
> have a lecture on "code switching and language
> contact". It was fascinating to me to find such a
> site. but unfortunately I couldn't get any articles
> from this site . Specially, I need information about
> psychological aspect of code switching. Would you
> please help me? I will be so thankful.
>   Thanks in advance.
>   I'm eagerly waiting for the response.
>
>   __________________________________________________
>   Do You Yahoo!?
>   Tired of spam?  Yahoo! Mail has the best spam
> protection around
>   http://mail.yahoo.com
>
>   [Non-text portions of this message have been
> removed]
>
>
>
>
>
>
>   To Post a message: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
>   To Unsubscribe, send a blank message to:
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Hi everyone!

I am Meg Mahinay, a graduate student from Manila Philippines.  I
found this group really helpful in the study that I am currently
conducting about Diglossia.

Thank you for posting your insights.....

All right, Lidaa. As far as I knew, code-switching applies to
intersentential alternation and code mixing refers to alternation within the
same sentence. I think the situation I described is an instance of
code-switching according to domain. There are other instances in which
code-switching can be used to indicate mood, intention, etc. Anyway, I
entered this list to learn more so it's always enriching to read what others
say.

----- Original Message -----
From: "lidaa aka" <lidaa_aka@...>
To: <code-switching@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Tuesday, December 07, 2004 7:57 AM
Subject: Re: [code-switching] code switching Silvina


>
>
> hi everyone,
> silvina...there is a problem....what you are talking
> about is alternation i.e. use of different languages
> in different domains et....however, code
> mixing/switching is when you mix two languages in the
> same sentence or maybe speak out one clause in one
> language and another in another language. to put it
> nicely, we can say say that code mixing can be
> intersentential or intrasentential........ (i dont
> want to go into the details of nomenclature here but
> code mixing and swithching can be used for each other
> though it is better to use inter- or intra-sentential
> to clarify what we are saying)...
> lidaa
>
>
>
> --- Silvina Faure <si_re_fa@...> wrote:
>
> >
> > Hi everyone!
> > My name is Silvina. I live in Argentina and I am a
> > teacher of English. I'm very interested in
> > Lingüistics and I'm planning to take up a
> > postgraduate course on that.
> > I've read Zahra's mail looking for information on
> > code-switching. As far as I know - and speaking from
> > a personal perspective as well - when an individual
> > is bilingual he/she attaches a particular language
> > to specific domains. When dealing with feelings and
> > personal issues, the mother tongue is likely to come
> > up as the best vehicle to deal with these.
> > Therefore, two people can work together and use
> > their second language as the language of work, but
> > switch to their mother tongue when they are having a
> > more intimate conversation. From my personal
> > experience, it wouldn't cross my mind to use English
> > with my children when we are having a personal
> > conversation, it would be impersonal and less
> > sincere. Therefore, I only do so for casual chit
> > chat. The same applies to diglossic situations, for
> > example, in Paraguay Spanish is used in educational
> > and official contexts, whereas jokes and family talk
> > - the type of interaction that aims at strengthening
> > social bonds - takes place in Guaraní. I think this
> > is so because language is so inextricably linked to
> > culture and to identity. Well, hope to read what
> > others have to say,
> > Best,
> > Silvina
> >   ----- Original Message -----
> >   From: Zahra Amirian
> >   To: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
> >   Sent: Sunday, December 05, 2004 6:18 PM
> >   Subject: [code-switching] code switching
> >
> >
> >
> >   Hello there,
> >   I am a PhD student studying TEFL. Next Monday, I
> > have a lecture on "code switching and language
> > contact". It was fascinating to me to find such a
> > site. but unfortunately I couldn't get any articles
> > from this site . Specially, I need information about
> > psychological aspect of code switching. Would you
> > please help me? I will be so thankful.
> >   Thanks in advance.
> >   I'm eagerly waiting for the response.
> >
> >   __________________________________________________
> >   Do You Yahoo!?
> >   Tired of spam?  Yahoo! Mail has the best spam
> > protection around
> >   http://mail.yahoo.com
> >
> >   [Non-text portions of this message have been
> > removed]
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >   To Post a message: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
> >   To Unsubscribe, send a blank message to:
> >   code-switching-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
> >   Web page:
> > http//groups.yahoo.com/group/code-switching
> >
> >
> >         Yahoo! Groups Sponsor
> >               ADVERTISEMENT
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
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> >
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> >     http://groups.yahoo.com/group/code-switching/
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> > email to:
> >     code-switching-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
> >
> >     c.. Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to the
> > Yahoo! Terms of Service.
> >
> >
> >
> > [Non-text portions of this message have been
> > removed]
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
>
> __________________________________
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> Yahoo! Mail - 250MB free storage. Do more. Manage less.
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>

This is an interesting question (seen on the Linguist list) that I thought worth
passing on. There are of course many places in the world (market centers, some
special regions) where several languages are spoken, but rarely I think all by
everyone. One of my favorite points of reference is the inland Niger delta of
Mali (Mopti region) where several languages are spoken by interspersed
communities that are traditionally and to a large degree ethnically and
economically specific (Bambara, Fulfulde, Bozo, Bobo, Sonrai [mainly in Jenne],
and even some Dogon). Many people speak two or three or more of the languages
to one degree or another, and perhaps French too.

Don Osborn
Bisharat.net


Date: 21-Dec-2004
From: Dick Hudson <dick@...>
Subject: Community Multi-lingualism

Does anyone know what the limits of community multi-lingualism are? I've heard
anecdotally of a town in India where everybody is said to be able to
code-switch among five languages. Can anyone confirm that this number is indeed
possible, or even offer a higher figure?

Dick Hudson

--
Richard Hudson, FBA,
Emeritus Professor of Linguistics,
University College London
www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/home.htm

I don't know if anybody has any statistics on this issue, e.g. in South
Asia, where lots of people are multilingual, but here's what I know about
that area, at least. Statistics aren't available because the Census of
India doesn't ask a lot of questions about these issues, and because they
tend to think people aren't multilingual if they aren't *multiliterate*
and very few people are. There are some famous situations, such as Gumperz
and Wilson's study of "Kupwar" where people were supposedly trilingual,
and code-switched back and forth between Marathi, Urdu, and Kannada. Their
focus was on how the 3 codes had tended to merge (or converge), especially
grammatically, but then this happens to a large extend in S. Asia anyway.

But the rest tends to be anecdotal--I had a friend who was from a Kannada
speaking home environment, born in the Tamilnadu town of Salem, and grew
up in a neighborhood that was largely Telugu-speaking. In the larger
environment and at school he learned spoken Tamil and Literary Tamil, and
then became a teacher of English. He was also a creative writer, which he
did in Tamil. He was thus pentilingual, but some of his codes were pretty
minimal; even with his children he tended to speak Tamil, but denied that
he had "become" a Tamil speaker, or had "switched" languages.

It does tend to be the case in India at least that the  multilingualism is
kept alive if there is division of labor, i.e. you speak X in the
marketplace, or Y with the Y community, and there is also gender
differentiation--one Kannada writer I know said as a child he spoke
Kannada on the front porch of his home and Tulu in the back yard (with the
women).

Hal Schiffman


On Wed, 22 Dec 2004, Donald Z. Osborn wrote:

>
>
> This is an interesting question (seen on the Linguist list) that I thought
worth
> passing on. There are of course many places in the world (market centers, some
> special regions) where several languages are spoken, but rarely I think all by
> everyone. One of my favorite points of reference is the inland Niger delta of
> Mali (Mopti region) where several languages are spoken by interspersed
> communities that are traditionally and to a large degree ethnically and
> economically specific (Bambara, Fulfulde, Bozo, Bobo, Sonrai [mainly in
Jenne],
> and even some Dogon). Many people speak two or three or more of the languages
> to one degree or another, and perhaps French too.
>
> Don Osborn
> Bisharat.net
>
>
> Date: 21-Dec-2004
> From: Dick Hudson <dick@...>
> Subject: Community Multi-lingualism
>
> Does anyone know what the limits of community multi-lingualism are? I've heard
> anecdotally of a town in India where everybody is said to be able to
> code-switch among five languages. Can anyone confirm that this number is
indeed
> possible, or even offer a higher figure?
>
> Dick Hudson
>
>

Greetings. I'm looking for some help with CS data between Finnish and any
language with N + Adj word order (French, Spanish, so on). If you are a
bilingual in Finnish and such a language, please email me at
macswan@.... Thanks a lot.

Best,
Jeff

Yes, and I remember reading (years & years ago) that the majority of
peoples of the world are multilingual (and not just "bi"lingual). Anyone
have references to such studies - I've lost track of them?

India is indeed an interesting place in this respect. What we consider of
languages (for instance in the Scandinavian context) would not even pass as
dialects in the Indian subcontinent.

I conducted fieldwork for my doctoral thesis primarily in western India (in
present day Mumbai and Pune) where I followed the work of a national NGO
(the Mobile Creches) that served migrant construction workers and their
families. At one point during the fieldwork phase the NGO was serving ca
20,000 children. One of the main interests of that study was literacies in
everyday life. The predominantly women dominated NGO represented class
structures in urban society in western India (during the late 80's early
90's) in an exceptional manner. In addition (and to my frustration) the
members in the NGO spoke at least 7 languages and used at least 4 written
languages in their everyday working lives in Mumbai. These included:
Bambaiya hindi, Marathi, English, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Konkani and
Parsi. I documented and analysed the complexities and fluidity of
multiliteracies in these settings where women with post graduate degrees
worked together with women who had dropped out of primary grade vernacular
schools. I may have a few copies of my thesis and could share this in case
someone is interested.

To Dick's query: I don't know what you mean by "limits of
multi-lingualism". Can you expand on that. I am multilingual in 6 to 7
languages but speak only 4 on an everyday basis. In addition to my doctoral
work, I have experience of conducting research in settings in Sweden where
children and adults are at least trilingual in their everyday lives.

Sangeeta


At 13:49 2004-12-22, you wrote:


>This is an interesting question (seen on the Linguist list) that I thought
>worth
>passing on. There are of course many places in the world (market centers, some
>special regions) where several languages are spoken, but rarely I think all by
>everyone. One of my favorite points of reference is the inland Niger delta of
>Mali (Mopti region) where several languages are spoken by interspersed
>communities that are traditionally and to a large degree ethnically and
>economically specific (Bambara, Fulfulde, Bozo, Bobo, Sonrai [mainly in
>Jenne],
>and even some Dogon). Many people speak two or three or more of the languages
>to one degree or another, and perhaps French too.
>
>Don Osborn
>Bisharat.net
>
>
>Date: 21-Dec-2004
>From: Dick Hudson <dick@...>
>Subject: Community Multi-lingualism
>
>Does anyone know what the limits of community multi-lingualism are? I've heard
>anecdotally of a town in India where everybody is said to be able to
>code-switch among five languages. Can anyone confirm that this number is
>indeed
>possible, or even offer a higher figure?
>
>Dick Hudson
>
>--
>Richard Hudson, FBA,
>Emeritus Professor of Linguistics,
>University College London
>www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/home.htm
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>To Post a message: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
>To Unsubscribe, send a blank message to:
>code-switching-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
>Web page: http//groups.yahoo.com/group/code-switching
>Yahoo! Groups Links
>
>
>
>

Associate Professor/Docent
Department of Education/Pedagogiska institutionen
Communication, Culture & Diversity - Deaf Studies (KKOM-DS) Research Group
Örebro University
SE 701 82 Örebro
Sweden

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dear Sangeeta,
Many thanks for this very interesting and helpful message. The best way
to explain what I'm asking for is to give you the intellectual
background to my query. I'm interested in people who have an astonishing
aptitude for language (being fluent in dozens of languages), so I'm
trying to establish a base-line for 'normal' aptitude; and my idea is
that we could define this by finding a community where *everybody* (bar
pathological cases) was fluent in N languages (where I assume N is some
figure around 5 or 6). On the assumption that people in this community
are genetically typical of humans everywhere, we could then assert that
the typical human is capable of becoming fluent in at least N languages,
given the right social circumstances. Then we could say that anyone who
is fluent in more than N languages is abnormal - what I call a
'hyper-polyglot'. Given this focus of interest, I'm less interested in
multi-literacy than in multi-oracy, since oral language is basic and
many of the communities I've been told about are illiterate anyway.
     With best wishes, Dick Hudson

Sangeeta Bagga-Gupta wrote:

> Yes, and I remember reading (years & years ago) that the majority of
> peoples of the world are multilingual (and not just "bi"lingual).
> Anyone have references to such studies - I've lost track of them?
>
> India is indeed an interesting place in this respect. What we consider
> of languages (for instance in the Scandinavian context) would not even
> pass as dialects in the Indian subcontinent.
>
> I conducted fieldwork for my doctoral thesis primarily in western
> India (in present day Mumbai and Pune) where I followed the work of a
> national NGO (the Mobile Creches) that served migrant construction
> workers and their families. At one point during the fieldwork phase
> the NGO was serving ca 20,000 children. One of the main interests of
> that study was literacies in everyday life. The predominantly women
> dominated NGO represented class structures in urban society in western
> India (during the late 80's early 90's) in an exceptional manner. In
> addition (and to my frustration) the members in the NGO spoke at least
> 7 languages and used at least 4 written languages in their everyday
> working lives in Mumbai. These included: Bambaiya hindi, Marathi,
> English, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Konkani and Parsi. I documented and
> analysed the complexities and fluidity of multiliteracies in these
> settings where women with post graduate degrees worked together with
> women who had dropped out of primary grade vernacular schools. I may
> have a few copies of my thesis and could share this in case someone is
> interested.
>
> To Dick's query: I don't know what you mean by "limits of
> multi-lingualism". Can you expand on that. I am multilingual in 6 to 7
> languages but speak only 4 on an everyday basis. In addition to my
> doctoral work, I have experience of conducting research in settings in
> Sweden where children and adults are at least trilingual in their
> everyday lives.
>
> Sangeeta
>
>
> At 13:49 2004-12-22, you wrote:
>
>
>> This is an interesting question (seen on the Linguist list) that I
>> thought worth
>> passing on. There are of course many places in the world (market
>> centers, some
>> special regions) where several languages are spoken, but rarely I
>> think all by
>> everyone. One of my favorite points of reference is the inland Niger
>> delta of
>> Mali (Mopti region) where several languages are spoken by interspersed
>> communities that are traditionally and to a large degree ethnically and
>> economically specific (Bambara, Fulfulde, Bozo, Bobo, Sonrai [mainly
>> in Jenne],
>> and even some Dogon). Many people speak two or three or more of the
>> languages
>> to one degree or another, and perhaps French too.
>>
>> Don Osborn
>> Bisharat.net
>>
>>
>> Date: 21-Dec-2004
>> From: Dick Hudson <dick@...>
>> Subject: Community Multi-lingualism
>>
>> Does anyone know what the limits of community multi-lingualism are?
>> I've heard
>> anecdotally of a town in India where everybody is said to be able to
>> code-switch among five languages. Can anyone confirm that this number
>> is indeed
>> possible, or even offer a higher figure?
>>
>> Dick Hudson
>>
>> --
>> Richard Hudson, FBA,
>> Emeritus Professor of Linguistics,
>> University College London
>> www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/home.htm
>> <http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/home.htm>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> To Post a message: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
>> To Unsubscribe, send a blank message to:
>> code-switching-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com
>> Web page: http//groups.yahoo.com/group/code-switching
>> Yahoo! Groups Links
>>
>>
>>
>>
>
> Associate Professor/Docent
> Department of Education/Pedagogiska institutionen
> Communication, Culture & Diversity - Deaf Studies (KKOM-DS) Research Group
> Örebro University
> SE 701 82 Örebro
> Sweden
>

--
Richard Hudson, FBA,
Emeritus Professor of Linguistics,
University College London
www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/home.htm


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Dick, Sangeeta,

Thanks for these interesting replies. I would only add a couple of things.
First, I posted the question to Multilingual_Literacy (in addition to
code-switching) since multilingual new, views & issues are included there.
Partly this is due to the thought that multilingual settings are where
multiliteracy/pluriliteracy* (may) arise.

The implication I read in Dick's reply that there may be a greater degree of
multilingualism observed in oral (non-literate) cultures than in literate ones
is an interesting one (cf. also Hal's mention of most multilingual people not
being multi/pluriliterate). Is there a sense in which literacy/literateness
inhibits codeswitching (multilingual performance?) by reinforcing the notion of
discrete separate languages, or raises the status of certain languages, leading
to focus on fewer languages? (I realize that's a stretch...)

There are multilingual and multi/plutiliterate people in, say, Europe, but
apparently the number of languages mastered by the average person among them
does not reach the same levels as those mentioned in other areas.

DZO

* (there's an emerging terminology issue here, I think, since multiliteracy has
taken on multiple meanings and some are using pluriliteracy to refer uniquely
to literacy in several languages)


Quoting Richard Hudson <dick@...>:
>
> Dear Sangeeta,
>
> Many thanks for this very interesting and helpful message. The best way
> to explain what I'm asking for is to give you the intellectual
> background to my query. I'm interested in people who have an
> astonishing aptitude for language (being fluent in dozens of
> languages), so I'm trying to establish a base-line for 'normal'
> aptitude; and my idea is that we could define this by finding a
> community where *everybody* (bar pathological cases) was fluent in N
> languages (where I assume N is some figure around 5 or 6). On the
> assumption that people in this community are genetically typical of
> humans everywhere, we could then assert that the typical human is
> capable of becoming fluent in at least N languages, given the right
> social circumstances. Then we could say that anyone who is fluent in
> more than N languages is abnormal - what I call a 'hyper-polyglot'.
> Given this focus of interest, I'm less interested in multi-literacy
> than in multi-oracy, since oral language is basic and many of the
> communities I've been told about are illiterate anyway.
>
>     With best wishes, Dick Hudson
>
>
>
> Sangeeta Bagga-Gupta wrote:
> Yes, and I remember reading (years & years ago) that
> the majority of
> peoples of the world are multilingual (and not just
> "bi"lingual). Anyone have references to such studies - I've
> lost track of them?
>
> India is indeed an interesting place in this respect. What we consider
> of
> languages (for instance in the Scandinavian context) would not even
> pass
> as dialects in the Indian subcontinent.
>
> I conducted fieldwork for my doctoral thesis primarily in western India
> (in present day Mumbai and Pune) where I followed the work of a
> national
> NGO (the Mobile Creches) that served migrant construction workers and
> their families. At one point during the fieldwork phase the NGO was
> serving ca 20,000 children. One of the main interests of that study was
> literacies in everyday life. The predominantly women dominated NGO
> represented class structures in urban society in western India (during
> the late 80's early 90's) in an exceptional manner. In addition (and to
> my frustration) the members in the NGO spoke at least 7 languages and
> used at least 4 written languages in their everyday working lives in
> Mumbai. These included: Bambaiya hindi, Marathi, English, Urdu,
> Bengali,
> Gujarati, Konkani and Parsi. I documented and analysed the complexities
> and fluidity of multiliteracies in these settings where women with post
> graduate degrees worked together with women who had dropped out of
> primary grade vernacular schools. I may have a few copies of my thesis
> and could share this in case someone is interested.
>
> To Dick's query: I don't know what you mean by "limits of
> multi-lingualism". Can you expand on that. I am multilingual in 6 to
> 7 languages but speak only 4 on an everyday basis. In addition to my
> doctoral work, I have experience of conducting research in settings in
> Sweden where children and adults are at least trilingual in their
> everyday lives.
>
>
>
> Sangeeta
>
>
>
...

Hello,
I'm a first year student with the Arab Open University.  I've got an
assignment to write a paper on the functions of code-switching and
style shifting, and I'm having a hard time distinguishing between
the two. From what I understand, codeswitching is when you mix two
different languages or when speakers use two or more different
languages at the same time, and style shifting is when you switch
styles within the same language.  Is this correct?
I'm also having a hard time establishing what the functions of each
are.  Could someone please help?
Thanks,
Alma

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Carsten Otto

Hi everybody
I am new to the list, now, working on Swiss German chat rooms  I have question
on
terminology of bilingual communication.

When two people discuss and any of them uses its code (in the case I am looking
at it is
standard German and Swiss  German dialects) without individual code switches how
do I
name that conversation?

NickA: Standard German.
NickB: Swiss German dialect.
NickA: Standard German.
NickB: Swiss German dialect.
NickA: Standard German.
....

Is it code alternation, is it bilingual communication, is it code switching in a
broader
sence?

thanks for any reply

Beat Siebenhaar

Hello,

Two labels for the phenomenon I'm familiar with are:

- "unreciprocal code choice" (Gal, Susan. 1979. Language shift. Social
determinants of linguistic change in bilingual Austria. New York: Academic
Press);
- "Bilingual Norm" of interaction (Woolard, Kathryn A. 1989. Double talk:
Bilingualism and the politics of ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford
University Press)

The phenomenon is widespread in bilingual communities. I suggest you look
at how that non-reciprocal choices are internally interpreted by
participants. That is, what looks like the choice of different "codes" for
the analyst may be interactionally irrelevant for speakers. If the pattern
is systematic in certain contexts, and if interactional effects are
undetectable (for example, absence of metalinguistic comments, absence of
self-corrections or other-corrections, an overall communicative fluidity,
etc.), then it is rational to assume that expectations about each person's
language choice are shared, that the situational frame includes this
pattern, and that the overall *communicative* code for the encounter
consists, precisely, of the non-reciprocal use of different language
varieties. The phenomenon is not spectacular, and shouldn't be regarded as
such from an interactional point of view, though I understand that a
certain glorification of "language" and grammar may lead an observer to
interpret that the different language varieties may be encoding opposing
interactional/social meanings.

In short: in order to understand this pattern, I would start from
pragmatics, not from grammar.

-celso
Celso Alvarez Cáccamo
lxalvarz@...

At 16:41 10-01-2005 +0000, you wrote:

Hello,

Two labels for the phenomenon I'm familiar with are:

- "unreciprocal code choice" (Gal, Susan. 1979. Language shift. Social
determinants of linguistic change in bilingual Austria. New York: Academic
Press);
- "Bilingual Norm" of interaction (Woolard, Kathryn A. 1989. Double talk:
Bilingualism and the politics of ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford
University Press)

The phenomenon is widespread in bilingual communities. I suggest you look
at how that non-reciprocal choices are internally interpreted by
participants. That is, what looks like the choice of different "codes" for
the analyst may be interactionally irrelevant for speakers. If the pattern
is systematic in certain contexts, and if interactional effects are
undetectable (for example, absence of metalinguistic comments, absence of
self-corrections or other-corrections, an overall communicative fluidity,
etc.), then it is rational to assume that expectations about each person's
language choice are shared, that the situational frame includes this
pattern, and that the overall *communicative* code for the encounter
consists, precisely, of the non-reciprocal use of different language
varieties. The phenomenon is not spectacular, and shouldn't be regarded as
such from an interactional point of view, though I understand that a
certain glorification of "language" and grammar may lead an observer to
interpret that the different language varieties may be encoding opposing
interactional/social meanings.

In short: in order to understand this pattern, I would start from
pragmatics, not from grammar.

-celso
Celso Alvarez Cáccamo
lxalvarz@...

At 16:41 10-01-2005 +0000, you wrote:



>Hi everybody
>I am new to the list, now, working on Swiss German chat rooms  I have
>question on terminology of bilingual communication.
>
>When two people discuss and any of them uses its code (in the case I am
>looking at it is standard German and Swiss  German dialects) without
>individual code switches how do I name that conversation?
>
>NickA: Standard German.
>NickB: Swiss German dialect.
>NickA: Standard German.
>NickB: Swiss German dialect.
>NickA: Standard German.
>....
>
>Is it code alternation, is it bilingual communication, is it code
>switching in a broader sence?
>
>thanks for any reply
>
>Beat Siebenhaar

Hello
Thank you very much for your reply, Celso

>Two labels for the phenomenon I'm familiar with are:
>
>- "unreciprocal code choice" (Gal, Susan. 1979. Language shift. Social
>determinants of linguistic change in bilingual Austria. New York: Academic
>Press);
>- "Bilingual Norm" of interaction (Woolard, Kathryn A. 1989. Double talk:
>Bilingualism and the politics of ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford
>University Press)
>
>The phenomenon is widespread in bilingual communities. I suggest you look
>at how that non-reciprocal choices are internally interpreted by
>participants. That is, what looks like the choice of different "codes" for
>the analyst may be interactionally irrelevant for speakers.

in my case of standard German and Swiss German dialects the
participants distinguish the two varieties very clearly. Quite a lot
of Swiss people even interpret standard German as a foreign language.
In the official census people are asked about their L1 and there are
crosses for standard German and for Swiss German dialects.

>If the pattern
>is systematic in certain contexts, and if interactional effects are
>undetectable (for example, absence of metalinguistic comments, absence of
>self-corrections or other-corrections, an overall communicative fluidity,
>etc.), then it is rational to assume that expectations about each person's
>language choice are shared, that the situational frame includes this
>pattern, and that the overall *communicative* code for the encounter
>consists, precisely, of the non-reciprocal use of different language
>varieties.

In chat communities we encounter a lot of non standard communication
that's an expression for a judgement of the situation as informal or
personal or it expresses a closer human contact. In German speaking
Switzerland the variety for these functions is the dialect,  which in
spoken language is the non marked variety for almost any situation
where standard German is not prescribed as in school, news on TV. On
the other hand, the non marked variety for writing is standard
German. (It's only in the last decades people started writing
personal letters in the dialect as expression of an informal setting
and personal engagement.)

Now, in Swiss chat rooms these two conditions are opposed: In chat
rooms you write texts, so it's standard German that should be used.
On the other hand its informal communication that's the dialect that
should be used. So, a new use of written dialect emerged, that is
used for personal communication, first in personal letters, and very
often in computer mediated communication and SMS. Therefore in a lot
of Swiss IRC rooms you can use written dialect and standard German
side by side. There are people using standard, there are people using
dialect, and there are people using both (and producing a lot of nice
code-switches in written language).

>The phenomenon is not spectacular,

it is spectacular in that sense as this almost only occurs in written
personal/informal communication but not in face to face communication

>and shouldn't be regarded as
>such from an interactional point of view, though I understand that a
>certain glorification of "language" and grammar may lead an observer to
>interpret that the different language varieties may be encoding opposing
>interactional/social meanings.
>

I would not go so far to ascribe directly a meaning to the use of a
variety, but because there are some statements on the language choice
in the chat room, one must interpret the individual language choice
in a specific situation (compared to other situations where that
chatter uses the other variety), as I have to interpret a
code-switch. In order to interpret that non-reciprocal use of
different language varieties I need an expression for it and I don't
want to create one when there is one on the market that I missed
(i.e. "unreciprocal code choice" or "code alternation" as somebody
else suggested).

>
>In short: in order to understand this pattern, I would start from
>pragmatics, not from grammar.

Yes, but when some people produce code-switches, to which I assume a
pragmatic meaning, I may also ask the question why other people do
not switch in similar situations.


Beat Siebenhaar

hi, my name is Marta, I'am new here and it's my first post!
I'm interested in code switching because actually I'm about to write
an essay in this subject.
I'm a student of linguistic and sociology at one of the german
universities, which is situated at the border between Poland and
Germany. This particular location causes as many intercultural
conflicts as intercultural approaches, especially because of the
variety of nationalities present on the university campus.
I would like to make an research on a group of polish students who
are using many inassimilated german words while talking in polish. I
hope you understand what I mean - there is a german university with
lectures given only in german and a large group of polish students
talking "germanised" polish between themselves.
I classified this as code-switching phenomenon, I already read some
books about bilinguals, borrowings etc. and actually the problem is
that my promoting teacher thinks hat I'am wrong. In his opinion
these are only temporary borrowingswhich have nothing to do with
code-switching. What do you think about that?
Is the code-switching phenomenon present only in stricte bilingual
milieus (those students are bilingual only in some part, they are
using german language in some official areas, they speak polish in
their privacy)?
Does code-switching occures when somebody uses a whole phrase or
maybe aready one word is enough?
Thanks already for all messages,
see you soon!
m.

Dear all,
I'm Indonesian University student, and new comer in this forum. Hope
every body welcome me as a new member. Thanks

This is my first post on this mailing list. I'm a PhD student and
I'm writing on language shift in Africa. For this purpose, I have to
solve some theoritical questions about code swtching. I would like
to know if code switching is strictly between two languages or does
it exist also between two dialects of the same language.

If it exists between two dialects of the same language, it this an
exemple of language contact. A lot has been written on language
contact. Can someone tell me if those theories are valid for dialect
contact. Is there any similar research?

Thanks for your collaboration.

Jeestep

Last month I forwarded to Code-switching and Multilingual_Literacy an
interesting question from the Linguist list by Dick Hudson about the most
multilingual communities. A brief discussion ensued (ref Code-switching
messages 1308-9, 1311-13 & Multilingual_Literacy messages 188, 190-2).

Below, FYI, is his summary for the Linguist list.  DZO


Date: 18-Jan-2005
From: Richard Hudson <dick@...>
Subject: Very Multilingual Communities

Regarding query http://linguistlist.org/issues/15/15-3555.html#1


Dear Colleagues,

A couple of weeks ago I asked for information about communities where *everyone*
speaks a lot of languages, with a view to establishing the highest number known
- i.e. which community belongs in the Guinness Book of Records as having the
largest shared verbal repertoire (counted in languages). This may sound a
trivial query, but it's relevant to the question of the general human capacity
for language learning, on the assumption that these communities are genetically
typical of all humans.  My guess was that the answer would be around five.
Here are my results, with many thanks to those who took part in this
pre-scientific survey.

Dick Hudson


A. Results

As you can imagine, it depends somewhat on how you define 'community'.

A1.

If you mean 'group of people who live together', then the record seems to be 6.
This was reported by Hilaire Valiquette who writes: I was in Wirrimanu (Balgo),
Western Australia writing a dictionary of Kukatja (a dialect of Western Desert)
in '91. There were five languages in the community, and people seemed to be
comfortable in all of them. A sixth language was English, and people could
handle that well too. My best consultant in Kukatja was a Ngardi speaker!

A2.

But if you mean 'group of people based on something other than language and
covering a wide social and intellectual range', then the record is 7. Sangeeta
Bagga-Gupta writes: I conducted fieldwork for my doctoral thesis primarily in
western India (in present day Mumbai and Pune) where I followed the work of a
national NGO (the Mobile Creches) that served migrant construction workers and
their families. At one point during the fieldwork phase the NGO was serving ca
20,000 children.  One of the main interests of that study was literacies in
everyday life.  The predominantly women dominated NGO represented class
structures in urban society in western India (during the late 80's early 90's)
in an exceptional manner. In addition (and to my frustration) the members in
the NGO spoke at least 7 languages and used at least 4 written languages in
their everyday working lives in Mumbai. These included: Bambaiya hindi,
Marathi, English, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Konkani and Parsi. I documented and
analysed the complexities and fluidity of multiliteracies in these settings
where women with post graduate degrees worked together with women who had
dropped out of primary grade vernacular schools. I may have a few copies of my
thesis and could share this in case someone is interested.

A3.

As expected, there were also several reports of communities where everyone
speaks 3, 4 or even 5 languages in one of two patterns:

A3a.

Everyone shares the same range of languages. (There are N languages such that
every member speaks all these languages.)

A3b.

Everyone shares the same social system which requires multiple languages because
members have to marry from an external group which speaks a different language.
(For every member there are N languages that they speak - but not necessarily
the same languages for all members.)

B.

People and places

B1.

I received messages from: Claire Bowern, Jean-Christophe Verstraete, Baden
Hughes, Aone (Thomas) van Engelenhoven, Donald Osborn,Chris Beckwith, James L.
Fidelholtz, Hal Schiffman, Jim Wilce, Sangeeta Bagga-Gupta, Hilaire Valiquette,
Juliet Tembe, Jean-Christophe Verstraete.

B2.

Communities with large shared language inventories were reported from: Northern
and Western Australia, Papua New Guinea, the inland Niger delta of Mali (Mopti
region), the North-West Amazon, India (and in particular, western India, in
present day Mumbai and Pune), Cameroon.

--

Beat,

> >The phenomenon is widespread in bilingual communities. I suggest you look
> >at how that non-reciprocal choices are internally interpreted by
> >participants. That is, what looks like the choice of different "codes" for
> >the analyst may be interactionally irrelevant for speakers.
>
>in my case of standard German and Swiss German dialects the
>participants distinguish the two varieties very clearly. Quite a lot
>of Swiss people even interpret standard German as a foreign language.
>In the official census people are asked about their L1 and there are
>crosses for standard German and for Swiss German dialects.

I didn't mean that the speakers/writers would recognize or distinguish both
varieties, but how they would *interpret* their situated meanings. In other
words, there may be cases were speakers know two varieties are being used,
but their interpretation is "So what?" ;-) . I suppose you're familiar with
Peter Auer's work on (re)contextualization, which may be relevant to your
work. For instance:

Auer, Peter. 1992. Introduction: John Gumperz' approach to
contextualization. In The contextualization of language, edited by P. Auer
and A. di Luzio. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1-37.

You say,

>In chat communities we encounter a lot of non standard communication
>that's an expression for a judgement of the situation as informal or
>personal or it expresses a closer human contact.

Well, that argument is quite circular, and, in my opinion, it is the type
of arguments that should be avoided. For example, that "non standard"
varieties are used in oral informal contexts does not mean that the same
varieties have the same informal meanings for participants in written
contexts. Without any other internal evidence (topic organization,
personalization vs. objectification, positive vs. negative politeness,
address terms, metacomments, etc.) we simply cannot know whether, and how,
a given, supposedly "informal" variety carries those meanings per se.

>Now, in Swiss chat rooms these two conditions are opposed: In chat rooms
>you write texts, so it's standard German that should be used. On the other
>hand its informal communication that's the dialect that should be used.

Those "should" are preassumptions, but let's continue...

>So, a new use of written dialect emerged, that is used for personal
>communication, first in personal letters, and very often in computer
>mediated communication and SMS. Therefore in a lot of Swiss IRC rooms you
>can use written dialect and standard German side by side. There are people
>using standard, there are people using dialect, and there are people using
>both (and producing a lot of nice code-switches in written language).

Well, yes, I believe you ;-) . But then, why should these language
alternations carry interactional ("formal" vs. "informal") meanings? What
you're saying is, precisely, that they need not to! Or, is a person who
always uses standard German *always* perceived in chat rooms as more "formal"?

>I would not go so far to ascribe directly a meaning to the use of a
>variety, but because there are some statements on the language choice in
>the chat room, one must interpret the individual language choice in a
>specific situation (compared to other situations where that chatter uses
>the other variety), as I have to interpret a code-switch.

Alright, metalanguage may be a clue about pragmatic meanings, no doubt
about it. And in my opinion your method (contrasting usages), in the purest
structuralist style of commutation (if I change A by B, what does it mean?)
is right, too. Since language alternations "stand out", it is wise to check
if they mean anything. But they may not. And, by focusing only on language
*alternations*, we may be missing *other* instances of recontextualization
through language choice -- for example, when a user *does not* alternate
when the communicative expectations are that s/he would or should. Choosing
not to switch languages is a language choice.

So, what I'm trying to say is that focusing on alternations is actually a
grammatical approach, whereas focusing on recontextualization (through
language alternations or non-alternations) is a pragmatic approach.

Let's imagine this exchange between bilinguals, whereas language A =
socially "formal", and language B = socially "informal". Both persons are
able to use both varieties:

1. Speaker 1: "Formal" utterance in language A
2. Speaker 2: "Formal" utterance in language A
3. Speaker 1: "Informal" utterance in language B
4. Speaker 2: "Formal" utterance in language A, followed by
5.            "Informal" utterance in language A

We agree that there is recontextualization by speaker 1 in line 3 by
switching to language B, right? Now, why shouldn't there be
recontextualization by speaker 2 in line 5 when she does NOT switch to the
"informal" variety B? That is, is recontextualization carried out by
language, by language alone, or by other means?

If we focus only on the first phenomenon (line 3), we may be implying that
surface grammar is pragmatically more relevant than other things. This is
the favorite approach of much "code-switching" research, but in my humble
opinion it may be missing the point of what communication is about. In a
given context, non-reciprocal choices may be, simply, socially and
interactionally trivial, whereas monolingual speech may be *the* key issue
when alternations are communicatively expected.

Thus, when particular, supposed "code"-switches do not encode anything
pragmatically, what does each "code" involved encode? And, why call that
"code-switching"? A language (grammar) is the signalling system of a
"code", perhaps. But I have never read any strong argument (actually, *any*
argument) against the possibility that *two* languages may be the surface
manifestation of the same code. Or that just one language variety may
signal two codes.

Best,
-celso
Celso Alvarez Cáccamo
lxalvarz@...

The processes are similar. However, in the case of superposed
varieties, there is often not a sharp boundary, making the superposed
variety a stylistic variant of the informal vernacular, which allows
features of it to be used separately rather than by a global shift.

Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, writing on African American vernacular English
said in 1971 that the relation showed an "absence of systematic
co-occurrence relations, with or without social correlates"

However, there is evidence that in narratives and humor, dialect
switching is deliberately used to signal social meaning. Here are
some references:


Ervin-Tripp, S. M. (2001). Variety, style-switching, and ideology.
Style and sociolinguistic variation.
ed. by P. Eckert and J. Rickford. New York, Cambridge University
Press: 44-56.

Woolard, K. (1987). Codeswitching and comedy in Catalonia.
IPrA Papers in Pragmatics, 1   (1), 106-122.

There was also a paper on dialect switching in Japanese humor in
a book by Mary Sanches and Ben Blount.

Susan Ervin-Tripp

Hallo,
I'm an Italian PhD student from the Università per Stranieri (University for
Foreigners) in Perugia.
I'm  currently studying phenomena such as code-switching and mixing,
hybridation,
language-shifting etc. in italian-american immigrates of different generations.
I hope this group will give me help and advices for my researches.
Thank you
Sergio Pasquandrea

Dear All,
I'm university student in Indonesia. I just confuse about code
switcing among chatters. Is possible to say the chatter do code
switching? are they fullfill the requirement as code switchers?.
thanks for helping me

This call for participation may be of interest. The idea of "third space" is
explained below in the forwarded message below, and would seem (to a
non-specialist) to have interesting applications in areas such as multilingual
literacy and code-switching.

From an ecological perspective, third space sounds a lot like an ecotone, which
I think offers a rich metaphor for considering interactions of two systems
outside of the context of the natural environment.

DZO

[reposted from the Linguist list]
Date: 21-Jan-2005
From: Agneta M-L Svalberg <amls2@...>
Subject: Interrogating Third Spaces in Language Teaching, Learning and Use

Full Title: Interrogating Third Spaces in Language Teaching, Learning and Use

Date: 27-Jun-2005 - 28-Jun-2005
Location: Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
Contact Person: Agneta M-L Svalberg
Meeting Email: amls2@...
Web Site: http://www.le.ac.uk/education/conference/its2005/

Linguistic Field(s): Applied Linguistics

Call Deadline: 21-Feb-2005

Meeting Description:

The Centre for English Language Teacher Education and Applied Linguistics
(CELTEAL) in the School of Education at the University of Leicester is holding
a conference in Leicester from 27-28 June 2005. The conference will bring
together scholars working in language teaching, learning and use across all
fields of enquiry.

FINAL CALL FOR PAPERS

its2005

International Conference on Interrogating Third Spaces in Language Teaching,
Learning and Use

Centre for English Language Teacher Education and Applied Linguistics(CELTEAL),
University of Leicester

27-28 June 2005

This conference, hosted in the multicultural and multilingual city of Leicester
in the centre of England, marks the establishment of CELTEAL (Centre for
English Language Teacher Education and Applied Linguistics) within the School
of Education in the University of Leicester. The theme of the conference,
'Interrogating Third Spaces in Language Teaching, Learning and Use', derives
from the interests of the group who have all been involved in working across
multilingual and multicultural contexts. We would like to interrogate the
concept of third space which has been in use for several years in cultural
studies and applied linguistics. We believe it is time now to explore the
validity of this concept, both theoretically and practically in terms of its
applicability to a wide range of applied linguistic topics. We would like to
take the opportunity to invite those with an interest in the idea of third
spaces to engage with us in discussion of its potentials and problematic.

Plenary Speakers
- Adrian Holliday
- Bonny Norton
- Ben Rampton
- Helen Spencer-Oatey

The intermediate spaces - linguistic, discursive and cultural spaces - between
established norms have habitually been seen as problematic, because they
constitute neither one thing nor another but are, by definition, in-between. A
result of contact, they are heterogeneous spaces, but they can also reach
autonomy, transcending their component sources through a dialectical process to
make a new, expanded space which had not been dreamt of before. On the other
hand, the very concept of 'Third Spaces' presupposes, and thereby reinforces,
relatively stable and homogeneous norms in the 'first' and 'second' spaces, and
this presupposition needs to be examined.

Postmodern theory, particularly in anthropology and cultural studies, has taught
us to celebrate these intermediate zones, which have been named 'Third Spaces',
because through the struggles of those who create them they present the
possibility for stimulation and renewal, as well as threat. But we do not need
to adopt postmodernist theory to begin to value these third spaces, whether
they become stable or are always in transition..

This Conference will examine what there is to celebrate in the existence of
third spaces, and will interrogate the usefulness of the concept itself, in the
following areas:

- How language learners construct (or are constrained from constructing)
learning experiences that are meaningful for themselves out of what teachers
and others intend for them.
- How inter-language (phonology, syntax, pragmatic strategies, discourse
strategies, genres...) thrives as an independent system in the spaces between
the norms of L1 and L2, as fossilised forms, pidgins, idiolects, emergent
systems and 'errors'.
- How language varieties emerge against established standards, in regional and
sub-cultural pockets.
- How particular teachers and learners in particular classrooms adopt, adapt,
co-opt and corrupt teaching methodologies, course materials, syllabi, curricula
and examination systems, and make them work for themselves.
- How participants in multi-language interactions mix, switch, translate, and
otherwise manage to communicate in one language or another.
- How identities are lost, reduced, confounded, re-shaped, and re-made in the
move from one language to another.
- How learning to write in academic and other genres means finding a way between
the established conventions and how you want to express who you are.
- How readers extract and impose their own meanings from and on texts, moving
themselves towards the text, and the text towards themselves.

Submitting abstracts:
Abstracts of 250-300 words, in English, should demonstrate a clear relationship
to the conference theme. Deadline for submission of abstracts is 21 February
2005.

Papers will last for 30 minutes, including at least 10 minutes for discussion.
PowerPoint and OHPs will be available as standard. Abstracts should contain:
- Title of presentation
- Name(s) of the author(s)
- Affiliation of the author(s)
- Both email and postal addresses
- Telephone and Fax numbers
- Any special audio-visual/IT requirements

Abstracts should be submitted as email attachments by 21st February 2005 to the
following address: its2005@...

Details about registration, accommodation, etc. can be found on the conference
website: http://www.le.ac.uk/se/conference/its2005/

If you have any queries, email: its2005@...

--

Hello. I am doing a research on Spanish-Japanese code-switching in
Okinawa. I have read an article which said that "The language where
a tag is used the most, is the language which is more comfortable
for that person to use". is this true. if anybody has any
information on this please tell me!!!
thank you

Forwarding message from Ada Espinoza: adaespinoza17@... (answers
can be sent to this address)

> Hello all my friends!!!
> I need a big favour from you!!!
> I'm a Post-grade student and
> I'm searching The Influence of the Spanish in the written English
used in Newspapers in the latin Country Venezuela!!!
>
> What i want is some web pages related to this aspect!!! Language in
contac, code switching between two or more languages etc!!!



--- reklama -----------------------------------------------------
Televízny program na každý deň
http://tv.zoznam.sk

Hello. I have no studies to back up what you're saying, so what I'll give is
just an opinion based on experience and common sense, it appeals to me, that's
all, so bear it in mind.
I have always read and been told by my teachers that tags are one of the last
things to be acquired in a second language. Even people who show  native-like
proficiency in a second language can be spotted out as non-natives because of
their failure to incorporate tags in conversation - I think there are studies on
this. An example of this attempt at incorporating tags carried out by non-native
speakers of English would be the tendency -among some immigrant communities- to
use "innit?" where a tag would be required.  As they have not mastered the tag
mechanics yet, this simplified tag, in a way, fills the gap where they feel a
native speaker would use one.
According to this, I think that what you said - that the language where a tag is
used the most is the language which is more comfortable for a person to use -
sounds quite sensible to me.
Best,
Silvina
   ----- Original Message -----
   From: naominakamatsu
   To: code-switching@yahoogroups.com
   Sent: Thursday, January 27, 2005 10:58 AM
   Subject: [code-switching] urgent!! please..




   Hello. I am doing a research on Spanish-Japanese code-switching in
   Okinawa. I have read an article which said that "The language where
   a tag is used the most, is the language which is more comfortable
   for that person to use". is this true. if anybody has any
   information on this please tell me!!!
   thank you








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