http://geo.hmg.inpg.fr/arminjon/PIR96_1B.pdf

This paper is very troubling because I can find NO correlation of SR and
Newton's second law with gravity. Especially when applied to these
gravitational mystery spots. The physics falls apart.

I can accept the part that gravity is a pressure force. But, people throw SR
and Newtonian mechanics at this issue, and they run into big trouble. The
author goes along very well until he uses the words "inertial mass" - then,
completely goes to pieces.

Gravity is non-inertial and its fractal. Some would interpret this as
geometry, others as information theory.

Bill
The NUCLEAR VILLAGE Project
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/intalek>

--
William S. Alek
   INTALEK, INC.               PHONE/FAX: 219.924.2742
   3506-43rd. Place                EMAIL: <mailto:alekws@...>
   Highland, IN 46322-3129 USA HOME PAGE: <http://www.intalek.com/>

A few Questions about velocity, mass and graviton

Newton's laws show that there is not infinity for
velocity in the universe. The Newton’s gravitational
universe law shows there is not any limitation for
Contraction mass.
Relativity shows there is a limitation for velocity
and it is c. But by consider the mass relativity there
is not any limitation for mass (or mass-energy).
Einstein in General Relativity shows that the geometry
of space depends to mass and density of mass in space.
Mass does bending the space. Question is that this
bending of space reaches to what?
Graviton carries gravity force. Question is that has
graviton any effect on other gravitons or no? Why
graviton has spin? Is graviton's spin stable or no? Is
the spin of graviton near earth same as near moon or
near sun? What is the speed of graviton near a black
hole and what is its spin there? In the other word any
affect gravity field on graviton's speed and its
velocity?
What means vacuum? Is a vacuum space empty of
graviton?
Suppose density of graviton does increase in a
subspace. What happens there?
When external force applied on an object, it is able
to change object’s linear momentum to angular momentum
and vice versa.
Does change spin and speed of graviton by other
gravitons?
Is it an accident that light and the graviton travel
at the same
speed?
Is there any relationship between all of the above
phenomenons?

Best Regards
Hossein Javadi





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My Dear Friend Jeff

Greeting;
I am glad you are happy. Thank you for your email.
I ask you please send your emails to CPH Theory group.
Its addresses is;

cph_theory@yahoogroups.com

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi


--- Jeffrey S Gilleese <gilleese@...> wrote:
> I'm very happy that you have your own group on CPH
> you deserve it . I
> will have to take a brake from the decisions , I
> have been going to bed
> at 4:00 AM for the last week and I think I've caught
> a cold . I have
> enjoyed talking with you and I've learned a lot , I
> thank you .
>
>
> 	 Sincerely your freind Jeff


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Dear Jim

Greeting;
I invite you please write your question on CPH in
cph_theory group.
My problem is not propounding CPH Theory only.
I am trying to develop my knowledge on physical field.
At first my problem is finding a way to explain nature
better.
Theory of CPH is a new looking at fundamental physical
laws and principles, no more.
I think your questions on CPH are useful for CPH
Theory.
Cause they do clear what am Theory of CPH is saying.
So, please propound your questions on CPH in
cph_theory group.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi


--- Jim Whitescarver <jim@...> wrote:
> I will write my questions on CPH in that group,
> aside from critique with
> respect to the information model.
> I have communicated the event time model perhaps a
> few dozen times in my
> life.
> Yes, some people understand it.
> No "real" physicists have agreed with it however.
> While each communication is a small success, it is
> still failure.
> You are one of the few who has some idea what I am
> talking about.
> I feel great excitement that anybody gets it.
> But success will be when most everybody says, "yes,
> that's obvious."
>
> At a trade show I was "selling" an idea and was
> asked to write it on the
> back of my business card.
> My prospect quoted someone, "If you can't fit your
> idea on the back of
> your business card, you don't have a clear idea."
>
> In short my conjecture is that the physical universe
> is described by the
> familiar differential equations of physics. But
> differentials, i.e.
> dx/dt fail to reach zero as a limit. They are
> manifest in discrete
> quanta representing discrete difference change rates
> reducible to binary
> differences. These binary differences may be seen to
> add, cancel, or
> fold into another dimension universally (generating
> all countable
> logical systems) propagating (transmission,
> emission) alternative future
> perceptions (reception, absorption) which are
> resolved by the receiver's
> perspective (observational window) manifesting
> everything.
>
> But I'm still saying a lot more there than needs to
> be said.  I am still
> over complicating an utterly simple model per my
> father's advise.  It is
> a recursive system where the perceivers and the
> perceived manifest each
> other, but that is a consequence not a conjecture.
> I must meditate on a
> better "business card" explanation.  I think such a
> thing is needed for
> success.
>
> CPH complicates the picture but is a possible
> playing field where we can
> mentally investgate such things as there is
> approximately one Higgs and
> one neutrino per cubic centimeter, coincidence?  But
> I see little use
> for introducing particles in an area that is
> logical, not physical..
> Differences define two points, not one.  If we
> consider anything moving
> between the two points we encounter countradiction
> of time direction
> which becomes manifest as space, not particles.  A
> particle analogy may
> help people understand, but to me, particles are
> simply wrong.  So says
> the data.  I an also concerned that CPH is likely to
> be an approximation
> of  an underlying cause.  You may have noticed that
> I am hesitent to add
> any assumtions at all outside those objectively
> (minimalistically)
> required to interpret the data to assertain the
> basic facts which I
> think should be our only postulates.    I am not
> sure we have the right
> to embellish nature with CPH or any such thing.
> Sometimes (often) I
> can be stupid about some things.  CPH may be one of
> them.  I have
> throught out my own ideas exhastively, but can't
> pretend to be expert on
> anyone elses.
>
> As noone has succeded I cannot say what will
> succeed.  I am still
> seeking truth.  Over 25 years ago I came up with the
> event time model.
> But every day the vision is becomming clearer, still
> too much for me to
> do alone, but still approaching a carthartsis, new
> revolations born from
> the constant discovery of error.  All of my stuff
> needs to be rewritten
> at this point for complete accuracy, simplicity and
> clearity.
>
> Jim
>
> amir javadi wrote:
>
> > Dear Jim
> >
> > Greeting;
> > Thank you for your reply.
> > I do not think that we are fail.
> > I am feeling I am in successful way.
> > I think your theory is over than common theories.
> > You theory is able develop ideas in theoretical
> > physics.
> > You theory does persuade folk thinking more.
> > I think your theory does not opposite with CPH
> theory.
> >
> > They do complete each other.
> > I will be glad you join to CPH theory group.
> > You are most welcome.
> > You join to group and try developing it.
> > We never can see by each other eyes.
> > I ask you please join to CPH group.
> >
> > Sincerely
> > Hossein Javadi
> >
> > --- Jim Whitescarver <jim@...> wrote:
> > > Hussein,
> > >
> > > I will join.  Your intellect is apparent to me,
> I
> > > know you are not
> > > wrong.  I have not been able to grok (get it)
> CPH.
> > > Your own group is
> > > the perfect solution.  I hope it does not
> suggest
> > > lack of interest in
> > > the information systems model.
> > >
> > > I regretted not saying we indeed are trying to
> say
> > > the same thing.  I
> > > implied space time intervals are manifest,
> x=t*c.
> > > Only past intervals
> > > are manifest and they do not exist without a
> memory.
> > >  They exist in the
> > > human perspective, but not in the objective
> present.
> > >  You identified
> > > velocities as being what is manifest, which is
> > > correct.  Only the space
> > > time velocity is brought forth into the future,
> > > which is the essential
> > > requirement for existence.
> > >
> > > We have both failed.  As scientists our errors
> are
> > > our source of
> > > revelation.  May we all blossom on the shoulders
> of
> > > our failures.
> > >
> > > Jim
> > >
> > > amir javadi wrote:
> > >
> > > > CPH  Theory Group
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > For considering all articles about Theory of
> CPH
> > > > contact with yahoo group;
> > > >
> > > > http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cph_theory
> > > >
> > > > I hope you join cph_theory group for
> discussion
> > > and
> > > > review the CPH Theory.
> > > >
> > > > Also there is a move that made on CPH theory.
> > > > You can see it by Media Player 6.
> > > > You can post your opinion to;
> > > >
> > > > cph_theory@yahoogroups.com
> > > >
> > > > Regards
> > > > Moderator, CPH-Theory group
>
>
>
>


__________________________________
Do you Yahoo!?
Protect your identity with Yahoo! Mail AddressGuard
http://antispam.yahoo.com/whatsnewfree

Dear Jim

Greeting;
I invite you please write your question on CPH in
cph_theory group.
My problem is not propounding CPH Theory only.
I am trying to develop my knowledge on physical field.
At first my problem is finding a way to explain nature
better.
Theory of CPH is a new looking at fundamental physical
laws and principles, no more.
I think your questions on CPH are useful for CPH
Theory.
Cause they do clear what am Theory of CPH is saying.
So, please propound your questions on CPH in
cph_theory group.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi


--- Jim Whitescarver <jim@...> wrote:
> I will write my questions on CPH in that group,
> aside from critique with
> respect to the information model.
> I have communicated the event time model perhaps a
> few dozen times in my
> life.
> Yes, some people understand it.
> No "real" physicists have agreed with it however.
> While each communication is a small success, it is
> still failure.
> You are one of the few who has some idea what I am
> talking about.
> I feel great excitement that anybody gets it.
> But success will be when most everybody says, "yes,
> that's obvious."
>
> At a trade show I was "selling" an idea and was
> asked to write it on the
> back of my business card.
> My prospect quoted someone, "If you can't fit your
> idea on the back of
> your business card, you don't have a clear idea."
>
> In short my conjecture is that the physical universe
> is described by the
> familiar differential equations of physics. But
> differentials, i.e.
> dx/dt fail to reach zero as a limit. They are
> manifest in discrete
> quanta representing discrete difference change rates
> reducible to binary
> differences. These binary differences may be seen to
> add, cancel, or
> fold into another dimension universally (generating
> all countable
> logical systems) propagating (transmission,
> emission) alternative future
> perceptions (reception, absorption) which are
> resolved by the receiver's
> perspective (observational window) manifesting
> everything.
>
> But I'm still saying a lot more there than needs to
> be said.  I am still
> over complicating an utterly simple model per my
> father's advise.  It is
> a recursive system where the perceivers and the
> perceived manifest each
> other, but that is a consequence not a conjecture.
> I must meditate on a
> better "business card" explanation.  I think such a
> thing is needed for
> success.
>
> CPH complicates the picture but is a possible
> playing field where we can
> mentally investgate such things as there is
> approximately one Higgs and
> one neutrino per cubic centimeter, coincidence?  But
> I see little use
> for introducing particles in an area that is
> logical, not physical..
> Differences define two points, not one.  If we
> consider anything moving
> between the two points we encounter countradiction
> of time direction
> which becomes manifest as space, not particles.  A
> particle analogy may
> help people understand, but to me, particles are
> simply wrong.  So says
> the data.  I an also concerned that CPH is likely to
> be an approximation
> of  an underlying cause.  You may have noticed that
> I am hesitent to add
> any assumtions at all outside those objectively
> (minimalistically)
> required to interpret the data to assertain the
> basic facts which I
> think should be our only postulates.    I am not
> sure we have the right
> to embellish nature with CPH or any such thing.
> Sometimes (often) I
> can be stupid about some things.  CPH may be one of
> them.  I have
> throught out my own ideas exhastively, but can't
> pretend to be expert on
> anyone elses.
>
> As noone has succeded I cannot say what will
> succeed.  I am still
> seeking truth.  Over 25 years ago I came up with the
> event time model.
> But every day the vision is becomming clearer, still
> too much for me to
> do alone, but still approaching a carthartsis, new
> revolations born from
> the constant discovery of error.  All of my stuff
> needs to be rewritten
> at this point for complete accuracy, simplicity and
> clearity.
>
> Jim
>
> amir javadi wrote:
>
> > Dear Jim
> >
> > Greeting;
> > Thank you for your reply.
> > I do not think that we are fail.
> > I am feeling I am in successful way.
> > I think your theory is over than common theories.
> > You theory is able develop ideas in theoretical
> > physics.
> > You theory does persuade folk thinking more.
> > I think your theory does not opposite with CPH
> theory.
> >
> > They do complete each other.
> > I will be glad you join to CPH theory group.
> > You are most welcome.
> > You join to group and try developing it.
> > We never can see by each other eyes.
> > I ask you please join to CPH group.
> >
> > Sincerely
> > Hossein Javadi
> >
> > --- Jim Whitescarver <jim@...> wrote:
> > > Hussein,
> > >
> > > I will join.  Your intellect is apparent to me,
> I
> > > know you are not
> > > wrong.  I have not been able to grok (get it)
> CPH.
> > > Your own group is
> > > the perfect solution.  I hope it does not
> suggest
> > > lack of interest in
> > > the information systems model.
> > >
> > > I regretted not saying we indeed are trying to
> say
> > > the same thing.  I
> > > implied space time intervals are manifest,
> x=t*c.
> > > Only past intervals
> > > are manifest and they do not exist without a
> memory.
> > >  They exist in the
> > > human perspective, but not in the objective
> present.
> > >  You identified
> > > velocities as being what is manifest, which is
> > > correct.  Only the space
> > > time velocity is brought forth into the future,
> > > which is the essential
> > > requirement for existence.
> > >
> > > We have both failed.  As scientists our errors
> are
> > > our source of
> > > revelation.  May we all blossom on the shoulders
> of
> > > our failures.
> > >
> > > Jim
> > >
> > > amir javadi wrote:
> > >
> > > > CPH  Theory Group
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > For considering all articles about Theory of
> CPH
> > > > contact with yahoo group;
> > > >
> > > > http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cph_theory
> > > >
> > > > I hope you join cph_theory group for
> discussion
> > > and
> > > > review the CPH Theory.
> > > >
> > > > Also there is a move that made on CPH theory.
> > > > You can see it by Media Player 6.
> > > > You can post your opinion to;
> > > >
> > > > cph_theory@yahoogroups.com
> > > >
> > > > Regards
> > > > Moderator, CPH-Theory group
>
>
>
>


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Dear Joe

I did send

Regards
Hossein Javadi


--- Joe McFadden <joe2012@...> wrote:
> sign me up ... I want to see the movie....
>
>
>
> Sign up for Internet Service under $10 dollars a
> month, at http://isp.BlueLight.com
>
>


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sign me up ... I want to see the movie....



Sign up for Internet Service under $10 dollars a month, at
http://isp.BlueLight.com

Hello,
I am thank you, for adding me in your group list.

http://4wav.com/index_n.php

Redshift is Common effect

Let take a new look at relations F=Gm1m2/r2 and F= -
dU/dx. .
And please remember that the speed of gravity force
has limit, and gravity force moves with light’s speed
as (in relativity).
Relation F= - dU/dx shows that there is a relationship
between gravity force and potential energy. It did
grow into habit that physicists consider to right side
of above relation. This is a fact that U does change
of a point (as high) to another point. Question is
that changing of U has any effect on gravity field or
no? Suppose an object moves upward the earth. Its
potential energy does change. Does gravity force of
earth change or no? We know gravity force resists with
this movement and force doing push object toward
earth. Object loses its kinetic energy. By consider
the relativity kinetic energy has mass. When object’s
kinetic energy does decrease, what happens for gravity
force? We can say nothing and kinetic energy changes
to potential energy.
I ask you please do not stop on the above conception.
Suppose a solid object has mass m at high h. It falls
toward the earth. It takes kinetic energy that gives
with equation 1/2mv2=mgh in during falling. When
object reaches to earth, its kinetic energy changes to
other energies like heat or electromagnetic energy (by
spark). Suppose when object stay on the surface of
earth its mass is m (its mass at high h is equal on
earth).
In during that object was falling, it did take kinetic
energy equal 1/2mv2. Why did increase object’s kinetic
energy? Cause gravity force did act on it.
Now take a new look at the left side of relation F= -
dU/dx and remember deltaU=1/2mv2.
  In during that object was falling, gravity force
converted to kinetic energy (by consider the
relativity gravity force changed to mass).
So, gravity force has mass. In the other word gravity
field is weakly mass. The movement of object (it was
falling) is medium to conversion gravity force to
energy and vice versa.

Blueshift and Redshift
When a photon is falling toward the earth, its kinetic
energy increases same as other objects. So, the
frequency of photon increases and changes to high
frequency. Observer saw that photon shifts toward the
blue frequency. Gravity force converts to
electromagnetic energy. A quantum of gravity force
(graviton) is that does change the photon’s frequency
from f to f+1.
When photon is moving upward the earth, its frequency
shifts toward the red. Suppose a photon does form on
the surface of a black hole. Photon is unable escapes
of its gravity field. Photon shifts toward red and
gradually all of photon’s energy converts to gravity
force.

The Range of gravity field
The universal gravitational law shows that the range
of gravity force is infinity. So, earth’s gravity
force does effect on all of things that are in
universe. Suppose earth did formed x years ago. A star
is at distance y light years of earth and y>x. The
earth’s gravity field had not been reaching to star
yet. Cause by considers relativity the speed of
graviton is c. When star’s gravity force does reach to
earth, earth to reaction of it sends a graviton toward
the star. This graviton is pushing earth toward the
star, as same star’s graviton is pushing star.
Suppose an object leaves earth and it is moving toward
the Mars. A graviton that is coming of moon and it is
pushing moon, reaches to object. When this graviton
arrives to object, another graviton leaves object and
pushing object toward the moon. So, the range of
gravity field has limitation, and it is not infinity.


Does shift earth toward red and blue?
Redhift and blueshift is using for light. But this
effect is common effect. Suppose a photon is moving
upward the earth. A graviton leaves it and moving
toward earth. When this graviton reaches to earth,
another graviton leaves earth and moving toward
photon. By consider the speed of graviton and photon,
in during that earth’s graviton is passing distance
between earth and photon, photon has a displacement
equal d. (speed of graviton is greater than light’s
speed). It is probability that graviton never reaches
to photon and absorbs by other thing and arrives to it
and another graviton leaves it and moving toward the
earth. So, the photon’s graviton leaves it forever and
addition to earth gravity field.
When a photon shifts toward red in earth field, earth
shifts toward blue. In interaction between earth and
stars, earth shifts toward red. Please remember that
there are many stars in universe that they are moving
very fast and theirs speed are near the light’s speed.

An observer on this star saw that earth shifts toward
red.


With wishes
Hossein Javadi




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Questions about graviton

Graviton carries gravity force. Question is that has
graviton any effect on other gravitons or no? Why
graviton has spin? Is graviton's spin stable or no? Is
the spin of graviton near earth same as near moon or
near sun? What is the speed of graviton near a black
hole and what is its spin there? In the other word any
affect gravity field on graviton's speed and its
velocity?
What means vacuum? Is a vacuum space empty of
graviton?
Suppose density of graviton does increase in a
subspace. What happens there?
When external force applied on an object, it is able
to change object’s linear momentum to angular momentum
and vice versa.
Does change spin and speed of graviton by other
gravitons?

Regards
Hossein Javadi




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Photon consists which subparticles?

The hypothesis is that photon consists of two
subparticles, each with its own, independent,
frequency, and that the frequency and phase
relationship between the subparticles determines the
photon's behavior. Boscovich thought of the
two-subparticle idea.
This is a questionable deduction. Question is that
which photon consists two particles? Also, what are
these particles? There are photons with very low to
high energy. And we know that the frequency of photon
depends to its energy. If all photons consist of two
subparticles, what difference is between different
photons?
Experience shows that a gamma photon with energy 1.02
MeV produces pair electron and positron. So, a photon
with energy 1.02 MeV consists an electron and a
positron.
Question is that a photon with energy high than 1.02
MeV consists which subparticles?
Also, which subparticles do form a photon with energy
low than 1.02 MeV?
Mossbauer (1958) discovered that some gamma rays
emitted from solids are come out without the nucleus
recoiling individually, the recoil being taken up by
whole of the crystal lattice, so there is a negligible
Doppler shit.
The Mossbauer effect experimented by Pound and Rebka
(1960) from 22.5m Jefferson's tower in Harvard
University.
Experiment shows that when a photon is falling in a
gravitational field, the frequency of photon, so its
energy increases. By consider the relation F= - dU/dx
(U is potential energy), when gravity force applied on
photon, the work of gravity force does change photon’s
potential energy, and converts to electromagnetic
energy.
So, there is a relationship between gravity force and
subparticles that photon consists them. Let take a new
look on the effect of gravity force on photon.
Let return to pair production again. It shows that two
subparticles electron and positron have spin and same
mass. Also photon has spin.
Let looking on the least (smallest) photon. It consist
two subparticles. These subparticles, have spin, also
photon has spin.
By consider the E=mc2, and E=hf , suppose f=2 we have
E=2h.or;

E=2x6.626x10-34 J E=13.252x10-34 J

We know photon carries energy. The above amount is
least (smallest quantum of energy)
But we know it consists of 2 subparticles, and
subparticles have spin. In the other the subparticles
are unconnected. They are separately and with spin are
joining each other.
When photon is falling on gravitational filed,
photon’s energy so its frequency increases.
In during that photon is falling, its potential energy
changes to electromagnetism energy.
Gravity force applied on photon, by consider the
relations F= - dU/dx and deltaU= W , we conclude that
the gravity force does convert to energy. But we know
graviton carries force, so graviton arrives to
structure of photon. When a graviton arrives to
photon, the frequency of photon increases.
Seems the frequency of photon depends the number of
graviton in structure of photon.
Please remember CPH when has spin did call graviton
(see Theory of CPH).

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi





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Photon and rest mass of zero

When Einstein did getting the SR, he found that there
is a limitation for velocity in the universe. By
Newton’s second law, there was no limitation for
velocity. In other word by Newton’s second law an
object could take any velocity to infinity. Infinity
of velocity was unexpressive.
So Einstein considered the Newton’s second law. He
found that when an object takes energy, its mass does
increase. So Einstein understood that there is a
relationship between the kinetic energy (increasing
velocity) and mass. On this idea Einstein gate the
relativity mass with relation:

M=m/(1-v2/c2) 1/2

So the Newton’s law became to f= m/(1-v2/c2) 1/2 a

Experiments show that the below relation is correct.
The relativity mass shows that when the velocity of an
object increases, its mass increases to infinity. And
the effect of external force goes to nothing.

There was a question about the light that travels with
limitation of velocity. Einstein by consideration the
photoelectric effect had shows that light has energy,
so light has mass.
Einstein supposed that light forms by particles of
energy, that in 1926 called photons.
So, if photon has mass and travels with the limitation
of velocity, what is the rest mass of photon?
By consider the relation M=m/(1-v2/c2) 1/2 , if m was
nonzero, photon must has infinity mass when travels
with light’s speed. So he supposed that the rest mass
of photon is zero.  But it is not really idea. This
idea was imaginable to explaining relativity mass.
Because there is not any frame that photon reaches to
rest condition.
Einstein said; when a piece of iron does warm, its
mass increases. Suppose iron take photons from Sun’s
light and does warm. And gate it’s warm by losing the
photons and became cold. When photon has rest
condition, when reaches to iron or when abandons the
iron? In which frame we can find a photon at rest
condition?
When photon reaches to iron, electron absorbs photon.
Is electron at rest condition?
How we can explain the photon’s rest condition? How
produce photons?
We know photon’s behavior is like other masses in a
gravity field. Photon’s velocity and its mass
increases in a gravity field, like other objects.
All of them are questionable.
The Einstein’s ideas and his theory are very great,
but they are for hundred years ago. We must give a new
theory about the affect of external force. In fact the
external force can’t increase the amount of speed.
The external force only can changes the path from
straight motion to other motion and vice versa. In
this idea there is a limitation velocity in the
universe, but it is not the speed of light. And
anything (mass, energy and force) under any conditions
can’t reach to limitation of speed, no photon and no
other objects. And there are not any infinity mass or
velocity.
See my email with subject “About the principle of
light’s speed” on this group.

With Best Regards
Hossein Javadi








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Expanding Universe & Gravity Storm

By consider the relations;

E2=c2p2+ (m0c2) 2 and m=m0/(1-v2/c2) 1/2,

There is no idea about rest mass and relativity mass
and potential energy.
In the other word when an object takes kinetic energy
its mass increases. But when an object takes potential
energy, its mass is stable.
Example; I take a shot and shooting it upward the
earth, its mass increases. At high h that its velocity
reaches zero, shot has potential energy equal mgh. In
during that shot is moving upward, its relativity mass
decreases. If I take shot on my hand and bring it with
constant velocity to high h, mass of shot does not
change.
It is a questionable deduction. Classical mechanic did
not explain gravity force. And relativity did not
define energy. The above example shows there is a
relationship between gravity force and energy. When I
shoot shot my hand’s force that applied on shot is
greater than gravity force. Difference between my
hand’s force and gravity force gives kinetic energy to
shot. In the other word, force changes to kinetic
energy. But when I bring shot with constant energy
upward two forces are equal. When shot is falling
toward earth, the gravity force changes to kinetic
energy and shot’s relativity mass increases. Let take
a new look at when shot is moving up and falling down.

When shot is moving upward, gravity force pushing it
to downward. By consider the Theory of CPH, shot’s
kinetic energy changes to CPH and CPH abandons it.
When shot is falling down CPH (gravity force) arrives
to shot, CPH changes to kinetic energy and shot’s
relativity mass increases.
Does happen this interaction between CPH and shot?
What happens between earth and gravity force? Shot and
earth are same. Shot has mass and it is impressionable
of gravity force. Also, earth has mass and it is
impressionable of gravity force. So, when shot is
moving upward, earth’s relativity mass changes to CPH
and abandons it.

A Look at Expanding Universe;
Bodies started their motion and did go far center of
explosion, after than Big Bang had happened. Bodies
were going far each other and they were impressionable
other bodies. so, when a body has been going far of
other bodies, its kinetic energy has been changing to
CPH and has been arriving it. CPH has been moving all
sides of universe, especially toward the center of
explosion. When CPHs reach to them at a space from
many bodies, they have different directions. It is
like a pool that many tubes with different directions
are feeding water to pool. CPH create storm gravity.
We can not see gravity force, so when we are looking
at a point of space, there is no any visible things.
But storm gravity produces any particle or photon or
mass and feed to universe. And we saw many kinds beam
of particle receive to earth. But we never can see the
source of these particles.

Regards
Hossein Javadi




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Universe accelerates by dark energy or conservation
law the amount of speed?

Schema;
If the universe is flat and expanding ever faster,
some invisible, unidentified energy must be offsetting
gravity. In the beginning, when matter was close
together and the universe was dense, gravitational
attraction was much stronger. Now that matter is far
apart and the density of the universe is low, this
mysterious energy is pushing space itself outward at
an accelerating rate. Its nature is unknown.

Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe *
Deep as Einstein's general theory of relativity may
be, it remains silent on a profound question: Is empty
space really empty? Inflation models predict that it
was not so in the past, and it may not be so today
either. Einstein introduced a "cosmological constant"
into his equations, to represent the possibility that
even empty space has energy and couples to gravity.
The unknown magnitude of the cosmological constant is
set by parts of physics beyond Einstein's
understanding---and, at present, our own.
The new discovery that the expansion of the Universe
appears to be accelerating suggests the presence of
something dubbed "dark energy" that drives space
apart. It seems likely that we have roughly measured
the value of a cosmological constant or something like
it.
This new discovery already widely accepted because it
explains many observations. The first indication was
that the rate of expansion of the Universe has been
increasing, revealed by Type Ia supernovae. Supporting
evidence comes from studies of global geometry,
structure formation, cosmic age, and galaxy
clustering. They leave little doubt that in some sense
Einstein's "cosmological constant" is a reality. The
energy of the Universe is dominated by empty space
whose gravitational effect is to pull the Universe
apart.

Accelerating universe and the conservation law of the
amount of speed;
The conservation law the amount of speed is able
explain the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
The conservation law the amount of speed is result
able of Theory of CPH. In fact all principles and laws
that had been accepted are result able of Theory of
CPH. Theory of CPH is based on a definition of CPH and
a principle of CPH.

Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By considering the E=mc2, we know that the all
particles (electron, positron, proton, antiproton...)
are formed by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:

S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0

or ax+ay+az=0

A CPH in an object has spin and transferred along
movement with object. When object passes in the
Gravitation field (or other fields), the movement of
CPH changing from transferred condition to other
motion and vise versa. Suppose the gravity force F
applies on CPH. By considering the Principle of CPH
and Newton¡¦s second law we can write:

F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)

The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases or decreases, such speed of object increases
or decreases. Then observer saw that the speed of
object does change and it accelerates (positive or
negative relativity the observer).

The Conservation Law of The Amount of Speed
Suppose atom1 formed with n1 CPH, atom2 formed with n2
CPH and so on. Summations the amount of speed CPH that
are in atoms are n1Vc, n2Vc and so on, in any inertial
frame. Suppose all of CPH that universe did form with
of them is equal n CPH. So the summation the amounts
of speed in universe is equal S=nVc. Any CPH has a
linear motion and other movement with objects or other
particles.
Any explosion does change other motion of CPH to
linear motion. When a star explodes the linear motion
of universe does increase. Sun does emit 4x10 power 12
kg per second. When sun¡¦s light or particles reach to
earth, their linear momentums do transfer to earth. So
earth takes acceleration. We know any star does burst
and they do emit a lot of CPH to space. So the linear
momentum of bodies increases and they accelerate. So
universe has acceleration.
If explosion of bodies was being equal of production
of other bodies, universe has not any acceleration.

Best regards
Hossein javadi

* Reference; Scientific Goals and Missions






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Is IT an accident THAT light and the graviton travel
at the same
speed?

Historic Preface:
By Newton¡¦s second law an object could take any
velocity to infinity. Infinity of velocity was
unexpressive. Time is absolute and mass is stable in
classical mechanic. Another questionable concept in
classical mechanic was that the force's action was
instantaneous. In other word the speed of force was
infinity. Although Newton formulated his laws in
absolute frame that called ether. In 1867 Maxwell
formulated the electromagnetism waves. He found the
speed of electromagnetism waves is constant and equal
c. Maxwell had believed there is an absolute frame in
universe and his equations are correct in it. So,
physicists believed that the energy is continuity. So,
physicists believed to two different conservation
laws, the conservation law of energy and conservation
law of mass.
In 1880 Michelson did try to calculate the speed of
earth in absolute frame. He had believed that the
speed of light is constant and Galileo¡¦s relativity
is correct. By Galileo¡¦s relativity when a body is
traveling with velocity v toward the observer, its
light reaches to observer with velocity equal c+v.
Michelson did experiment many times. But he found that
the speed of earth is zero in absolute frame.
This experiment shows earth is at rest or Maxwell¡¦s
equations are incorrect.
In 1900 Planck found that the energy is quantized. So,
classical mechanics did reach to critical conditions.

Special Relativity:
In 1905 Einstein proposed SR by two principles:
1 ¡V The physical laws of nature are the same in every
inertial frame of reference.
2 - The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all
reference frames.
These principles suspected that there is not any
absolute frame in universe, and the speed of light is
constant for every inertial observer. Time is not
absolute and changes from a frame to another frame.
Einstein found the conservation law of mass-energy. He
found that there is a limitation speed in the universe
and it is c. He found that when an object takes
energy, its mass does increase. Einstein said there is
a relationship between the kinetic energy (increasing
velocity) and mass. The relativity mass shows that
when the velocity of an object increases, its mass
increases to infinity. And the effect of external
force goes to nothing.  So,
There was a question about the light that travels with
limitation of velocity. Einstein by consideration the
photoelectric effect had did show that light has
energy, so light has mass. Einstein by consideration
the Planck¡¦s quantum theory supposed that light forms
by particles of energy, that in 1926 called photons.
By this idea he did explain the photoelectric effect
very good. So, Einstein found that the gravity force
and electromagnetic force travels with light¡¦s speed.

If photon has mass and travels with the limitation of
velocity, what is the rest mass of it?
By consider the relativity mass, if the mass of photon
had was nonzero, photon must has infinity mass when
travels with light¡¦s speed. So he supposed that the
rest mass of photon is zero.  But it is not really
idea. This idea was imaginable to explaining
relativity mass. Because there is not any frame that
photon reaches to rest condition.
Einstein said; when a piece of iron does warm, its
mass increases. Suppose iron take photons from Sun¡¦s
light and does warm. And gate it¡¦s warm by losing the
photons and became cold. When photon has rest
condition, when reaches to iron or when abandons it?
In which frame we can find a photon at rest condition?

When photon reaches to iron, electron absorbs photon.
Is electron at rest condition?
How we can explain the photon¡¦s rest condition? How
produce photons?
We know photon¡¦s behavior is like other masses in a
gravity field. Photon¡¦s velocity and its mass
increases in a gravity field, like other objects. All
of them are questionable.
The Einstein¡¦s ideas and his theory are very great,
but they are for hundred years ago. We must give a new
theory about the affect of external force. In fact the
external force can¡¦t increase the amount of speed.
The external force only can changes the path from
straight motion to other motion and vice versa. In
this idea there is a limitation velocity in the
universe, but it is not the speed of light. And
anything (mass, energy and force) under any conditions
can¡¦t reach to limitation of speed, no photon and no
other objects. And there are not any infinity mass or
velocity in the universe.

General Relativity:
General relativity describes gravity not as a force,
but as a consequence of curvature of this combined
space-time. In our experience this curvature can be
ignored.
The Principle of Equivalence:
The Laws of Physics have the same form in every
uniformly accelerated laboratory as they do in an
un-accelerated laboratory in a uniform gravitational
field.
General relativity has been observationally confirmed:
Measurements of the precession of Mercury's perihelion
and Observed deflection of starlight from stars near
the edge of the Sun during a solar eclipse and others.

About the principles
The Einstein¡¦s theorem about being stable the speed
of light is a principle and the 1st law of Newton's
laws is a principle. The principles are witnessing
perception, like Euclid¡¦s geometry's principles. Also
we know a principle, be true since there were not any
other against effect to opposite it.
Let mention on this point that, this principle is true
as the experienced trust. It means, we do not envisage
to the any against idea or theorem or event, since
offering this idea.
With modern physics, light¡¦s speed in vacuum is the
same and we have not any answer about this to say why?

Thus, the structure of my question is not, is the
speed of light stable true?
I will ask let we do not stop on this principle. Let
we trying to know why this principle is true? You know
it is believable that many of discovers was happened
when scientists did not stop on a principle. For
example the fifth¡¦s Euclid principle is one of them.
Geometry did development when mathematicians did ask;
why this principle is true?
My question is that; is there any way to finding that
why the speed of light is stable? Perhaps we can find
a good idea on physic¡¦s laws. I will not stop on the
light¡¦s principle; I will think far than this
principle.
We know that light forms by photons. So we must try to
know more about the photon. My believing is that we
must try to know more about The Structure of Photon.
However, in the case of Special Relativity was based
on Euclid¡¦s Geometry, it used, and in the case of
General Relativity was based on Ricman¡¦s Geometry. My
problem is not the case of being true or false of
Relativity, my problem is geometrical events that have
view on physics ideas, while the mathematic is the
tools in the hand of physicists. About 30 years ago, I
found out that, physics is physics, and physics is not
geometry and mathematic. I am agreeing with
Relativity, but the way of solving the physics problem
are different of mathematics, I meant we have
different mathematics for physics.
I know that, Relativity could solve many problem, and
had a deep impact on humanize life, and some
physicists such as, Friedman, Hawking and Gamove....
used Relativity, and they got the good results, but, I
would like to repeat this message that, they had
geometry view on physics, and not physically view.
Thus, do we under the pressure to investigate the
physics theorems just from geometry sights?
But, when we know more about the structure of photon,
we do not need explain the Universe by Geometry. Then
we can develop our ideas about Universe and time. In
The Relativity time depends to Geometry, But we know
Geometry was based on many principle, this case we
cannot discovery the time. We must try to know about
time more than Relativity. At now all of our knowledge
about the time is depended to The Universe¡¦s
Geometry.
How can we calculate The Universe¡¦s long time? But we
do not know more about the essence of time. All our
knowledge about time is this that time changes from a
system to another system or on a Gravity field. How we
can calculate these changes? By the electromagnetic
waves, what are the electromagnetic waves? They are
photons. So we must know more about the light. We must
develop our knowledge about the speed of light,
photon¡¦s mass, rest mass of photon and photon¡¦s
productions.
Basically, my theorem made from those ideas, and I
have another statements. That is correct that the
project of producing particles is the high project,
but unfortunately, the relative between particle and
energy, growth up in Relativity, and it depends on
growing up the speed of mass. And it shows how a
particle converts to energy and finally in converted
to substance or mass. In the experiment of Buchere,
the force increased the speed, and it increased the
mass, thus, force has Mass.
I want to say, please get mass as stable variable, and
add up the force¡¦s mass on it, and then you will
found its mass on Relativity¡¦s mass. I do not claim
that Relativity has historical problem. I do not want
say that: The Relativity has problems, but we can
reach to better ideas than Relativity by studying The
Structure of Photon.

The Structure of Photon:

For explain the structure of photon, let take a new
look at the effect of gravity field on photons.
The Gravitation¡¦s effects on photon is interesting
yet, very important and considerable. The General
Relativity does apply this effect to the following
cases.
1. The Velocity of Photon in the Gravitation Field
that gives by relation: c=c0(1+U/c2), U=GM/r, c0 is
the speed of light in inertial frame.
2. The frequency of Photon in the Gravitation Field
that gives by relation: f2=f1(1+U/c2), f is frequency
of photon.
3. Bending of light-ray in the Gravitation Field.
The possibility of checking the difference of
frequency was made possible by the discovery of
Mossbauer effect. Mossbauer (1958) discovered that
some gamma rays emitted from solids are come out
without the nucleus recoiling individually, the recoil
being taken up by whole of the crystal lattice, so
there is a negligible Doppler shit. The Mossbauer
effect experimented by Pound and Rebka (1960) from
22.5m Jefferson's tower in Harvard University.
Now let look on this phenomenon in other way. I have
been searched and thought many years to find the
answer to this question why the speed of light in
vacuum is constant in all inertial frames?
To solve this problem, I endeavored to have a new
different looking to the effect of Gravitation on the
photon. Extremity I believed that we must consider the
Newton's second law and Quantum mechanics and
Relativity at the same time.
Therefore, we must re-consider the structure of
photon. This will be applied by known physics laws. By
these reasons I studied these two Relations: E=m c2
and E=hf ƒnby carefully. Then I found that the photon
is formed by many particles that I called them
Creation Particles HIGGS or CPH. Below I defined the
CPH and had been working on structure of photon to
explain the phenomenon.
Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:
E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:
m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg
Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By considering the E=mc2, we know that the all
particles (electron, positron, proton, antiproton...)
are formed by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass that in empty
space and without any external forces move with
constant linear speed Vc, in all inertial frames. So
that:
     grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space
The external forces are not the factors that
increasing or decreasing the amount of speed of CPH,
but are the factors that changing the route of
movement of CPH from straight motion to other motion.
When CPH has spin, it is graviton.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:
S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0
or ax+ay+az=0
Now I will justify a few phenomenons by principle of
CPH.
1- The Velocity of Photon in the Gravitation Field:
Please remember that a photon is formed by many CPH.
The differences between the photons are in the number
of CPH. A CPH in a photon has spin and transferred
along movement with photon.
If light passes in the Gravitation field (or other
fields), the movement of CPH changing from transferred
condition to other motion and vise versa.
A. c=c0(1+U/c2): Suppose that the light is falling in
the Gravitation field toward the surface of earth or a
star. Consider a photon that is formed by n CPH and
its speed is c0. Also a CPH has a linear speed c0, but
the CPH has spin and other motion.
The Gravity force F is acting on the CPH. By
considering the Principle of CPH and Newton¡¦s second
law we can write:
F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)
The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases, such speed of photon increases. Then
observer saw the speed c that gives by c=c0(1+U/c2).
Now we can ask the below question: Where does this
amount of increasable speed goes? (Up to what amount).
By the principle of CPH we can give the answer, this
speed will reach to CPH that has a linear constant
speed Vc or ax=ay=az=0
Question1: When photon is falling in gravitation field
and the speed of photon reaches to Vc, what is the
effect of Gravitation force on photon?
B. c=c0(1-U/c2): When a photon is moving toward the
sky, by considering the relation (ax+ay)=-az, the
percentage of speed of CPH on the z axis changes to
the amount of speed on the x and y axis. In other word
the linear motion of CPH changes to other motion and
thus: c=c0(1-U/c2).
When a photon moves too far from the earth, U/c2
becomes to zero and c reaches to c0, c0 is the speed
of light in the empty space in all inertial frames.
NOW we can ask this under decreasing of the linear
speed, what will happen to the photon?
Question2: When the speed of photon reaches to zero(c
reaches to near the zero), in an inertial frame, what
will happen to photon?
2- the frequency of photon in the gravitation,
f2=f1(1+U/c2)
Suppose a photon with energy E1 and frequency f1 at
the point A accelerates toward the surface of the
earth and passes through distance d and reaches to the
point B with the energy E2 and frequency f2
By considering the principle of CPH we know: f1 =n
and, f2=n+k so:
E1=nmc2, E2=(n+k)mc2 and DE=E2-E1 or DE=kmc2 ,(Delta
signed by D)
Average mass of photon in distance d is:
M=(n+k/2)m
The force acting on the photon is Mg (the gravitation
force), so the gravitation's work W is:
W=Mgd or W=(n+k/2)mgd  and suppose g is constant.
And W=DE or  (n+k/2)mgd=kmc2 , and k (Df=k) is:
  k=2ngd/(2c2-gd). When gd<<c2, so:
k=ngd/c2
When k>0, light displacement is toward the blue and
when k<0, light displacement is toward the red.
Question3: By considering the relation f2=f1(1+U/c2),
suppose a red photon is falling in gravitation field
and changes to gamma photon with energy 1.02 MeV, and
then this photon produces pair (electron¡Vpositron ).
We know electron has negative charge and positron has
positive charge, how doses produce these charges?
Results:
1- when object accelerates toward the earth, gravity
force changes to energy. By consider the E=mc2, we
find that force and energy and mass are same. So,
mass, energy and force are equivalent.
2 ¡V When an object with velocity v moves upward the
earth, its kinetic energy does change to gravity
force. When it is falling toward the earth, gravity
force changes to kinetic energy.  In other word mass
to reaction of other objects produce gravity force, so
anything produce graviton, and graviton¡¦s production
is a function of the perimeter. Always object to
reaction, which other is interchanging, the gravitons
to them reach equilibrium, like heat. For this case is
that the Newton¡¦s third law is correct.
When gravitation field does changing, the gravitons
absorb which other and density of force increases and
electric charge forms. So, seems everything are
forming from gravity force and everything have charge.

Although to reaction, which other is interchanging,
the electric particles to them reach equilibrium, like
gravity.
3 - suppose a red photon is falling toward the earth
an changes to gamma photon with energy of 1.02 MeV,
Then this photon produces pair ( electron¡Vpositron ).
We know electron has negative charge and positron has
positive charge. We can find the relation between Fg
and Fe , (Fg is gravity force and Fe is electric
force), by calculate Fg from W=fd and consideration
the masses electron and positron. So that:

Fg=kFe

And we can calculate k.

4 ¡V when an object with rest mass m accelerates
toward the earth, object takes energy. So observer saw
that the object¡¦s mass increases. In fact the rest
mass have been constant and force changes to energy
and energy has mass.
This event is a questionable phenomenon. What happens
for rest mass by the external force?
Seems that the velocity of object increases. But
question is that the velocity of object increases to
what amount? By consider the relativity the velocity
of object never reaches to light¡¦s speed.
For explain the effect of external force on the
object, let take looking on a particle in the
structure of object. Choice an electron and look at
it. At first the amount of un-straight electron¡¦s
motion changes to straight motion by external force.
For example spin be wasted and changes to straight
speed. The radius of orbit decreases until the
electron falls to nucleus. The radius of nucleus
decreases until that object explodes. So the external
force is a factor for changing the direction of motion
only, no for increasing or decreasing the amount of
speed.
It implies the equivalency of force, energy and mass.
In this regard force, energy and mass are interpreted
as different manifestation of the physical entity.
5- Force is quantized: The Force is quantized and
lesser quantum of force is the amount of force that
can produce a CPH. We can calculate the force F that
used for produce a CPH in Pound and Rebka's experiment
that they did at 1960 in Harvard University. Gamma¡¦s
wave has about 1020 CPH, and in this experiment d was
22.5m so:
k=ngd/c2=(1020x9.8x22.5)/9x1016=2.45x105  CPH
but Fd=kmc2. F=kmc2/d=2.45x105x7x10- 49 x9x1016
/22.5=686x10- 30  N
and for produce a CPH:
F=686x10- 30  /2.45x105=2.8x10- 33   N
Speed of force is equal to the speed of one CPH that
is not affected by any external forces. In other word
the amount of speed of force is equal to Vc, and Vc>c.
But speed of graviton is equal the speed of light c.
Because graviton produce photon and the same speed of
light and graviton Is not accident.
6- No time has been passed from the world¡¦s life. By
considering this principle all physical phenomenon are
justifiable. Also by considering the fact that the CPH
always moves with a fixed speed, no time has been
passed from its lifetime, in another words no time has
been passed from the world¡¦s life and any effort for
determining the world's life will come to a failure.
So, that the source of time depends on external
forces.
For accepting this comment it is enough to change our
assumption from material and energy and force, do not
believe any specified border between them. In another
words fixed light speed is not only emerging from a
natural accident but the amount of this speed is
always fixed, even when energy is in form of force.

The Answers to questions:
Question 1: When photon is falling in gravitation
field and the speed of photon reaches to Vc, what is
the effect of Gravitation force on photon?
Answer: When c is equal to Vc, light changes to CPH
and in this case CPH has the properties of force. In
other word CPH with linear speed VC (no other motion)
is force. CPH and force need not be separated. So the
speed of force is equal to Vc (Vc > c)
By comparison of the Fcph with the Gravitation force
and the electromagnetism force, we know that the Fcph
is more powerful (huge force). I guess that we can
explain that CPH produces the other fields. Also I
think by studying the properties of CPH and Vc, we can
find a theory for unity of forces. ===
Question2: When the speed of photon reaches to zero(c
reaches to near the zero), in an inertial frame, what
will happen to photon?
Answer: This case never can be happens, but may c
reaches to near zero, then CPH does not to obey from
the external force and photon decomposes. We can
mention that, a photon produces a pair (pair
production) or other particles like proton and
anti-proton. When the energy of photon is not enough
to producing mass, it changes to graviton.
In the stars, photon absorbs the CPH, force changes to
energy and then energy changes to mass. This means
that the energy is interagency between forces and mass
and also force is the same (remember pair production).
By considering there relations c=c0(1+U/c2) and
f2=f1(1+U/c2), we find that talking only about the
conservation law of mass-energy is very far from the
fact of physical laws.
Because force acts on the photon and increase the
energy of photon, photon produces mass (electron and
positron). Thus the relation E=mc2 cannot explain the
physical laws very good (Insufficient).
If we would like talking about only one conservation
law to explain the nature, (physical law) that
conservation law is the conservation law of force.

Photoelectric Effect:
A free CPH is moving with velocity Vc, and its mass is
m and linear momentum mVc.  By the effect of external
forces, CPH¡¦s straight speed changes to v and its
linear momentum is mv and its other momentums
increases (v depends to external force).
A photon forms by n CPH and its linear momentum is
equal nmc. In a field force its speed reaches to v ( v
< c, when photon travels in non-empty space) and
photon has linear momentum nmv, so:

P=nmv   and it's kinetic energy is E=nmv2

Suppose a bounded electron on the surface of a metal
absorbs a photon. Let w be the energy with which an
electron is bound to metal, w is often called the work
function of the material. Clearly, unless nmv2 > w. no
photoelectron can be produced.

Compton effect:
  What happens when a photon collides with an electron?
Suppose before the collision photon has n CPH, if
after collision this photon has n CPH (same before
collision), f also wave length (L) do not have changes
(Thomson scattering).
Suppose before the collision photon has n CPH, and
after collision has (n-k) CPH, and electron gets
kinetic energy equal E=kmc2 and photon loses energy
equal E=kmc2 because it loses k CPH.
After collision new photon has (n-k) CPH. And its
frequency is:
(n-k)=f¡¦, So:
DL=L¡¦-L=c(1/L¡¦-1/L)=c[(1/(n-k)-1/n]=k/(n-k)n
(D replaced for Delta an L replaced for landa)
This formula shows that k can be zero (Thomson
scatteing) to n.

Pair Production:
For the electron rest mass we have following
relations:
E=m0c2 , and a photon with frequency f, E=hf, f=n
No we can find how many CPH, is needed for Pair
Production, it is approximately
n=2x1020
When a photon that has this number of CPH (or more)
and collides with a heavy nucleus atom (or moves near
the heavy nucleus or other field like great stars),
changes the route of movement of particles from
transferred condition to rotation like spin or other
motion in structure of photon and photon transforms to
electron and positron.
Also we can find how many CPH and external forces are
needed for produce the proton and antiproton or other
particles.

Black hole:
At first time John Michell published an article about
the black hole in 1783. In 1799 Pierre Simonlaplace
proofed that a great body maybe a black hole. A black
hole is a body that light cannot escape from its
gravity field. How happens this case?
When an object is moving upward the earth, force
gravity of earth works on it. And object loses its
kinetic energy. When we shooting an object with
velocity v upward, it goes up until height h. The
height h is depending to velocity v. if object takes
great velocity v, it escape from earth and never does
not come back to earth. This velocity calls escape
velocity. The escapes velocities for some bodies are
these:
The escape velocity on earth is 11.2 km/s
The escape velocity on moon is 2.25 km/s
The escape velocity on sun is 600 km/s
Pierre Simonlaplace did give the relation
VR=(2GM/R)1/2 for escape velocity. When VR is equal or
greater than c, there is a black hole.
By consider the above relation VR depends only to M
and R. This formula calculated by classical
mechanic¡¦s laws. By classical mechanic¡¦s laws a body
with mass M and radius R has gravity field F that
produce gravity acceleration g.
But gravity field F, so gravity acceleration g not
depends to M and R only, it depends to body¡¦s
situation in space and other bodies that are in
relationship with it.
We shooting an object upward the earth, the force
f=dp/dt acts on it and object takes kinetic energy E
and velocity v. In during f works on object, many of
CPHs arriving to body, so f changes to kinetic energy.
Energy has mass, so gravity force changes to mass. In
during object is moving upward the earth; its kinetic
energy decreases so its mass changes to gravity force.
In other word object loses CPHs and energy (mass)
changes to force. So gravity field of a body depends
to its situation in space and relationship with other
bodies.
Suppose all mass of a great body change to force, what
maybe happen? It can be a black hole.
All of our ideas about the universe formed by our
experiences on the earth. There are mass, energy and
force in the earth. We never can find an object that
without one or two of them in the earth. But it is not
meaning that there are not any pure force or pure
energy in universe. A black hole can be formed only by
pure force. Every thing that falls in this black hole
changes to force. So a black hole can forms by tree
kind of material or only by force.
When a black hole is forming only by force, it in
reaction of a great body maybe produces gravitation¡¦s
whirlwind and CPHs absorb which other at a short time
and changes to pure energy. Then a lot of particles
form with high energy starting their travel to all
sides of universe.
Other case is that a black hole that is forming only
by force explodes and a lot of CPHs do not obey with
external force and starting their travel to all sides
of universe. In this case a lot of gravitons starting
their travel to all sides of universe. In fact the
earth (and sun and other planets) all times is taking
gravitons and its gravity field is increasing. So the
earth¡¦s gravity force and its mass are increasing.
We cannot find the above results of General
Relativity. Relativity did not explain the structure
of material or photon.

With Sincerely
Hossein Javadi




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Fundamental forces

All forces are particles. Every field does form by
flowing of their particles that come to pass between
sources. The force particle and its source are same.
Mass and gravity force are same, mass is convertible
to gravity force, and vise versa and so on. Also,
force and energy is convertible. In this letter I am
trying to explain gravity force and electric force and
nuclear strong force particles.

Gravity force
Earth has gravity field. Gravity field forms of many
CPH that are moving toward the earth and they are
interacting with which other. Suppose earth is alone
and there is not any interaction between earth and
other bodies in universe. When CPH reach to earth,
they absorb by earth and CPH obey of forces that exit
there. But earth is not alone and it does interaction
with other bodies. Take a look at earth and moon.
There are two fields; one is around the earth and
other is around the moon. When a CPH reaches to earth,
other one moves toward the moon and pushing earth
toward moon. Also when a CPH reaches to moon, other
one moves toward the earth and pushing moon toward the
earth. So that Fe=Fm. There is a current of CPH
between earth and other objects. Also this current
exists between every object and others.

Nuclear Strong Force Particle
The nuclear strong field is same as gravity field.
When a proton is alone, like the hydrogen atom, there
is not any flow between it and other protons.
Proton has positive charge. Also it has spin. Suppose
two protons are moving toward each other. There are
two resistances for contraction them. One is electric
charge and another is spin. Any contact between these
protons, they go far from each other. But when they
have high energy, energy produces an attractive force
between them. Then distance between protons goes to
near zero. Proton keeps its spin and electric charge.
And nuclear has spin. In a heavy nuclear there are
many flow of strong force current between each other.
Suppose there are twenty protons and neutron in a
nuclear that call A, B, C, D…etc. Then a current of
strong force particles is between A and B, also a
current is between A and C.etc. When a strong force
particle from A reaches to B, another leaves B toward
the A and pushing it toward B and so on.
Nucleus has spin, also protons and neutrons have spin
in nucleus. So, when a strong force particle leaves a
proton one side of nucleus toward the other side, it
passes a very twisted path. These currents cover the
nucleus and a strong field does form. the radius of
field depends to path of current nuclear strong force.

By consider the above seems that the nuclear strong
force particle does find by energy. Also, gravity
force produces energy; so nuclear strong force
particle does form by graviton.

Electricity force
There are two electricity charges. Negative charge
shows with N and positive charge that shows with P.
Also there two electric force, one is attractive that
shows with A, and repulsive force that shows with R.
Suppose an electric force particle is moving. It
reaches to another electric force particle. They
combine which other and produce two new electric force
particles. Productions are attractive or repulsive as
following;

N+P=2A
N+N=2R
P+P=2R

Explain;
Negative charge and negative charge;
Suppose N leaved an electron1 and is moving that
reaches to other N that is coming of electron2. They
combine and do convert to two R (repulsive force).
They repulsive each other and do go far. One of them
moves toward electron1 and shutting it far of
electron2. Electron1 accelerates and escape of
electron2. When electron1 accelerates R convert to N
and leaves it. For electron2 happens same action.

Positive charge and positive charge;
It is same as Negative charge and negative charge.

Positive charge and negative charge;
N leaved an electron and is moving that reaches to P
that is coming of a proton. They combine and do
convert to two A. They leave each other and do move
toward the electron and proton. When one of them
reaches electron, it does pushing it toward the proton
and another N leaves electron. For proton happens same
function. When A reaches to proton, pushing it toward
the electron. Then it converts to P and leaves proton.

Result1;
In nucleus protons emit positive force particles. But
when they reach to each other, they convert to
repulsive force particles. So, positive force particle
is electric force particle in during that leaves
proton until reaches to another electric positive
force particle.
So, the affect of electric charge in nucleus is
different of other cases.

Result2;
When two protons move toward each other with high
energy, there is not any nuclear strong force. When
they do combine each other, energy does change to
nuclear strong force. So, by consider CPH theory, all
forces form of CPH and they are particles.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi




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Nuclear Strong Force Particle

All forces are particles. Field does form by a flow of
force particles that they come to pass between
objects.
Earth has gravity field. Gravity field forms of many
CPH that are moving toward the earth and they are
interacting with which other. Suppose earth is alone
and there is not any interaction between earth and
other bodies in universe. When CPH reach to earth,
they absorb by earth and CPH obey of forces that exit
there. But earth is not alone and it does interaction
with other bodies. Take a look at earth and moon.
There are two fields; one is around the earth and
other is around the moon. When a CPH reaches to earth,
other one moves toward the moon and pushing earth
toward moon. Also when a CPH reaches to moon, other
one moves toward the earth and pushing moon toward the
earth. So that Fe=Fm. There is a current of CPH
between earth and other objects. Also this current
exists between every object and others.
The nuclear strong field is same as gravity field.
When a proton is alone, like the hydrogen atom, there
is not any flow between it and other protons.
Proton has positive charge. Also it has spin. Suppose
two protons are moving toward each other. There are
two resistances for contraction them. One is electric
charge and another is spin. Any contact between these
protons, they go far from each other. But when they
have high energy, energy produces an attractive force
between them. Then distance between protons goes to
near zero. Proton keeps its spin and electric charge.
And nuclear has spin. In a heavy nuclear there are
many flow of strong force current between each other.
Suppose there are twenty protons and neutron in a
nuclear that call A, B, C, D…etc. Then a current of
strong force particles is between A and B, also a
current is between A and C.etc. When a strong force
particle from A reaches to B, another leaves B toward
the A and pushing it toward B and so on.
Nucleus has spin, also protons and neutrons have spin
in nucleus. So, when a strong force particle leaves a
proton one side of nucleus toward the other side, it
passes a very twisted path. These currents cover the
nucleus and a strong field does form. the radius of
field depends to path of current nuclear strong force.


Sincerely
Hossein Javadi




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Is universe expanding?

If all the galaxies are speeding away from each other,
how do we witness colliding galaxies?
If the galaxies had been produced by a Big Bang only
that it had happened in universe, we never have been
witnessing the colliding the galaxies. Because all
galaxies must had been speeding away from each other.
But we witness colliding galaxies, how we can explain
it exactly?
I will explain the colliding galaxies by my theory and
CPH’s principle.
I have believed and I have brought up that there are
limitations for accumulation of mass and speed in
universe.
Please remember that in my theory CPH moves with speed
Vc, so that;

grad Vc=0 in any inertial frame and any space.

1- when CPH has spin, it calls graviton.
2- any photons form of CPH number. And any subatomic
particles form of CPHs.
3- the external force cannot change the amount of
speed.
4- when linear speed of CPH reaches near zero in an
inertial frame, it does not obey of external force and
system explodes.

In center of a body like earth and other planets or
stars external gravity force reaches near zero. So,
there interaction between particles and atoms do
without the effect of a considerable gravity force.
The interaction’s productions between particles and
atoms depend on density of material. But behaviors of
products depend to space’s gravity force and density
of material.
For a body like earth products do not reach to surface
of it. For a star like sun products maybe reach to
surface and some of them abandon it. When these
particles and atoms reach to other bodies like earth,
them push it.
When gravity field were so strong, never products are
able abandon body. And gravity force pushes particles
and other object. Density increases and volume of body
deceases. Then a black hole does born.
Black hole absorbs particles and objects. Its density
increases, so gravity force does strongly so much.
Then the linear speed of CPH changes to spin or other
motions. When all motions of CPH changed to spin, body
takes critical conditions.
If this black hole absorbs other objects or to
reaction with other body, CPHs do not obey of external
force and black hole explodes. At first great bodies
born. Then objects with high speed near speed of light
or faster than light start their travel. Then atoms
and particles do form and in the end only
electromagnetic wave progressing all side of universe.

All objects feeling that itself is the center of this
explosion. And every observer seems that all bodies
are speeding away from each other. So there is no
observer saw that two bodies travel toward each other.

Suppose another explosion happens other space of
universe. Many bodies start their travel toward the
bodies of last explosion. Then observers witness
colliding bodies or galaxies. Our universe was born by
a black hole’s explosion. We thought there happened an
explosion in all of universe. There is probability
that every black hole growth and explodes, and then a
new universe does born.

With Sincerely
Hossein Javadi






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Matrix of fundamental force

I had defined CPH in Theory of CPH.
CPH moves with constant linear speed Vc without any
external forces.
Vc  is limitation of speed in universe.

So that; grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any
space

When CPH has spin, it calls graviton. CPH is gravity
force and graviton does carry gravity force (see
following appendix).

Suppose two CPH are moving with speed Vc , Distance
between them is R.
We can choice two matrix 2x2.

Matrix1;
Line1; R  ,  0
Line2; 0  ,  ¡V R
Cause distance has direction.


Matrix2;
Line1; CPH  ,  0
Line2; 0  ,  CPH

Matrix1 cross Matrix2 give MatrixA;

MatrixA;
Line1; torque1  ,  0
Line2; 0  ,  - torque1

Torque1 is equal RxCPH. That means a CPH starts its
rotation.
By according the grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and
any space
CPH take spin. One of them takes right spin and other
one takes left spin.
Then graviton does find.
Distance between them decreases and their spin do
increase.
When R goes to near zero, the unit of energy does
find. We call it CPH2, it means there are two CPH.
CPH2 has not spin. It is the least (smallest) quantum
of energy.

Matrix3;
Line1;  d  ,   0
Line2;  0  , - d

Matrix4;
Line1; CPH2  ,  0
Line2;  0    ,  CPH

Matrix3 cross Matrix4 gives B

Matrix B;
Line1;  torque2  ,  0
Line2;    0  ,  - torque1

CPH2 and CPH take spin. Then photon does find spin.
Distance between CPH2 and CPH goes to near zero and
CPH3 does find. In the other word a photon with
frequency 3 does find. Also it has spin.

Our universe was born by a Big Bang. All bodies in our
universe have interaction with each other. Also all
bodies have interaction to center of explosion and it
is an especial point in observable universe. There
have been receiving many gravitons of other bodies in
center of explosion. There is interaction between
gravitons very speedy.
But the center of explosion is like the center of
great bodies. The external force is near zero in the
center of explosion. And particles that do produce
start their travels toward all side of universe.
Suppose a lot of CPH reach there. When density of CPH
increase in space, then interaction does speedy.

Choice two Matrixes nxn

Matrix of distances;
Line1; d1 , 0 , 0 , 0 . ¡K
Line2;  0,  d2 , 0 , 0 , ¡K

Line k; all members are zero and there is dk in column
k, and di is distance.

Matrix of CPH
Line1; CPH , 0 , 0 , ¡K
Line2;   0   ,  CPH , 0  ,0 , ¡K

Line k; all members are zero and there is a CPH in
column k.

Matrix of distance cross Matrix of CPH
Then interaction between them produces a lot of
photons or other particle.

Particle force and Field
Force is quantized and lesser quantum of force is the
amount of force that can produce a CPH. We can
calculate the force F that used for produce a CPH in
Pound and Rebka's experiment that they did at 1960 in
Harvard University. Gamma¡¦s wave has about 1020 CPH,
and in this experiment d was 22.5m. By according this
experiment we can calculate that a graviton carries a
force a bout

F=2.8x10 power minus 33  N

By calculate we can find the gravity force between
electron and proton in hydrogen atom that is equal
Fg=3.7x10 power minus 47 N

CPH does come to pass between electron and proton
constantly. By consider the velocity of CPH and
distance between electron and proton in atom; all CPH
in structure of proton and electron do change several
times in a second. In what time all of earth¡¦s CPH
does change?
The electric force between electron and proton in
hydrogen atom is equal:

Fe=8.1x10 power minus 8 N
So, the electric force particle is very stronger than
gravity force particle.
When electron is on its orbit in atom, the interaction
of electric force is between it and proton only. So
atom is neutral. Electron leaves its orbit. Let call
it electron A.  Suppose there are a few free electric
charges (positive and negative). Electron A does
reaction with them. Then a few electrons leave their
orbits in that space. Electron A does reaction with
new charges. But the effect of electron A on charges
does not change. How can explain it?
By according the electric field, there is a stable
electric field around the electron and it is able
affects to many charges. It is not acceptable. But by
according the CPH theory it is explainable.
When an electric effect of a new charge reaches to
electron A, electron A produces a particle electric
force by gravitons that are around it. Electric charge
is an engine to produce electric force of gravitons.
When an electric is alone, it does condense gravitons
and send to space constantly. When it does neutral by
a positron or a proton, it does not produce and send
electric particle force.
When an electric field does change, gravitons
resistance with it. The graviton's reaction to
changing electric field is production a magnetic
field.

Nuclear Strong Force Particle
The production of nuclear strong force particle is
same as electric particle force.
When two protons have high energy, they produce a
strong attractive force between them. So, energy
produces the nuclear strong force particle. By
according the CPH Theory, CPH produces every
fundamental force.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi


===

Appendix;

Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By consider the E=mc2, we know that the all particles
(electron, positron, proton, antiproton...) are formed
by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:

S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0

or ax+ay+az=0

A CPH in an object has spin and transferred along
movement with object. When object passes in the
Gravitation field (or other fields), the movement of
CPH changing from transferred condition to other
motion and vise versa. Suppose the gravity force F
applies on CPH. By considering the Principle of CPH
and Newton¡¦s second law we can write:

F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)

The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases or decreases, such speed of object increases
or decreases. Then observer saw that the speed of
object does change and it accelerates (positive or
negative relativity the observer).





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The Conservation Law of Mass-Energy

Classical mechanic had two conservation laws. One was
the conservation law of mass, and other was the
conservation law of energy. We know these laws are
correct at closed systems only. In a closed system
energy is conserved, so in a closed system momentum is
conserved.
Relativity propounded the conservation law of
mass-energy. Evidence show it is correct. Mass and
energy are two changeable quantities. We know the
conservation law of mass-energy is correct. Mass
changes to energy and energy changes to mass.
But it is a questionable deduction. Are there mass and
energy in universe, only?
Suppose universe is a closed system. This supposition
is acceptable.
Did form universe of mass and energy only?
There is not other thing in universe?
All evidence shows that objects take energy in fields.
When an electron accelerates in an electrical field,
it takes energy.
In this case mass does not changes to energy. Field
produces energy.
When an object accelerates by force, it takes energy.
Also in this case mass does not changes to energy.
Field produces energy.
So the conservation law of mass-energy is not correct
in universe.
We can find space between stars that there is force
only and there is empty of mass and energy. We never
can find any closed system that there were mass and
energy, only.
But suppose there is a really closed system and it is
isolate of others. No external force applied on this
closed system. Suppose the summation of all energies
is equal x, and summation of mass is equal y kg. There
happens a nuclear explosion and z kg mass changes to
energy. What happens for nuclear forces? They do go to
nothing?
All evidence show there is a relationship between
force and energy.
Force and energy is convertible.
Field is weakly energy.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi






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Black hole

We know escape velocity is 11.2 km/s on earth. what is
the limitation of speed on the earth?
Is it c? The answer is no, because in gravitation
field the speed of light increases. So, the limitation
of speed on the earth is light’s velocity that reaches
to surface of earth. Suppose the limitation of speed
on earth is L. So, any body has an especial L and V.
Nothing can take velocity as L, but every thing is
able reaches to V or greater that it. is possible a
stone or rocket escape of earth? Sure, why no? If an
explosion happens on earth, maybe a great stone takes
velocity greater than V and escape of earth.
How much black hole is there in the visible universe?
One, two .. we do not know.
Suppose when a body’s mass reaches to A, it becomes a
black hole.
It is the smallest black hole. Suppose on this black
hole the limitation of speed is L and the escape
velocity is V.
It is able to absorb every thing that is going in its
gravity field and has velocity less than V. and any
thing that takes velocity greater than V, is able
escape of it.
Take a new look at black hole in usual case.
There are many interactions in black hole. There does
fusion, new atoms form and decompose so fast. There
does very great explosion and form great body like
earth or greater than it and decompose so fast. But
any thing that take velocity greater than V escape of
it.

Absolute Black hole;
Suppose there is a black hole that there is V=L. it is
absolute black hole that nothing escape of it.
No object, no light and no other electromagnetic waves
are able escape of it. Never receive any signal of it
to us. We see a absolute dark part in sky. There the
straight velocity of CPH is so near zero. Big Bang
happened of a black hole stronger than it.

I think L and V are very important constants for any
bodies, especially for explaining the kinds of black
holes.
When V=L, graviton is unable goes far of it. Graviton
is able moving in its gravity field, only.
Any observers are unable to feel it.
When V is a little smaller than L. In interaction
between black hole and other bodies, gravity wave
and electromagnetic waves with very long wavelength
escape of it. And so on.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi








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Ambiguities in Mechanical classic and Relativity

By consider the Newton's universal gravitational law,
we know that g=GM/r2, so the gravity field of a great
body is greater than small body. By consider the GR we
know that the great body bends space more than the
small bodies. These two theories usually arise the
same results. I will do unseen the difference between
two above theories in this letter.
So, when an object with mass m shows that force f
applied to it, we understand that it is in a gravity
field.
Suppose gravity force f applied to an object with mass
m.

So; f=dp/dt=dmv/dt

In classical mechanics m is constant, so we have
f=mdv/dt, or f=ma and m=f/a

Questionable subjects:
Mechanical classic accepted that m is constant; also
there is a gravity force around mass that applied on
other masses. There is not any idea or explain about
the gravity force. An object with mass m has a
constant gravity f that for distance r of it equals
Gm/ r2.
The above relation is true all of universe. Mechanical
classic m and its gravity force never change in any
space and its gravity force by relationship with any
bodies is constant.
When gravity force F applied on mass m, its velocity
increases and takes kinetic energy equal 0.5mv2. There
is no idea about any tings in this phenomenon that
really are important. How force acts on object and
what happens for gravity force f. Gravity force f
decreases or it remains constant? We can propound
these questions for mass m and its gravity force. How
gravity force produces kinetic energy 0.5mv2 for mass
m?

In relativity m is not constant, so we have
f=vdm/dt+mdv/dt
Only deference between these two theories is about
mass m. But in relativity ambiguities about the
gravity force that acts on mass m is more than
classical mechanics. Because mass and energy are same
in relativity and mass increases by external force.
What happens for gravity force in during the mass
increases? Gravity force f decreases or it remains
constant?

In my theory
By consider the definition and principle of CPH, there
is deferent between gravity force and mass. So, any
changing in mass m, gravity force changes equal
increasing or decreasing mass. Suppose an object with
mass M and velocity V contacts with other body with
mass m that is rest. In this collision M and V
decrease and m increases.
In during the collision n CPH with linear velocity Vc
abandon mass M and arrive to mass m. When an object is
falling toward the earth, CPH arrive to it and earth’s
gravity force decreases. When object moves upward the
earth, CPH abandon it and earth’s gravity force
increases.
For Definition and the Principle of CPH, see the
article with title “Is accident light and the graviton
travel the same speed?” on this group.

With Sincerely
Hossein Javadi





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Universe accelerates by dark energy or conservation
law the amount of speed?

Schema;
If the universe is flat and expanding ever faster,
some invisible, unidentified energy must be offsetting
gravity. In the beginning, when matter was close
together and the universe was dense, gravitational
attraction was much stronger. Now that matter is far
apart and the density of the universe is low, this
mysterious energy is pushing space itself outward at
an accelerating rate. Its nature is unknown.

Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe *
Deep as Einstein's general theory of relativity may
be, it remains silent on a profound question: Is empty
space really empty? Inflation models predict that it
was not so in the past, and it may not be so today
either. Einstein introduced a "cosmological constant"
into his equations, to represent the possibility that
even empty space has energy and couples to gravity.
The unknown magnitude of the cosmological constant is
set by parts of physics beyond Einstein's
understanding---and, at present, our own.
The new discovery that the expansion of the Universe
appears to be accelerating suggests the presence of
something dubbed "dark energy" that drives space
apart. It seems likely that we have roughly measured
the value of a cosmological constant or something like
it.
This new discovery already widely accepted because it
explains many observations. The first indication was
that the rate of expansion of the Universe has been
increasing, revealed by Type Ia supernovae. Supporting
evidence comes from studies of global geometry,
structure formation, cosmic age, and galaxy
clustering. They leave little doubt that in some sense
Einstein's "cosmological constant" is a reality. The
energy of the Universe is dominated by empty space
whose gravitational effect is to pull the Universe
apart.

Accelerating universe and the conservation law of the
amount of speed;
The conservation law the amount of speed is able
explain the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
The conservation law the amount of speed is result
able of Theory of CPH. In fact all principles and laws
that had been accepted are result able of Theory of
CPH. Theory of CPH is based on a definition of CPH and
a principle of CPH.

Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By considering the E=mc2, we know that the all
particles (electron, positron, proton, antiproton...)
are formed by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:

S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0

or ax+ay+az=0

A CPH in an object has spin and transferred along
movement with object. When object passes in the
Gravitation field (or other fields), the movement of
CPH changing from transferred condition to other
motion and vise versa. Suppose the gravity force F
applies on CPH. By considering the Principle of CPH
and Newton¡¦s second law we can write:

F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)

The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases or decreases, such speed of object increases
or decreases. Then observer saw that the speed of
object does change and it accelerates (positive or
negative relativity the observer).

The Conservation Law of The Amount of Speed
Suppose atom1 formed with n1 CPH, atom2 formed with n2
CPH and so on. Summations the amount of speed CPH that
are in atoms are n1Vc, n2Vc and so on, in any inertial
frame. Suppose all of CPH that universe did form with
of them is equal n CPH. So the summation the amounts
of speed in universe is equal S=nVc. Any CPH has a
linear motion and other movement with objects or other
particles.
Any explosion does change other motion of CPH to
linear motion. When a star explodes the linear motion
of universe does increase. Sun does emit 4x10 power 12
kg per second. When sun¡¦s light or particles reach to
earth, their linear momentums do transfer to earth. So
earth takes acceleration. We know any star does burst
and they do emit a lot of CPH to space. So the linear
momentum of bodies increases and they accelerate. So
universe has acceleration.
If explosion of bodies was being equal of production
of other bodies, universe has not any acceleration.

Best regards
Hossein javadi

* Reference; Scientific Goals and Missions





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Move on CPH Theory

There is a move that made on CPH theory.
It is about 700 kb.
You can see it by Media Player 6.
You can post your opinion to;


Regards
Hossein Javadi


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Universe accelerates by dark energy or conservation
law the amount of speed?

Schema;
If the universe is flat and expanding ever faster,
some invisible, unidentified energy must be offsetting
gravity. In the beginning, when matter was close
together and the universe was dense, gravitational
attraction was much stronger. Now that matter is far
apart and the density of the universe is low, this
mysterious energy is pushing space itself outward at
an accelerating rate. Its nature is unknown.

Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe *
Deep as Einstein's general theory of relativity may
be, it remains silent on a profound question: Is empty
space really empty? Inflation models predict that it
was not so in the past, and it may not be so today
either. Einstein introduced a "cosmological constant"
into his equations, to represent the possibility that
even empty space has energy and couples to gravity.
The unknown magnitude of the cosmological constant is
set by parts of physics beyond Einstein's
understanding---and, at present, our own.
The new discovery that the expansion of the Universe
appears to be accelerating suggests the presence of
something dubbed "dark energy" that drives space
apart. It seems likely that we have roughly measured
the value of a cosmological constant or something like
it.
This new discovery already widely accepted because it
explains many observations. The first indication was
that the rate of expansion of the Universe has been
increasing, revealed by Type Ia supernovae. Supporting
evidence comes from studies of global geometry,
structure formation, cosmic age, and galaxy
clustering. They leave little doubt that in some sense
Einstein's "cosmological constant" is a reality. The
energy of the Universe is dominated by empty space
whose gravitational effect is to pull the Universe
apart.

Accelerating universe and the conservation law of the
amount of speed;
The conservation law the amount of speed is able
explain the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
The conservation law the amount of speed is result
able of Theory of CPH. In fact all principles and laws
that had been accepted are result able of Theory of
CPH. Theory of CPH is based on a definition of CPH and
a principle of CPH.

Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By considering the E=mc2, we know that the all
particles (electron, positron, proton, antiproton...)
are formed by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:

S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0

or ax+ay+az=0

A CPH in an object has spin and transferred along
movement with object. When object passes in the
Gravitation field (or other fields), the movement of
CPH changing from transferred condition to other
motion and vise versa. Suppose the gravity force F
applies on CPH. By considering the Principle of CPH
and Newton¡¦s second law we can write:

F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)

The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases or decreases, such speed of object increases
or decreases. Then observer saw that the speed of
object does change and it accelerates (positive or
negative relativity the observer).

The Conservation Law of The Amount of Speed
Suppose atom1 formed with n1 CPH, atom2 formed with n2
CPH and so on. Summations the amount of speed CPH that
are in atoms are n1Vc, n2Vc and so on, in any inertial
frame. Suppose all of CPH that universe did form with
of them is equal n CPH. So the summation the amounts
of speed in universe is equal S=nVc. Any CPH has a
linear motion and other movement with objects or other
particles.
Any explosion does change other motion of CPH to
linear motion. When a star explodes the linear motion
of universe does increase. Sun does emit 4x10 power 12
kg per second. When sun¡¦s light or particles reach to
earth, their linear momentums do transfer to earth. So
earth takes acceleration. We know any star does burst
and they do emit a lot of CPH to space. So the linear
momentum of bodies increases and they accelerate. So
universe has acceleration.
If explosion of bodies was being equal of production
of other bodies, universe has not any acceleration.

Best regards
Hossein javadi

* Reference; Scientific Goals and Missions





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A New Look at a Black Hole¡¦s Born

Schema;
By according the formal physics black holes are
thought to form from stars or other massive objects if
and when they collapse from their own gravity to form
an object whose density is increase.
Let take a new look at a black hole¡¦s born by
according the CPH Theory. In This letter by according
the relation F= - dU/dx I will explain when a star
does emit photons and other particle, the density of
gravity increases. Then star does collapse.

A Black Hole Is Born
Black holes are thought to form from stars or other
massive objects if and when they collapse from their
own gravity to form an object whose density is
infinite. In during most of a star's lifetime, nuclear
fusion in the core generates electromagnetic
radiation, including photons, the particles of light.
This radiation exerts an outward pressure that exactly
balances the inward pull of gravity caused by the
star's mass.
As the nuclear fuel is exhausted, the outward forces
of radiation diminish, allowing the gravitation to
compress the star inward. The contraction of the core
causes its temperature to rise and allows remaining
nuclear material to be used as fuel. The star is saved
from further collapse, but only for a while. If the
star is sufficiently massive or compressible, it may
collapse to a black hole. If it is less massive or
made of stiffer material, its fate is different: it
may become a white dwarf or a neutron star.

CPH Theory and Black Hole¡¦s Born
Let take a new look at relations F=Gm1m2/r2 and F= -
dU/dx. .
Relation F= - dU/dx shows that there is a relationship
between gravity force and potential energy. It did
grow into habit that physicists consider to right side
of above relation. This is a fact that U does change
of a point (as high) to another point. Question is
that changing of U has any effect on gravity field or
no? Suppose an object moves upward the earth. Its
potential energy does change. Does gravity force of
earth change or no? We know gravity force resists with
this movement and force doing push object toward
earth. Object loses its kinetic energy. By according
the relativity kinetic energy has mass. When object¡¦s
kinetic energy does decrease, what happens for gravity
force? We can say nothing and kinetic energy changes
to potential energy.
I ask you please do not stop on the above conception.
Suppose a atom takes escape velocity on the surface of
star. In during atom is moving upward, it loses its
kinetic energy, what happened to gravity field?
We can explain it by according photon¡¦s red shift.
When photon is leaving a star, its frequency shifts
toward the red. So the Photon¡¦s energy does decrease.

From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

By according W=fd=DE, (Delta signed by D), we can show
that the amount of gravity force that is need to
produce m=7x10-49 kg is equal;

F=2.8x10- 33  N

That the amount of force that a graviton does carry.
See appendix. So when a star is emitting particles,
it¡¦s strongly gravity force does increase. In the
other word when a star is emitting particles, in fact
a lot of its mass does convert to gravity force. And
the exerting outward pressure on star does strongly,
then star does contraction. And then the balance
between inward radiations exerts and outward pressure
of gravity force does change speedy. The star collapse
and a black hole are born.
All of our ideas about the universe formed by our
experiences on the earth. There are mass, energy and
force in the earth. We never can find an object
without one or two of them in the earth. But it is not
meaning that there are not any pure force or pure
energy in universe. A black hole can be formed only by
pure force. Every thing that falls in a black hole
maybe changes to force. So a black hole can forms by
tree kind of material or only by force. The structure
of a black hole is not comparison able with other
stars.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi

====
Appendix;
The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.





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A look at mass, energy and force

Let take a new looking at the relationship between
mass, gravity and energy.
Suppose a satellite is at height that seems stable by
observer on the earth. We can concept that this
satellite is an inertia frame. An observer on this
frame saw that an object with mass m accelerates
toward the earth, and earth with mass M accelerates
toward the object Earth works on object and object
works on earth. Their center of mass (M and m) is
stable and sum of works are zero. But they take
kinetic energy. The velocities of object and earth
increase, so their masses increase.
When object reaches to the earth and they collision
with other, a part of kinetic energy changes to
electromagnetic energy. Observer can see this
electromagnetic energy by spark that produces at the
collision time. And in the end object resides on the
earth.
Let try to explain what happens during this event.
At first sum mass of earth and object is m+M, and at
the collisions time is sum of two following masses:

M/(1-v’2/c2)1/2 , m/(1-v2/c2)1/2

v is velocity of object and v’ is velocity of earth.
And at the end v=v’=0 and masses are m and M. But M
relative m is very great, so we can concept that earth
does not move toward object.
The earth’s work on object is W1=f1d, angle is zero
and d is distance that object passes.
Suppose W (W<W1) changes to electromagnetic energy E,
and f acts on object to produce energy E.
But f is gravity force that we sign by Fg, so

Fgd=E,

Results:

1- when object accelerates toward the earth, gravity
force changes to energy. By consider the E=mc2, we
find that force energy and mass are same. So, mass,
energy and force are equivalent.
2 - If object with velocity v moves upward the earth,
its kinetic energy does change to gravity force. In
other word mass to reaction of other objects produce
gravity force, so seems that anything produce
graviton, and graviton’s production is a function of
the perimeter.
3 - suppose a red photon is falling toward the earth
an changes to gamma photon with energy of 1.02 MeV,
Then this photon produces pair ( electron–positron ).
We know electron has negative charge and positron has
positive charge. We can find the relation between Fg
and Fe , (Fg is gravity force and Fe is electric
force), by calculate Fg from W=fd and consideration
the masses electron and positron. So that:

Fg=kFe

And we can calculate k.

4 – when an object with rest mass m accelerates toward
the earth, object takes energy. So observer saw that
the object’s mass increases. In fact the rest mass
have been constant and force changes to mass.
This event is a questionable phenomenon. What happens
for rest mass by the external force?
Seems that the velocity of object increases. But
question is that the velocity of object increases to
what amount? By consider the relativity the velocity
of object never reaches to light’s speed.
For explain the effect of external force on the
object, let take looking on a particle in the
structure of object. Choice an electron and look at
it. At first the amount of un-straight electron’s
motion changes to straight motion by external force.
For example spin be wasted and changes to straight
speed. The radius of orbit decreases until the
electron falls to nucleus. The radius of nucleus
decreases until that object explodes. So the external
force is a factor for changing the direction of motion
only, no for increasing or decreasing the amount of
speed.
5 – the speed of light is constant, because the
external force cannot change the amount of speed. But
by consider the general Relativity we know that:
The Velocity of Photon in the Gravitation Field gives
by relation:
c=c0(1+U/c2)
The Frequency of Photon in the Gravitation Field gives
by relation:
  f 2=f1(1+U/ c2)

U=GM/r , f is frequency

When the speed of light increases in gravitation
field, at first spin of photon be wasted and changes
to straight speed until there was no un-straight, in
this case it is pure force, graviton without spin. It
happens on a very great gravitation field like near
the black hole.


With Rest Regards
Hossein Javadi






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A New Look at a Black Hole¡¦s Born

Schema;
By according the formal physics black holes are
thought to form from stars or other massive objects if
and when they collapse from their own gravity to form
an object whose density is increase.
Let take a new look at a black hole¡¦s born by
according the CPH Theory. In This letter by according
the relation F= - dU/dx I will explain when a star
does emit photons and other particle, the density of
gravity increases. Then star does collapse.

A Black Hole Is Born
Black holes are thought to form from stars or other
massive objects if and when they collapse from their
own gravity to form an object whose density is
infinite. In during most of a star's lifetime, nuclear
fusion in the core generates electromagnetic
radiation, including photons, the particles of light.
This radiation exerts an outward pressure that exactly
balances the inward pull of gravity caused by the
star's mass.
As the nuclear fuel is exhausted, the outward forces
of radiation diminish, allowing the gravitation to
compress the star inward. The contraction of the core
causes its temperature to rise and allows remaining
nuclear material to be used as fuel. The star is saved
from further collapse, but only for a while. If the
star is sufficiently massive or compressible, it may
collapse to a black hole. If it is less massive or
made of stiffer material, its fate is different: it
may become a white dwarf or a neutron star.

CPH Theory and Black Hole¡¦s Born
Let take a new look at relations F=Gm1m2/r2 and F= -
dU/dx. .
Relation F= - dU/dx shows that there is a relationship
between gravity force and potential energy. It did
grow into habit that physicists consider to right side
of above relation. This is a fact that U does change
of a point (as high) to another point. Question is
that changing of U has any effect on gravity field or
no? Suppose an object moves upward the earth. Its
potential energy does change. Does gravity force of
earth change or no? We know gravity force resists with
this movement and force doing push object toward
earth. Object loses its kinetic energy. By according
the relativity kinetic energy has mass. When object¡¦s
kinetic energy does decrease, what happens for gravity
force? We can say nothing and kinetic energy changes
to potential energy.
I ask you please do not stop on the above conception.
Suppose a atom takes escape velocity on the surface of
star. In during atom is moving upward, it loses its
kinetic energy, what happened to gravity field?
We can explain it by according photon¡¦s red shift.
When photon is leaving a star, its frequency shifts
toward the red. So the Photon¡¦s energy does decrease.

From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

By according W=fd=DE, (Delta signed by D), we can show
that the amount of gravity force that is need to
produce m=7x10-49 kg is equal;

F=2.8x10- 33  N

That the amount of force that a graviton does carry.
See appendix. So when a star is emitting particles,
it¡¦s strongly gravity force does increase. In the
other word when a star is emitting particles, in fact
a lot of its mass does convert to gravity force. And
the exerting outward pressure on star does strongly,
then star does contraction. And then the balance
between inward radiations exerts and outward pressure
of gravity force does change speedy. The star collapse
and a black hole are born.
All of our ideas about the universe formed by our
experiences on the earth. There are mass, energy and
force in the earth. We never can find an object
without one or two of them in the earth. But it is not
meaning that there are not any pure force or pure
energy in universe. A black hole can be formed only by
pure force. Every thing that falls in a black hole
maybe changes to force. So a black hole can forms by
tree kind of material or only by force. The structure
of a black hole is not comparison able with other
stars.

Sincerely
Hossein Javadi

====
Appendix;
The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.





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Theory of CPH

Schema;
Physical science had been mixed with humanize thinking
on natural¡¦s phenomenon. Is there any one how never
thought about the physical laws in the world? I think
the answer is no, so physical science associated with
people¡¦s thinking. When physical knowledge was born
those physical ideas propounded by principles and
laws.
In classical mechanics and relativity have been
accepted that repulsive gravitational force and
limitation of speed are two separable items. But
repulsive gravitational force and limitation of speed
depend to each other in theory of CPH.

Theoretical Physics and Historical Questionable
Deductions

A. Mechanical classic;
Physical knowledge was born by Sir Isaac Newton.
Newton discovered the universal gravitational law and
formulated the mechanical laws. But there were a few
questionable deductions in classical mechanic.
Newton¡¦s second law shows an object could take any
velocity to infinity. Infinity of velocity was
unexpressive. Time is absolute and mass is stable in
classical mechanic. Another questionable concept in
the classical mechanic was that the force's action was
instantaneous. In the other word the speed of force
was infinity.
Another questionable deduction propounded on Newton¡¦s
universal gravitational law.  Gravitational forces
were always attractive. If gravity always attract,
then it is logical to ask why the universe doesn¡¦t
collapse. Newton had answered this question by saying
that if the universe was infinite in all directions,
then it would have no geometric center toward which it
would collapse; the forces on any particular star or
planet exerted by distant parts of the universe would
tend to cancel out by symmetric.
More careful calculations, however, show that
Newton¡¦s universe would have a tendency to collapse
on smaller scales: any part of the universe that
happened to be slightly more dense than average would
contract further, and this contraction would result in
stronger gravitational forces, which would cause even
more rapid contraction, and so on.
Although Newton formulated his laws in absolute frame
that called ether. And physicists accepted the
Galileo¡¦s relativity. By Galileo¡¦s relativity sum of
velocities was the vectorial sum of them.
In 1867 Maxwell formulated the electromagnetism waves.
He found the speed of electromagnetism waves is
constant and equal c. Maxwell had believed there is an
absolute frame in universe and his equations are
correct in it. Also physicists believed that the
energy is continuity. And physicists believed to two
different conservation laws, the conservation law of
energy and conservation law of mass.
In 1880 Michelson did try to calculate the speed of
earth in absolute frame. He had believed that the
speed of light is constant and Galileo¡¦s relativity
is correct. By Galileo¡¦s relativity when a body is
traveling with velocity v toward the observer, its
light reaches to observer with velocity equal c+v.
Michelson did experiment many times. But he found that
the speed of earth is zero in absolute frame.
This experiment shows earth is at rest or Maxwell¡¦s
equations are incorrect. Physicists propounded many
theories to explaining the experiment¡¦s result. The
best proposal was the Lorentz transformations. Also
Lorentz had believed that there is an absolute frame
in universe. In 1900 Planck found that the energy is
quantized. So, classical mechanics did reach to
critical conditions.

B. Special Relativity;
In 1905 Einstein proposed SR by two principles:
1 ¡V The physical laws of nature are the same in every
inertial frame of reference.
2 - The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all
reference frames.
These principles suspected that there is not any
absolute frame in universe, and the speed of light is
constant for every inertial observer. Time is not
absolute and changes from a frame to another frame.
Einstein found the conservation law of mass-energy. He
found that there is a limitation speed in the universe
and it is c. He found that when an object takes
energy, its mass does increase. Einstein said there is
a relationship between the kinetic energy (increasing
velocity) and mass. The questionable deduction in
relativity is that when the velocity of an object
increases, its mass increases to infinity. And the
effect of external force goes to nothing.
So, there was a question about the light that travels
with limitation of velocity. Einstein by consideration
the photoelectric effect had did show that light has
energy, so light has mass. Einstein by consideration
the Planck¡¦s quantum theory supposed that light forms
by particles of energy, that in 1926 called photons.
By this idea he did explain the photoelectric effect
very good. So, Einstein found that the gravity force
and electromagnetic force travels with light¡¦s speed.

If photon has mass and travels with the limitation of
velocity, what is the rest mass of it?
By consider the relativity mass, if the mass of photon
had was nonzero, photon must has infinity mass when
travels with light¡¦s speed. So he supposed that the
rest mass of photon is zero. But it is not really
idea. This idea was imaginable to explaining
relativity mass. Because there is not any frame that
photon reaches to rest condition.
How we can explain the photon¡¦s rest condition? How
is the produce photon?
We know photon¡¦s behavior is like other masses in a
gravity field. Photon¡¦s velocity and its mass
increases in a gravity field, like other objects. All
of them are questionable deductions.

C. General Relativity:
General relativity describes gravity not as a force,
but as a consequence of curvature of this combined
space-time. In our experience this curvature can be
ignored.
The Principle of Equivalence: The Laws of Physics have
the same form in every uniformly accelerated
laboratory as they do in an un-accelerated laboratory
in a uniform gravitational field. General relativity
has been observationally confirmed: Measurements of
the precession of Mercury's perihelion and observed
deflection of starlight from stars near the edge of
the Sun during a solar eclipse and others.
When Einstein overhauled gravity, the same problem
reared its head. Like Newton, Einstein was predisposed
to believe in a universe that was static, so he added
a special repulsive term to his equations, intended to
prevent a collapse. This term was not associated with
any attraction of mass for mass, but represented
merely an overall tendency for space itself to expand
unless restrained by the matter that inhabited it.
It turns out that Einstein¡¦s solution, like
Newton¡¦s, is unstable. Furthermore, it was soon
discovered observationally that the universe was
expanding, and this was interpreted by creating the
Big Bang model, in which the universe¡¦s current
expansion is the aftermath of a fantastically hot
explosion. An expanding universe, unlike a static one,
was capable of being explained with Einstein¡¦s
equations, without any repulsion term. The universe¡¦s
expansion would simply slowly down over time due to
the attractive gravitational forces. After these
developments, Einstein said woefully that adding the
repulsive term, known as the cosmological constant,
had been the greatest blunder of his life.
This was the state of things until evidence began to
turn up that the universe¡¦s expansion has been
speeding up rather than slowing down! Light from a
distant galaxy may have taken billions of years to
reach us, so we are seeing it as it was far in the
past. Looking back in time, astronomers saw the
universe expanding at speeds that ware lower, rather
than higher. At first they were mortified, since this
was exactly the opposite of what had been expected.
The statistical quality of the data was also not good
enough to construe ironclad proof, and there were
worries about systematic errors. The case for an
accelerating expansion has however been nailed down by
high-precision mapping of the dim, sky-wide afterglow
of the Big Bang, known as the cosmic microwave
background. Some theorists have proposed reviving
Einstein¡¦s cosmological constant to account for the
acceleration, while others believe it is evidence for
a mysterious form of matter, which exhibits
gravitational repulsion. The generic term for this
unknown stuff is ¡§dark energy.¡¨

About the above questionable deductions;
The Einstein¡¦s theorem about being stable the speed
of light is a principle and the 1st law of Newton's
laws is a principle. The principles are witnessing
perception, like Euclid¡¦s geometry's principles. Also
we know a principle, be true since there were not any
other against effect to opposite it.
Let mention on this point that, this principle is true
as the experienced trust. It means, we do not envisage
to the any against idea or theorem or event, since
offering this idea.
With modern physics, light¡¦s speed in vacuum is the
same and we have not any answer about this to say why?

I think the solution of the above questionable
deductions is finding the answer of this question why
the speed of light is constant? Thus, the structure of
my question is not, is the speed of light stable true?
  I will ask let we do not stop on this principle. Let
we trying to know why this principle is true? You know
it is believable that many of discovers was happened
when scientists did not stop on a principle. For
example the fifth¡¦s Euclid principle is one of them.
Geometry did development when mathematicians did ask;
why this principle is true? I have been believed that
we must consider the Newton's second law and Quantum
mechanics and Relativity at the same time.
I suggest we start by studying the structure of
photon.

The Structure of Photon:
For explain the structure of photon, let take a new
look at the effect of gravity field on photons. I
endeavored to have a new different looking to the
effect of Gravitation on the photon. We will be
applied by known physics laws. By these reasons I
studied these two Relations: E=m c2 and E=hf ƒnby
carefully. Then I found that the photon is formed by
many particles that I called them Creation Particles
HIGGS or CPH. Below I defined the CPH and had been
working on structure of photon to explain the
phenomenon.

Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By considering the E=mc2, we know that the all
particles (electron, positron, proton, antiproton...)
are formed by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:

S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0

or ax+ay+az=0

A CPH in an object has spin and transferred along
movement with object. When object passes in the
Gravitation field (or other fields), the movement of
CPH changing from transferred condition to other
motion and vise versa. Suppose the gravity force F
applies on CPH. By considering the Principle of CPH
and Newton¡¦s second law we can write:

F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)

The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases or decreases, such speed of object increases
or decreases. Then observer saw that the speed of
object does change and it accelerates (positive or
negative relativity the observer).

The Limitations in Universe
Newton's laws show that there is not limitation for
velocity. Also there is not limitation for increasing
mass in a part of universe. Relativity shows there is
a limitation for velocity and it is c. But by consider
the mass relativity there is not any limitation for
mass (or mass-energy).
Einstein in General Relativity shows that the geometry
of space depends to mass and density of mass in space.
Mass does bending the space. But this bending of space
reaches to what, is impossibility to have a good
foresight.
I have been believed that there is not any infinity in
the universe.
The limitation of velocity is not c, it is Vc, and Vc
>c and human never can measure it.
The velocity of mass has a limitation, but it is not
c. The limitation of speed in a frame (inertial or no
inertial) depends to forces in frame. And the
limitation of speed in an inertial frame is the speed
of graviton in it. And usually the speed of graviton
is greater than light¡¦s speed. Because a part of
CPH¡¦s linear speed loses in photon by interaction
between each other. When the velocity of an object
increases, spin and other motion of CHP those are in
object, changes to linear motion. So radius of
electron¡¦s orbit decreases, and radius of nuclear
deceases and volume of atom decreases until CPH
contact each other and object does explode. So never
the velocity of an object reaches to limitation of
speed.   .
Although the growing of mass has a limitation and when
the amount of mass reaches to its limit, the CPH do
not obey from external forces and body explodes. The
limitation of mass is that the all of CPH¡¦s motion
changes to spin, then CPH do not obey of external
force and body explodes.

Falling
Earth has gravity field. Gravity field forms of many
CPH that are moving toward the earth and they are
interacting with which other. Suppose earth is alone
and there is not any interaction between earth and
other bodies in universe. When CPHs reach to earth,
they absorb by earth and CPHs obey of forces that exit
there. But earth is not alone and it does interaction
with other bodies. Take a look at earth and moon.
There are two fields; one is around the earth and
other is around the moon. When a CPH reaches to earth,
other one moves toward the moon and pushing earth
toward moon. Also when a CPH reaches to moon, other
one moves toward the earth and pushing moon toward the
earth. So that Fe=Fm.
Suppose a stone is on the surface of earth. The system
(earth and stone) is at equilibrium to replying CPH. I
take it and shooting upward the earth. I give a lot
CPH to stone upward the earth and it takes velocity v
and kinetic energy 1/2mv2. But stone is moving in
earth¡¦s gravitational field. There are many CPH that
are moving toward earth. CPH has mass equal m(cph) and
velocity c (it has spin and calls graviton). A CPH of
gravity field collides with a CPH in stone and putting
it out of stone, itself goes far of stone, or goes
toward the other particles in stone.
Suppose a CPH that calls A in gravity field is moving
toward the earth and reaches to a CPH on an electron
in stone that calls B. A and B contact with each
other, and A comes back to earth gravity and B moves
with speed c toward the nuclear of atom, and contact
with a CPH in nuclear. B stays in nuclear and another
CPH leaves nuclear and so on till a CPH leaves stone.
And it pushing stone toward the earth. A flow of CPH
comes to pass between all particles and atoms in
stone. Also a flow of CPH comes to pass between stone
and earth. Intensity of current between stone and
earth depends to earth mass (as M) and stone¡¦s mass
(m+1/2mv2) and theirs distance. Intensity of current
decreasing until that v reaches to zero. Then stone
accelerates toward the earth. In this case interaction
between gravity field¡¦s CPH and object¡¦s CPH depends
to velocity of object.
Suppose a photon is falling toward the surface of a
star. By consider GR when a photon is falling in a
gravity field, the speed and frequency of photon
increases. So in gravity field the limitation of speed
depends to Intensity of g. And the speed of graviton
is equal the limitation of speed in gravity field.
When the speed of light reaches to limitation of speed
in gravity field, the speed and frequency of photon
does not changes. So, the limitation of speed in
earth¡¦s gravity field is not the speed of light. And
it is the speed of graviton.

Collision;
Suppose shot A with mass m and velocity v is moving
toward the shot B with mass m that is rest (masses are
equal). They collide each other. Suppose after
collision A is stable and B moves with velocity v.
Before collision:
Shot A; relativity mass is m+1/2mv2, shot B m.
Please remember the Newton¡¦s first law.
All of CPH in A are moving with their inertia same as
A.
After collision;
Shot A; relativity mass is m, shot B m+1/2mv2.

In during the collision force FA acting on B. Many of
CPH leave A and arrive at B. Their masses are equal
1/2mv2. In during the collision interaction between A
and B is force acting. In during the collision A¡¦s
energy changes to force, and applied on B. The
reaction of leaving CPH is force that applied on A.
So, FA=FB, and observer see that FA=dmv/dt, and
FB=dmv/dt. In during the collision, kinetic energy
equal 1/2mv2 changes to force, and force acts on B. In
other word when A reaches to B, n CPH with sum mass
equal 1/2mv2 transfers from A to B.
It implies the equivalency of force, energy and mass.
In this regard force, energy and mass are interpreted
as different manifestation of the physical entity.
The Force is quantized and lesser quantum of force is
the amount of force that can produce a CPH.
By considering this principle all physical phenomenon
are justifiable. Also by considering the fact that the
CPH always moves with a constant amount of speed, no
time has been passed from its lifetime, in other words
no time has been passed from the world¡¦s life and any
effort for determining the world's life will come to a
failure. So, the source of time depends on external
forces.
For accepting this comment it is enough to change our
assumption from mass and energy and force, do not
believe any specified border between them. In other
words the constant of light¡¦s speed is not only
emerging from a natural accident but the amount of
this speed is always constant, even when energy is in
form of force.
If we would like talking about only one conservation
law to explain the nature, (physical law) that
conservation law is the conservation law of force.

Black hole:
At first time John Michell published an article about
the black hole in 1783. In 1799 Pierre Simon Laplace
proofed that a great body maybe a black hole. A black
hole is a body that light cannot escape from its
gravity field. How happens this case?
Pierre Simon Laplace did give the relation
VR=(2GM/R)1/2 for escape velocity. When VR is equal or
greater than c, there is a black hole.
The escapes velocities for some bodies are these:
The escape velocity on earth is 11.2 km/s
The escape velocity on moon is 2.25 km/s
The escape velocity on sun is 600 km/s
I brought up that the limitation of speed in a gravity
field depends to intensity of gravity force in field.
Suppose the limitation of speed in a gravity field is
L, and escape velocity is V. Only an object can escape
from of this gravity field that its speed is between V
and L. In following items c is the velocity of light
on earth. And suppose L>c, we know that the velocity
of light increases in gravity field, so L>c is
acceptable.
1- V<c, light is able to escape from the gravity
field.
2- V>c, light is unable to escape from the gravity
field. It does not mean that body does not emit any
wave. So, we can find black hole that emits
electromagnetic waves with very long wavelength.
Please remember redshift.
3- V>L, any object and electromagnetic waves can not
escape of black hole.
All of our ideas about the universe formed by our
experiences on the earth. There are mass, energy and
force in the earth. We never can find an object
without one or two of them in the earth. But it is not
meaning that there are not any pure force or pure
energy in universe. A black hole can be formed only by
pure force. Every thing that falls in this black hole
changes to force. So a black hole can forms by tree
kind of material or only by force.

Absolute Black hole;
Suppose there is a black hole that there is V=L. it is
absolute black hole that nothing escape of it.
No object, no light and no other electromagnetic waves
are able escape of it. Never receive any signal of it
to us. We see a absolute dark part in sky. There the
straight velocity of CPH is so near zero. Big Bang
happened of a black hole stronger than it.

I think L and V are very important constants for any
bodies, especially for explaining the kinds of black
holes.
When V=L, graviton is unable goes far of it. Graviton
is able moving in its gravity field, only.
Any observers are unable to feel it.
When V is a little smaller than L. In interaction
between black hole and other bodies, gravity wave
and electromagnetic waves with very long wavelength
escape of it. And so on.

Is universe expanding?
Black hole absorbs particles and objects. Its density
increases, so gravity force does strongly so much.
Then the straight speed of CPH changes to spin or
other motions. When all motions of CPH changed to
spin, body takes critical conditions.
If this black hole absorbs other objects or to
reaction with other body, CPHs do not obey of external
force and black hole explodes. At first great bodies
born. Then objects with high speed near speed of light
or faster than light start their travel. Then atoms
and particles do form and in the end only
electromagnetic wave progressing all side of universe.

All objects feeling that itself is the center of this
explosion. And every observer seems that all bodies
are speeding away from each other. Suppose another
explosion happens in other space of universe. Many
bodies start their travel toward the bodies of last
explosion. Then observers witness colliding bodies or
galaxies. Our universe was born by a black hole¡¦s
explosion. We thought there happened an explosion in
all of universe. There is probability that every black
hole growth and explodes, and then a new universe does
born.

Repulsive gravitational force and dark energy on my
theory;
In classical mechanics and relativity have been
accepted that repulsive gravitational force and
limitation of speed are two separable items. But I
have been believed that this opinion is incorrect.
Repulsive gravitational force and limitation of speed
are depends to each other. I will try explaining that
two above items is inseparable.
Suppose v is the linear speed of graviton. What
happens when v reaches to zero?
It never happens, but v can reaches to near zero.
Black hole absorbs particles and objects. Its density
increases, so gravity force does strongly so much.
When v reaches to zero, in other word all motions of
CPH had been changed to spin, body takes critical
conditions.
If this black hole absorbs other objects or to
reaction with other body, CPHs do not obey of external
force and black hole explodes. And a part of universe
does expanding.
Suppose another explosion happens other space of
universe. Some bodies start their travel toward the
bodies of last explosion.
Our universe was born by a black hole¡¦s explosion.
All bodies in our universe are interaction with bodies
in other universes.
The center of explosion is like the center of great
bodies. There external force is near zero in the
center of explosion. So, there interaction between
particles and atoms do without the effect of a
considerable external force. Also the center of
explosion is an especially point in observable
universe. All bodies are interaction to center of
explosion and receive any particles to them from it
and go from bodies to center of explosion. In center
of explosion interaction between particles produce new
particles.
The center explosion¡¦s productions start their
travels toward all side of universe. Suppose A is a
particle that leaves the earth toward the center of
explosion. Earth takes acceleration of A. In center of
explosion particles A, B, C, and D interaction with
each other. And produces particles A¡¦, B¡¦, C¡¦, and
D¡¦. Particle A¡¦ travels toward the earth, and when
reaches to earth gives a new acceleration to it.
In my theory the geometry of universe is not that
Newton said or Einstein propounded.
Universe is infinite in all directions, but it is part
by part. Every part is a sub universe that has itself
geometry.

Some observations By Theory of CPH
The Newton¡¦s first law
Definition and the principle of CPH are can able to
explain every phenomenon. And every law is result
able. CPH has linear motion without any external
force. Every objects form with a number of CPH.
Without any external force, all particles in this
object are bounded with internal forces. The object¡¦s
inertia depends to inertia of CPHs that object forms
of them. Without any external force object¡¦s motion
is straight motion.

The conservation law of momentum
The momentum of CPH is constant. The external force
changes its linear momentum to angular momentum and
vice versa. So, the momentum is conserve in any
inertial frame and any space.

Dilation time
The speed of CPH is constant and moves by limitation
of speed. So, no time passes of CPH. Seems that time
depends to external force. External force can not
changes the amount of speed of CPH. But external force
can changes the speed of objects. So, time is for
objects only. Any object has a time life and its time
life depends to external force.

Length Contraction
When the linear speed of an object increases that an
external force applied on it in direction of linear
speed. So, other motion of CPH like spin and arbitrary
motion changes to linear motion. The radius of
electron¡¦s orbit decreases and bulk of atoms
decreases. The bulk of atom decreases until CPHs do
contact with each other and any contact between the
CPHs, they go far from each other and system explodes.
So, volume never reaches to zero.

Gravity Storm;
Bodies started their motion and did go far center of
explosion, after than Big Bang had happened. Bodies
were going far each other and they were impressionable
other bodies. so, when a body has been going far of
other bodies, its kinetic energy has been changing to
CPH and has been arriving it. CPH has been moving all
sides of universe, especially toward the center of
explosion. When CPHs reach to them at a space from
many bodies, they have different directions. It is
like a pool that many tubes with different directions
are feeding water to pool. CPH create storm gravity.
We can not see gravity force, so when we are looking
at a point of space, there is no any visible things.
But storm gravity produces any particle or photon or
mass and feed to universe. And we saw many kinds beam
of particle receive to earth. But we never can see the
source of these particles.

CPH & FREE ENERGY
I do rotating the dynamo of a generator and produce
electromagnetic energy. I apply force on dynamo and it
rotates. The magnetic field of dynamo¡¦s magnet does
change. The electric charge of electrons in wires,
those are around the dynamo doing opposite with
changing the magnetic field. Then electromagnetic
energy produces. How and why rotating dynamo produces
electromagnetic energy?
My hand¡¦s force does rotating the dynamo, only. In
the other world, in during rotating dynamo my body¡¦s
energy changes to force, and force changes to
mechanical energy.
When magnetic field does change, electric field
changes. Changing electric field does change the
electron motion. But we know force is able to changing
the motion of every thing. So, electron takes
gravitons and condenses them, and produces a quantum
electromagnetic energy.

The Conservation Law of Mass-Energy

Classical mechanic had two conservation laws. One was
the conservation law of mass, and other was the
conservation law of energy. We know these laws are
correct at closed systems only. In a closed system
energy is conserved, so in a closed system momentum is
conserved.
Relativity propounded the conservation law of
mass-energy. Evidence show it is correct. Mass and
energy are two changeable quantities. We know the
conservation law of mass-energy is correct. Mass
changes to energy and energy changes to mass.
But it is a questionable deduction. Are there mass and
energy in universe, only?
Suppose universe is a closed system. This supposition
is acceptable.
Did form universe of mass and energy only?
There is not other thing in universe?
All evidence shows that objects take energy in fields.
When an electron accelerates in an electrical field,
it takes energy.
In this case mass does not changes to energy. Field
produces energy.
When an object accelerates by force, it takes energy.
Also in this case mass does not changes to energy.
Field produces energy.
So the conservation law of mass-energy is not correct
in universe.
We can find space between stars that there is force
only and there is empty of mass and energy. We never
can find any closed system that there were mass and
energy, only.
But suppose there is a really closed system and it is
isolate of others. No external force applied on this
closed system. Suppose the summation of all energies
is equal x, and summation of mass is equal y kg. There
happens a nuclear explosion and z kg mass changes to
energy. What happens for nuclear forces? They do go to
nothing?
All evidence show there is a relationship between
force and energy.
Force and energy is convertible.
Field is weakly energy.

Photon consists which subparticles?

The hypothesis is that photon consists of two
subparticles, each with its own, independent,
frequency, and that the frequency and phase
relationship between the subparticles determines the
photon's behavior. Boscovich thought of the
two-subparticle idea.
This is a questionable deduction. Question is that
which photon consists two particles? Also, what are
these particles? There are photons with very low to
high energy. And we know that the frequency of photon
depends to its energy. If all photons consist of two
subparticles, what difference is between different
photons?
Experience shows that a gamma photon with energy 1.02
MeV produces pair electron and positron. So, a photon
with energy 1.02 MeV consists an electron and a
positron.
Question is that a photon with energy high than 1.02
MeV consists which subparticles?
Also, which subparticles do form a photon with energy
low than 1.02 MeV?
Mossbauer (1958) discovered that some gamma rays
emitted from solids are come out without the nucleus
recoiling individually, the recoil being taken up by
whole of the crystal lattice, so there is a negligible
Doppler shit.
The Mossbauer effect experimented by Pound and Rebka
(1960) from 22.5m Jefferson's tower in Harvard
University.
Experiment shows that when a photon is falling in a
gravitational field, the frequency of photon, so its
energy increases. By consider the relation F= - dU/dx
(U is potential energy), when gravity force applied on
photon, the work of gravity force does change
photon¡¦s potential energy, and converts to
electromagnetic energy.
So, there is a relationship between gravity force and
subparticles that photon consists them. Let take a new
look on the effect of gravity force on photon.
Let return to pair production again. It shows that two
subparticles electron and positron have spin and same
mass. Also photon has spin.
Let looking on the least (smallest) photon. It consist
two subparticles. These subparticles, have spin, also
photon has spin.
By consider the E=mc2, and E=hf , suppose f=2 we have
E=2h.or;

E=2x6.626x10-34 J E=13.252x10-34 J

We know photon carries energy. The above amount is
least (smallest quantum of energy)
But we know it consists of 2 subparticles, and
subparticles have spin. In the other the subparticles
are unconnected. They are separately and with spin are
joining each other.
When photon is falling on gravitational filed,
photon¡¦s energy so its frequency increases.
In during that photon is falling, its potential energy
changes to electromagnetism energy.
Gravity force applied on photon, by consider the
relations F= - dU/dx and deltaU= W , we conclude that
the gravity force does convert to energy. But we know
graviton carries force, so graviton arrives to
structure of photon. When a graviton arrives to
photon, the frequency of photon increases.
Seems the frequency of photon depends the number of
graviton in structure of photon.
Please remember CPH when has spin did call graviton
(see Theory of CPH).

Redshift is Common effect

Let take a new look at relations F=Gm1m2/r2 and F= -
dU/dx. .
And please remember that the speed of gravity force
has limit, and gravity force moves with light¡¦s speed
as (in relativity).
Relation F= - dU/dx shows that there is a relationship
between gravity force and potential energy. It did
grow into habit that physicists consider to right side
of above relation. This is a fact that U does change
of a point (as high) to another point. Question is
that changing of U has any effect on gravity field or
no? Suppose an object moves upward the earth. Its
potential energy does change. Does gravity force of
earth change or no? We know gravity force resists with
this movement and force doing push object toward
earth. Object loses its kinetic energy. By consider
the relativity kinetic energy has mass. When object¡¦s
kinetic energy does decrease, what happens for gravity
force? We can say nothing and kinetic energy changes
to potential energy.
I ask you please do not stop on the above conception.
Suppose a solid object has mass m at high h. It falls
toward the earth. It takes kinetic energy that gives
with equation 1/2mv2=mgh in during falling. When
object reaches to earth, its kinetic energy changes to
other energies like heat or electromagnetic energy (by
spark). Suppose when object stay on the surface of
earth its mass is m (its mass at high h is equal on
earth).
In during that object was falling, it did take kinetic
energy equal 1/2mv2. Why did increase object¡¦s
kinetic energy? Cause gravity force did act on it.
Now take a new look at the left side of relation F= -
dU/dx and remember deltaU=1/2mv2.
  In during that object was falling, gravity force
converted to kinetic energy (by consider the
relativity gravity force changed to mass).
So, gravity force has mass. In the other word gravity
field is weakly mass. The movement of object (it was
falling) is medium to conversion gravity force to
energy and vice versa.

Blueshift and Redshift

When a photon is falling toward the earth, its kinetic
energy increases same as other objects. So, the
frequency of photon increases and changes to high
frequency. Observer saw that photon shifts toward the
blue frequency. Gravity force converts to
electromagnetic energy. A quantum of gravity force
(graviton) is that does change the photon¡¦s frequency
from f to f+1.
When photon is moving upward the earth, its frequency
shifts toward the red. Suppose a photon does form on
the surface of a black hole. Photon is unable escapes
of its gravity field. Photon shifts toward red and
gradually all of photon¡¦s energy converts to gravity
force.

The Range of gravity field
The universal gravitational law shows that the range
of gravity force is infinity. So, earth¡¦s gravity
force does effect on all of things that are in
universe. Suppose earth did formed x years ago. A star
is at distance y light years of earth and y>x. The
earth¡¦s gravity field had not been reaching to star
yet. Cause by considers relativity the speed of
graviton is c. When star¡¦s gravity force does reach
to earth, earth to reaction of it sends a graviton
toward the star. This graviton is pushing earth toward
the star, as same star¡¦s graviton is pushing star.
Suppose an object leaves earth and it is moving toward
the Mars. A graviton that is coming of moon and it is
pushing moon, reaches to object. When this graviton
arrives to object, another graviton leaves object and
pushing object toward the moon. So, the range of
gravity field has limitation, and it is not infinity.


Does shift earth toward red and blue?
Redhift and blueshift is using for light. But this
effect is common effect. Suppose a photon is moving
upward the earth. A graviton leaves it and moving
toward earth. When this graviton reaches to earth,
another graviton leaves earth and moving toward
photon. By consider the speed of graviton and photon,
in during that earth¡¦s graviton is passing distance
between earth and photon, photon has a displacement
equal d. (speed of graviton is greater than light¡¦s
speed). It is probability that graviton never reaches
to photon and absorbs by other thing and arrives to it
and another graviton leaves it and moving toward the
earth. So, the photon¡¦s graviton leaves it forever
and addition to earth gravity field.
When a photon shifts toward red in earth field, earth
shifts toward blue. In interaction between earth and
stars, earth shifts toward red. Please remember that
there are many stars in universe that they are moving
very fast and theirs speed are near the light¡¦s
speed.
An observer on this star saw that earth shifts toward
red.

Fundamental forces

All forces are particles. Every field does form by
flowing of their particles that come to pass between
sources. The force particle and its source are same.
Mass and gravity force are same, mass is convertible
to gravity force, and vise versa and so on. Also,
force and energy is convertible. In this letter I am
trying to explain gravity force and electric force and
nuclear strong force particles.

Gravity force
Earth has gravity field. Gravity field forms of many
CPH that are moving toward the earth and they are
interacting with which other. Suppose earth is alone
and there is not any interaction between earth and
other bodies in universe. When CPH reach to earth,
they absorb by earth and CPH obey of forces that exit
there. But earth is not alone and it does interaction
with other bodies. Take a look at earth and moon.
There are two fields; one is around the earth and
other is around the moon. When a CPH reaches to earth,
other one moves toward the moon and pushing earth
toward moon. Also when a CPH reaches to moon, other
one moves toward the earth and pushing moon toward the
earth. So that Fe=Fm. There is a current of CPH
between earth and other objects. Also this current
exists between every object and others.

Nuclear Strong Force Particle
The nuclear strong field is same as gravity field.
When a proton is alone, like the hydrogen atom, there
is not any flow between it and other protons.
Proton has positive charge. Also it has spin. Suppose
two protons are moving toward each other. There are
two resistances for contraction them. One is electric
charge and another is spin. Any contact between these
protons, they go far from each other. But when they
have high energy, energy produces an attractive force
between them. Then distance between protons goes to
near zero. Proton keeps its spin and electric charge.
And nuclear has spin. In a heavy nuclear there are
many flow of strong force current between each other.
Suppose there are twenty protons and neutron in a
nuclear that call A, B, C, D¡Ketc. Then a current of
strong force particles is between A and B, also a
current is between A and C.etc. When a strong force
particle from A reaches to B, another leaves B toward
the A and pushing it toward B and so on.
Nucleus has spin, also protons and neutrons have spin
in nucleus. So, when a strong force particle leaves a
proton one side of nucleus toward the other side, it
passes a very twisted path. These currents cover the
nucleus and a strong field does form. the radius of
field depends to path of current nuclear strong force.

By consider the above seems that the nuclear strong
force particle does find by energy. Also, gravity
force produces energy; so nuclear strong force
particle does form by graviton.

Electricity force
There are two electricity charges. Negative charge
shows with N and positive charge that shows with P.
Also there two electric force, one is attractive that
shows with A, and repulsive force that shows with R.
Suppose an electric force particle is moving. It
reaches to another electric force particle. They
combine which other and produce two new electric force
particles. Productions are attractive or repulsive as
following;

N+P=2A
N+N=2R
P+P=2R

Explain;
Negative charge and negative charge;
Suppose N leaved an electron1 and is moving that
reaches to other N that is coming of electron2. They
combine and do convert to two R (repulsive force).
They repulsive each other and do go far. One of them
moves toward electron1 and shutting it far of
electron2. Electron1 accelerates and escape of
electron2. When electron1 accelerates R convert to N
and leaves it. For electron2 happens same action.

Positive charge and positive charge;
It is same as Negative charge and negative charge.

Positive charge and negative charge;
N leaved an electron and is moving that reaches to P
that is coming of a proton. They combine and do
convert to two A. They leave each other and do move
toward the electron and proton. When one of them
reaches electron, it does pushing it toward the proton
and another N leaves electron. For proton happens same
function. When A reaches to proton, pushing it toward
the electron. Then it converts to P and leaves proton.

Result1;
In nucleus protons emit positive force particles. But
when they reach to each other, they convert to
repulsive force particles. So, positive force particle
is electric force particle in during that leaves
proton until reaches to another electric positive
force particle.
So, the affect of electric charge in nucleus is
different of other cases.

Result2;
When two protons move toward each other with high
energy, there is not any nuclear strong force. When
they do combine each other, energy does change to
nuclear strong force. So, by consider CPH theory, all
forces form of CPH and they are particles.

Why has acceleration the expanding of universe?

By according Theory of CPH every thing do form by CPH.
And CPH moves with linear speed Vc without any
external forces.

So that; grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any
space

It means the summation the amounts of speed in
universe is constant.
Suppose there are n CPH in universe. The summation the
amounts of speed in universe is equal nVc. Any CPH has
a linear motion and other movement with objects.
So any explosion does change other motion of CPH to
linear motion. When a star explodes the linear motion
of universe does increase. We know any star does
burst. So the linear motion increases by every burst.
So seems that the universe has acceleration.
(See appendix). If explosion of bodies was being equal
of production of other bodies, universe has not any
acceleration.

Matrix of fundamental force

I had defined CPH in Theory of CPH.
CPH moves with constant linear speed Vc without any
external forces.
Vc  is limitation of speed in universe.

So that; grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any
space

When CPH has spin, it calls graviton. CPH is gravity
force and graviton does carry gravity force (see
following appendix).

Suppose two CPH are moving with speed Vc , Distance
between them is R.
We can choice two matrix 2x2.

Matrix1;
Line1; R  ,  0
Line2; 0  ,  ¡V R
Cause distance has direction.


Matrix2;
Line1; CPH  ,  0
Line2; 0  ,  CPH

Matrix1 cross Matrix2 give MatrixA;

MatrixA;
Line1; torque1  ,  0
Line2; 0  ,  - torque1

Torque1 is equal RxCPH. That means a CPH starts its
rotation.
By according the grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and
any space
CPH take spin. One of them takes right spin and other
one takes left spin.
Then graviton does find.
Distance between them decreases and their spin do
increase.
When R goes to near zero, the unit of energy does
find. We call it CPH2, it means there are two CPH.
CPH2 has not spin. It is the least (smallest) quantum
of energy.

Matrix3;
Line1;  d  ,   0
Line2;  0  , - d

Matrix4;
Line1; CPH2  ,  0
Line2;  0    ,  CPH

Matrix3 cross Matrix4 gives B

Matrix B;
Line1;  torque2  ,  0
Line2;    0  ,  - torque1

CPH2 and CPH take spin. Then photon does find spin.
Distance between CPH2 and CPH goes to near zero and
CPH3 does find. In the other word a photon with
frequency 3 does find. Also it has spin.

Our universe was born by a Big Bang. All bodies in our
universe have interaction with each other. Also all
bodies have interaction to center of explosion and it
is an especial point in observable universe. There
have been receiving many gravitons of other bodies in
center of explosion. There is interaction between
gravitons very speedy.
But the center of explosion is like the center of
great bodies. The external force is near zero in the
center of explosion. And particles that do produce
start their travels toward all side of universe.
Suppose a lot of CPH reach there. When density of CPH
increase in space, then interaction does speedy.

Choice two Matrixes nxn

Matrix of distances;
Line1; d1 , 0 , 0 , 0 . ¡K
Line2;  0,  d2 , 0 , 0 , ¡K

Line k; all members are zero and there is dk in column
k, and di is distance.

Matrix of CPH
Line1; CPH , 0 , 0 , ¡K
Line2;   0   ,  CPH , 0  ,0 , ¡K

Line k; all members are zero and there is a CPH in
column k.

Matrix of distance cross Matrix of CPH
Then interaction between them produces a lot of
photons or other particle.

Particle force and Field
Force is quantized and lesser quantum of force is the
amount of force that can produce a CPH. We can
calculate the force F that used for produce a CPH in
Pound and Rebka's experiment that they did at 1960 in
Harvard University. Gamma¡¦s wave has about 1020 CPH,
and in this experiment d was 22.5m. By according this
experiment we can calculate that a graviton carries a
force a bout

F=2.8x10 power minus 33  N

By calculate we can find the gravity force between
electron and proton in hydrogen atom that is equal
Fg=3.7x10 power minus 47 N

CPH does come to pass between electron and proton
constantly. By consider the velocity of CPH and
distance between electron and proton in atom; all CPH
in structure of proton and electron do change several
times in a second. In what time all of earth¡¦s CPH
does change?
The electric force between electron and proton in
hydrogen atom is equal:

Fe=8.1x10 power minus 8 N
So, the electric force particle is very stronger than
gravity force particle.
When electron is on its orbit in atom, the interaction
of electric force is between it and proton only. So
atom is neutral. Electron leaves its orbit. Let call
it electron A.  Suppose there are a few free electric
charges (positive and negative). Electron A does
reaction with them. Then a few electrons leave their
orbits in that space. Electron A does reaction with
new charges. But the effect of electron A on charges
does not change. How can explain it?
By according the electric field, there is a stable
electric field around the electron and it is able
affects to many charges. It is not acceptable. But by
according the CPH theory it is explainable.
When an electric effect of a new charge reaches to
electron A, electron A produces a particle electric
force by gravitons that are around it. Electric charge
is an engine to produce electric force of gravitons.
When an electric is alone, it does condense gravitons
and send to space constantly. When it does neutral by
a positron or a proton, it does not produce and send
electric particle force.
When an electric field does change, gravitons
resistance with it. The graviton's reaction to
changing electric field is production a magnetic
field.

Nuclear Strong Force Particle
The production of nuclear strong force particle is
same as electric particle force.
When two protons have high energy, they produce a
strong attractive force between them. So, energy
produces the nuclear strong force particle. By
according the CPH Theory, CPH produces every
fundamental force.

A New Look at a Black Hole¡¦s Born

Schema;
By according the formal physics black holes are
thought to form from stars or other massive objects if
and when they collapse from their own gravity to form
an object whose density is increase.
Let take a new look at a black hole¡¦s born by
according the CPH Theory. In This letter by according
the relation F= - dU/dx I will explain when a star
does emit photons and other particle, the density of
gravity increases. Then star does collapse.

A Black Hole Is Born
Black holes are thought to form from stars or other
massive objects if and when they collapse from their
own gravity to form an object whose density is
infinite. In during most of a star's lifetime, nuclear
fusion in the core generates electromagnetic
radiation, including photons, the particles of light.
This radiation exerts an outward pressure that exactly
balances the inward pull of gravity caused by the
star's mass.
As the nuclear fuel is exhausted, the outward forces
of radiation diminish, allowing the gravitation to
compress the star inward. The contraction of the core
causes its temperature to rise and allows remaining
nuclear material to be used as fuel. The star is saved
from further collapse, but only for a while. If the
star is sufficiently massive or compressible, it may
collapse to a black hole. If it is less massive or
made of stiffer material, its fate is different: it
may become a white dwarf or a neutron star.

CPH Theory and Black Hole¡¦s Born
Let take a new look at relations F=Gm1m2/r2 and F= -
dU/dx. .
Relation F= - dU/dx shows that there is a relationship
between gravity force and potential energy. It did
grow into habit that physicists consider to right side
of above relation. This is a fact that U does change
of a point (as high) to another point. Question is
that changing of U has any effect on gravity field or
no? Suppose an object moves upward the earth. Its
potential energy does change. Does gravity force of
earth change or no? We know gravity force resists with
this movement and force doing push object toward
earth. Object loses its kinetic energy. By according
the relativity kinetic energy has mass. When object¡¦s
kinetic energy does decrease, what happens for gravity
force? We can say nothing and kinetic energy changes
to potential energy.
I ask you please do not stop on the above conception.
Suppose a atom takes escape velocity on the surface of
star. In during atom is moving upward, it loses its
kinetic energy, what happened to gravity field?
We can explain it by according photon¡¦s red shift.
When photon is leaving a star, its frequency shifts
toward the red. So the Photon¡¦s energy does decrease.

From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

By according W=fd=DE, (Delta signed by D), we can show
that the amount of gravity force that is need to
produce m=7x10-49 kg is equal;

F=2.8x10- 33  N

That the amount of force that a graviton does carry.
See appendix. So when a star is emitting particles,
it¡¦s strongly gravity force does increase. In the
other word when a star is emitting particles, in fact
a lot of its mass does convert to gravity force. And
the exerting outward pressure on star does strongly,
then star does contraction. And then the balance
between inward radiations exerts and outward pressure
of gravity force does change speedy. The star collapse
and a black hole are born.
All of our ideas about the universe formed by our
experiences on the earth. There are mass, energy and
force in the earth. We never can find an object
without one or two of them in the earth. But it is not
meaning that there are not any pure force or pure
energy in universe. A black hole can be formed only by
pure force. Every thing that falls in a black hole
maybe changes to force. So a black hole can forms by
tree kind of material or only by force. The structure
of a black hole is not comparison able with other
stars.

Universe accelerates by dark energy or conservation
law the amount of speed?

Schema;
If the universe is flat and expanding ever faster,
some invisible, unidentified energy must be offsetting
gravity. In the beginning, when matter was close
together and the universe was dense, gravitational
attraction was much stronger. Now that matter is far
apart and the density of the universe is low, this
mysterious energy is pushing space itself outward at
an accelerating rate. Its nature is unknown.

Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe *
Deep as Einstein's general theory of relativity may
be, it remains silent on a profound question: Is empty
space really empty? Inflation models predict that it
was not so in the past, and it may not be so today
either. Einstein introduced a "cosmological constant"
into his equations, to represent the possibility that
even empty space has energy and couples to gravity.
The unknown magnitude of the cosmological constant is
set by parts of physics beyond Einstein's
understanding---and, at present, our own.
The new discovery that the expansion of the Universe
appears to be accelerating suggests the presence of
something dubbed "dark energy" that drives space
apart. It seems likely that we have roughly measured
the value of a cosmological constant or something like
it.
This new discovery already widely accepted because it
explains many observations. The first indication was
that the rate of expansion of the Universe has been
increasing, revealed by Type Ia supernovae. Supporting
evidence comes from studies of global geometry,
structure formation, cosmic age, and galaxy
clustering. They leave little doubt that in some sense
Einstein's "cosmological constant" is a reality. The
energy of the Universe is dominated by empty space
whose gravitational effect is to pull the Universe
apart.

Accelerating universe and the conservation law of the
amount of speed;
The conservation law the amount of speed is able
explain the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
The conservation law the amount of speed is result
able of Theory of CPH. In fact all principles and laws
that had been accepted are result able of Theory of
CPH. Theory of CPH is based on a definition of CPH and
a principle of CPH.

Definition of CPH
From the relation E=hfƒz ƒnwe have:

E1=hfƒz, ƒnE2=h(f+1) so; DE=E2-E1=h=mc2,(Delta signed
by D), so:

m=h/c2=7x10-49 kg

Take:  m(CPH)=7x10-49 kg,  we can show that the mass
of a photon
with energy E and frequency f is equal nm, and n=f.
The difference between the photons is in n (the number
of CPH.)
By considering the E=mc2, we know that the all
particles (electron, positron, proton, antiproton...)
are formed by many CPH.

The Principle of CPH:
The CPH is a particle with constant mass. CPH moves
with constant straight speed Vc, in empty space and
without any external forces in all inertial frames. So
that:

grad Vc=0 in all inertial frames and any space

The external forces can not increasing or decreasing
the amount of speed of CPH. The external force is the
factor that changing the route of movement of CPH from
straight motion to other motion. When CPH has spin, it
is graviton. Any contact between CPH, they go far from
each other and absorb each other. And this action and
reaction continue till distance between them reaches
to near zero.
Example: Suppose a point on the CPH passed route's S
in t time in an inertial frame, then:

S/t=constant=Vc, so, dS/dt=0

or ax+ay+az=0

A CPH in an object has spin and transferred along
movement with object. When object passes in the
Gravitation field (or other fields), the movement of
CPH changing from transferred condition to other
motion and vise versa. Suppose the gravity force F
applies on CPH. By considering the Principle of CPH
and Newton¡¦s second law we can write:

F=m(ax+ay+az)=0 or az= - (ax+ay)

The above relation means that the amount of speed of
CPH on the x-axis and y-axis changes to amount of
speed on the z-axis. So the speed on the z-axis
increases or decreases, such speed of object increases
or decreases. Then observer saw that the speed of
object does change and it accelerates (positive or
negative relativity the observer).

The Conservation Law of The Amount of Speed
Suppose atom1 formed with n1 CPH, atom2 formed with n2
CPH and so on. Summations the amount of speed CPH that
are in atoms are n1Vc, n2Vc and so on, in any inertial
frame. Suppose all of CPH that universe did form with
of them is equal n CPH. So the summation the amounts
of speed in universe is equal S=nVc. Any CPH has a
linear motion and other movement with objects or other
particles.
Any explosion does change other motion of CPH to
linear motion. When a star explodes the linear motion
of universe does increase. Sun does emit 4x10 power 12
kg per second. When sun¡¦s light or particles reach to
earth, their linear momentums do transfer to earth. So
earth takes acceleration. We know any star does burst
and they do emit a lot of CPH to space. So the linear
momentum of bodies increases and they accelerate. So
universe has acceleration.
If explosion of bodies was being equal of production
of other bodies, universe has not any acceleration.

Best regards
Hossein javadi





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