Douglas Isbell
Headquarters, Washington, DC                        Nov. 19, 1999
(Phone:  202/358-1753)

Jane Platt
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA
(Phone:  818/354-0880)

RELEASE:  99-138

JUPITER'S MOON IO:  A FLASHBACK TO EARTH'S VOLCANIC PAST

      Jupiter's fiery moon Io is providing scientists with a window
on volcanic activity and colossal lava flows similar to those that
raged on Earth eons ago, thanks to new pictures and data gathered
by NASA's Galileo spacecraft.

      The sharp images of Io were taken on Oct. 11 during the
closest-ever spacecraft flyby of the moon, when Galileo dipped to
just 380 miles (611 kilometers) above Io's surface.  The new data
reveal that Io, the most volcanic body in the solar system, is
even more active than previously suspected, with more than 100
erupting volcanoes.

      "The latest flyby has shown us gigantic lava flows and lava
lakes, and towering, collapsing mountains," said Dr. Alfred McEwen
of the University of Arizona, Tucson, a member of the Galileo
imaging team.  "Io makes Dante's Inferno seem like another day in
paradise."

      Ancient rocks on Earth and other rocky planets show evidence
of immense volcanic eruptions.  The last comparable lava eruption
on Earth occurred 15 million years ago, and itÕs been over 2
billion years since lava as hot as that found on Io (reaching
2,700 degrees Fahrenheit) flowed on Earth.

      "No people were around to observe and document these past
events," said Dr. Torrence Johnson, Galileo project scientist at
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA.  "Io is the
next best thing to traveling back in time to Earth's earlier
years.  It gives us an opportunity to watch, in action, phenomena
long dead in the rest of the solar system."

      The new data focus on three of Io's most active volcanoes --
Pele, Loki and Prometheus.  The vent region of Pele has an intense
high-temperature hot spot that is remarkably steady, unlike lava
flows that erupt in pulses, spread out over large areas, and then
cool over time.  This leads scientists to hypothesize that there
must be an extremely active lava lake at Pele that constantly
exposes fresh lava.  Galileo's camera snapped a close-up picture
showing part of the volcano glowing in the dark.  Hot lava, at
most a few minutes old, forms a thin, curving line more than six
miles (10 kilometers) long and up to 150 feet (50 meters) wide.
Scientists believe this line is glowing liquid lava exposed as the
solidifying crust breaks up along the caldera's walls.  This is
similar to the behavior of active lava lakes in Hawaii, although
Pele's lava lake is a hundred times larger.

      Loki, the most powerful volcano in the solar system,
consistently puts out more heat than all of Earth's active
volcanoes combined.  Two of Galileo's instruments -- the
photopolarimeter radiometer and near-infrared mapping spectrometer
-- have provided detailed temperature maps of Loki.  "Unlike the
active lava lake at Pele, Loki has an enormous caldera that is
repeatedly flooded by lava, over an area larger than the state of
Maryland," said Dr. Rosaly Lopes-Gautier of JPL, a member of the
spectrometer team.

      Observations of Prometheus made early in the Galileo mission
showed a new lava flow and a plume erupting from a location about
60 miles (100 kilometers) west of the area where the plume was
observed in 1979 by NASA's Voyager spacecraft.  New Galileo data
clarify where lava is erupting, advancing, and producing plumes.
The most unexpected result is that the 50-mile (75 kilometer) tall
plume erupts from under a lava flow, far from the main volcano.
The plume is fed by vaporized sulfur dioxide-rich snow under the
lava flow.

      Mountains on Io are much taller than Earth's largest
mountains, towering up to 52,000 feet (16 kilometers) high.
Paradoxically, they do not appear to be volcanoes.  Scientists are
not sure how the mountains form, but new Galileo images provide a
fascinating picture of how they die.  Concentric ridges covering
the mountains and surrounding plateaus offer evidence that the
mountains generate huge landslides as they collapse under the
force of gravity.  The ridges bear a striking resemblance to the
rugged terrain surrounding giant Olympus Mons on Mars.

      Scientists hope to learn more about dynamic Io when Galileo
swoops down for an even closer look on Nov. 25 from an altitude of
only 186 miles (300 kilometers).  Because Io's orbit is bathed in
intense radiation from Jupiter's radiation belts, there is a risk
of radiation damage to spacecraft components.  In fact, several
spacecraft systems sustained damage during the October flyby.
Given these radiation risks, the Io flybys were scheduled near the
end of the spacecraft's two-year extended mission.

      New Io images taken by the spacecraft are available at:

               http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/io

                               or

                    http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov

      Galileo entered orbit around Jupiter and its moons on Dec. 7,
1995, for a two-year prime mission.  JPL manages the Galileo
mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.  JPL
is operated for NASA by the California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA.

                                 -end-

December 31, 1999 marks the end of not only the 1900's but also the Galileo
mission.  The only mission currently scheduled to return to Jupiter is a Europa
orbiter in 2003.  The question: Where do you think Nasa should send its next
mission to Jupiter after the Europa Orbiter?
----

Please select one of the following:

    o Jupiter Atmospheric Observer
    o Jupiter Polar Orbiter
    o Io Orbiter/Lander
    o Ganymede/Callisto Orbiter/Lander
    o Another Europa Orbiter
    o Europa Lander
    o Europa Hydrabot
    o Another 'Galileo' style mission


by going to the following Web form:

    http://www.egroups.com/vote?id=942966936633&listname=jupiter_list

Thank you!

Here is a Egroups Calender message for the upcoming press conference.

Event: Space Science Briefing featuring Galileo at Io
Date: Fri Nov 19, 1999
Time: 1:00 pm - 1:30 pm
Description: Press Conference
Washington, DC
1pm EST
On NasaTV

To add this event to your personal calendar, simply click on this link:
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eGroups.com Calendar

Contact: Jane Platt

October 22, 1999

Closest-Ever Picture of Volcanic Moon Io Released

The closest-ever image of Jupiter's moon Io, taken during a daring flyby of the volcanic moon by NASA's Galileo spacecraft on October 10, 1999, shows a lava field near the center of an erupting volcano.

The image, available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/io, was taken from an altitude of 671 kilometers (417 miles) and is 50 times better than the previous best, taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1979.

Visible in the image are new lava flows from the volcanic center named Pillan, an area with erupting lava hotter than any known eruption that occurred on Earth within billions of years. Scientists will be studying this image to determine the characteristics of the eruption, along with other data due to be sent back by the spacecraft in coming weeks.

Not surprisingly, fierce radiation took its toll on the spacecraft. Io's orbit lies in a region of intense radiation from Jupiter's radiation belts, which can affect the performance of or even knock out various spacecraft instruments. A mere fraction of the dose that Galileo received would be fatal to a human. Because of the radiation risk, the Io encounters were scheduled for the end of the two-year extended mission, after the spacecraft had already fulfilled its other mission objectives.

Most of the Io images were taken using a "fast camera" mode, where the camera itself pre-processes the image to average the brightness in adjacent parts of the picture. Galileo engineers say it appears that Jupiter's radiation caused the process to get out of sync, which degraded the quality of the images. Fortunately, images that were taken in other camera modes, including the newly released image, apparently did not suffer ill effects from the radiation.

"When we're flying the spacecraft through this high-radiation zone near Io's orbit, we have to plan for the likely radiation and figure out how to deal with it," said Galileo Project Manager Jim Erickson. "We used several different modes to see how each would work. Now that we know this particular camera mode didn't work well amidst the radiation, we'll use other modes from our six different types for the next Io flyby."

That second Io flyby is scheduled for November 25 at an altitude of only 186 miles (300 kilometers).

Galileo's original mission was to spend two years studying Jupiter, its moons and magnetic environment. That mission ended in December 1997, then was followed by a two-year extended mission scheduled to end in January 2000. Galileo, the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, has revolutionized our knowledge of the giant planet and its moons and has provided thousands of colorful images.

During the October 10 Io flyby, the radiation also apparently triggered a problem with Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer. The instrument has a grating that allows it to measure different wavelengths of light as they are reflected onto a sensor. This enables the instrument to produce a spectrum of the light from objects it observes. During the flyby, the grating did not move as it should have, which means that only one set of wavelengths was measured instead of the complete spectrum. The resulting data provides maps at each of several wavelengths in very high spatial resolution. These maps can be used to show the distribution of materials on the surface and measure the temperature of the lava in Io's volcanoes, but detailed spectral information for identifying materials on the surface will be limited to the early part of the encounter where full spectral data were acquired.

The Galileo flight team is still evaluating the status of another instrument, the ultraviolet spectrometer, which has been acting up for two months. Since this instrument was not scheduled to be used during the Io encounter, it was switched off while engineers diagnose its grating problem.

Additional information and pictures taken by the Galileo spacecraft are available at the mission's web site: http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.

Galileo was launched from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on October 18, 1989. It entered orbit around Jupiter on December 7, 1995. JPL manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. JPL is operated for NASA by the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

Contact: Jane Platt

November 4, 1999

New Galileo Images Reveal Hawaiian Style Volcano on Io

A volcanic crater several times larger than one found at Hawaii's Kilauea volcano has been photographed on Jupiter's moon Io during a close flyby performed by NASA's Galileo spacecraft.

"It appears that the Prometheus volcano on Io has characteristics remarkably similar to those of the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, although Prometheus is much larger," said Dr. Laszlo Keszthelyi (KEST-ay), a Galileo research associate at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. "Both volcanoes are long-lived eruptions, with flows that apparently travel through lava tubes and produce plumes when they interact with cooler materials."

The sharp images of Prometheus released today come from two of Galileo's onboard instruments -- the camera, and the near-infrared mapping spectrometer which observes in wavelengths not visible to the naked eye. The images were taken during the close flyby of Io by Galileo on October 10, 1999, and are part of a large batch of data currently being transmitted to Earth.

"We've been having a feast looking at the material from Io," said Dr. Rosaly Lopes-Gautier NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. "We have been waiting for such high-resolution images of Io for more than 10 years." Scientists will present an assortment of new images and describe their latest discoveries at a press briefing scheduled for November 19 at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.

Prometheus is the "Old Faithful" of Io's many volcanoes. It has been active during every observation over the past 20 years by NASA's Voyager and Galileo spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope. The new spectrometer images show two distinct hot spots at Prometheus -- a large one to the west and a fainter, cooler one to the east. The images reveal numerous lava flows near the western hot spot and enable scientists to identify a crater, or caldera, 28 kilometers (17 miles) long and 14 kilometers (9 miles) wide near the hot spot to the east.

Previously, it was thought that the 50 to 100 kilometer- (30 to 60 mile-) tall plume observed at Prometheus formed where the lava erupts onto the surface. Now, however, it now appears that the plume forms at the far end of the lava flows. The caldera and eastern hot spot are thought to be associated with the vent where the molten rock rises to the surface. It appears that after the lava reaches the surface, it is transported westward through lava tubes for about 100 kilometers (60 miles) before breaking out onto the surface again. Here, numerous lava flows wander across a plain covered with sulfur dioxide-rich snow. The plume is created by the interaction of the hot lava with the snow.

This plume feature is just one of several similarities between Prometheus and Hawaii's Kilauea. Volcanologists say that Prometheus has been erupting for more than 20 years and Kilauea has been erupting for more than 16 years. The current vent at Kilauea consists of a small lava lake about 100 meters (330 feet) across that produces a relatively small thermal hot spot. From this vent, lava is transported 10 kilometers (6 miles) in lava tubes to the Pacific Ocean where large steam plumes are generated by the interaction between the hot lava and the ocean. Galileo scientists believe the plume seen on the western end of Prometheus is similar to this Hawaiian steam plume, except the Ionian plume is composed largely of sulfur dioxide and rises much higher because of Io's low atmospheric density and gravity.

Another Io flyby, this time at an altitude of 300 kilometers (186 miles), is planned for November 25 at 8:40 p.m. Pacific Time (11:40 p.m. Eastern Time). (Times given are in Earth-received time -- or the time when the signal of the event is received on Earth.) The Io flybys are challenging and risky, because Io lies in an area of intense radiation from Jupiter's radiation belts, and that radiation can harm spacecraft components. Because of the risk, the flybys were scheduled for the final portion of Galileo's extended mission.

The new Io images are available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/io. Additional information and pictures taken by Galileo are available at the mission homepage at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.

The spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter and its moons for nearly four years, with its primary mission running from December 1995 until December 1997, followed by its current two-year extended mission. JPL manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. JPL is operated for NASA by the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.

Contact at JPL: Jane Platt 818-354-0880
Contact at Ames: Kathleen Burton 650-604-1731

November 17, 1999

Galileo Probe Results Suggest Jupiter Had an Ancient, Chilly Past

Jupiter's history may be much older and colder than previously believed, according to newly released findings from NASA's Galileo spacecraft published in the November 18 edition of the journal Nature.

"This new information might shake up our view of how the solar system formed," said Dr. Tobias Owen, astronomy professor at the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and a scientist on the Galileo probe neutral mass spectrometer instrument team. When Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995 and dropped a probe into the atmosphere of the huge, gaseous planet, the mass spectrometer measured the chemical composition of Jupiter's atmosphere.

In Jupiter's atmosphere, the spectrometer detected surprisingly high concentrations of argon, krypton and xenon, three chemical elements called noble gases because they are very independent and don't combine with other chemicals. Tiny traces of these gases are found in the air we breathe on Earth, and argon is sometimes used like neon in advertising signs.

The discovery of these gases in such high quantities at Jupiter raises questions about how they got there. "In order to catch these gases, Jupiter had to trap them physically by condensation or freezing," Owen said. This process, he said, requires extremely cold temperatures of about -240 degrees Celsius (-400 degrees Fahrenheit), colder than the surface of Pluto, the planet farthest from the Sun. Planetesimals (small objects orbiting the Sun) in the Kuiper Belt beyond Pluto would be this cold, but Jupiter is more than six times closer to the Sun and thus is much warmer. For this reason, Jupiter could not have been the site where the three noble gases were originally trapped.

"This raises some intriguing possibilities," Owen said. "One explanation suggests that Jupiter was formed out in the area around the Kuiper Belt and was dragged inward to its present location. Another possibility is that the solar nebula, a huge cloud of gas and dust from which our solar system formed, was much colder than scientists believe. A third hypothesis proposes that the solid materials that brought these noble gases to Jupiter began forming in the original huge, interstellar cloud of gas and dust even before it collapsed to form the solar nebula. That would make these icy materials older and more primitive than we had expected."

"If either of the last two hypotheses turns out to be correct, it would suggest that giant planets can form closer to their stars than current theories predict," Owen said. "This could help explain the new observations of planetary systems around other stars, in which such close-in giant planets are relatively common."

"These new Galileo probe results provide new insights into how planets form in the solar system and around other stars," said Galileo project scientist Dr. Torrence Johnson of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA.

"Measuring the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere was a primary scientific objective of the probe, because we knew it could change our understanding of Jupiter's formation and evolution," said Galileo probe project scientist Dr. Richard Young of NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. "These latest probe results have done exactly that, and the measurements are the sort that could only have been obtained by in-situ measurements from an entry probe."

Owen's co-authors on the Nature article are: Drs. Paul Mahaffy and Hasso Niemann of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, Drs. Sushil Atreya and Thomas Donahue of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Dr. Akiva Bar-Nun of the University of Tel Aviv, Israel, and Dr. Imke de Pater of the University of California, Berkeley. Although the data were collected by the Galileo probe in December 1995, careful and thorough analysis was necessary in Earth laboratories to verify the findings.

When it dropped 156 kilometers (97 miles) through Jupiter's atmosphere, the Galileo probe relayed data back to the main Galileo spacecraft more than 209,215 kilometers (130,000 miles) overhead for storage and transmission to Earth. The probe operated longer than expected during its descent deep into the atmosphere, but was finally overcome by Jupiter's high temperatures and pressures.

The Galileo spacecraft, meanwhile, has been orbiting Jupiter and its moons for nearly four years, beaming back to Earth thousands of pictures and a wealth of scientific data. Its two-year, primary mission ended in December 1997, but it was followed by the current, two-year extended mission.

Artist's concepts of the Galileo spacecraft and probe can be accessed at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/solar/gllartist.html. Further information and images about the Galileo mission can be accessed at http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.

The Galileo Project is managed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Galileo atmospheric probe is managed by Ames Research Center.

The spacecraft flies past Callisto first at 1:10 am PDT-SCET (1:43 am PDT-ERT, see Note 1) at a distance of 1.2 million kilometers (0.75 million miles). Approximately four hours later, the spacecraft makes its closest approach to Ganymede at a distance of 923,000 kilometers (574,000 miles). Eight and a half hours after Ganymede, the spacecraft flies past Europa at a distance of 221,000 kilometers (137,000 miles). Two and a half hours prior to Io closest approach, the spacecraft flies past Jupiter at a distance of 5.5 Jupiter Radii (393,000 kilometers or 244,000 miles). Saving the best for last, the spacecraft flies past Io at 9:33 pm PDT-SCET (10:06 pm PDT-ERT), skimming past the fiery moon's surface at a distance of 612 km (380 miles).

The Photopolarimeter Radiometer (PPR) performs the first remote sensing observation and the first observation directly related to the Io flyby. The observation captures data covering the entire globe of Io, with the objective of obtaining measurements for scientists to perform thermal studies, including the determination of hot spot and passive background temperatures.

Just after 12:06 pm PDT-ERT, the radio science team begins to carefully measure changes in the frequency of Galileo's radio signal. The changes are caused by Io's gravitational pull on the spacecraft, and the resulting Doppler shift in Galileo's radio signal. The radio scientists will track these changes for almost 20 hours, centered on the point of closest approach to Io, and will use the measurements to refine models of Io's gravity field and internal structure.

Six hours before Io, the Fields and Particles instruments begin a five hour, high resolution recording of the Io torus. The Io torus is a region of intense plasma and radiation activity, in which there are strong magnetic and electric fields. The recording will sample the torus from approximately 6.4 Jupiter radii (458,000 kilometers or 284,000 miles) through Jupiter closest approach at 5.5 Jupiter radii and then back outward to Io at 5.9 Jupiter radii (422,000 kilometers or 262,000 miles). This will be the deepest passage through the Io torus since the spacecraft's arrival at Jupiter in December 1995. The data acquired during this recording will be used to understand the structure and dynamics of plasma, dust, and electric and magnetic fields in the torus region. They are also important for understanding the overall dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere.

The PPR resumes remote sensing with two more observations of Io's surface. PPR first targets the Acala region and then the Loki region. Both regions are on Io's night side at the time, allowing scientists to separate thermal radiation due to volcanism at Io's surface from thermal radiation due to passive solar heating of the surface during Io daytime.

Starting 50 minutes prior to closest approach to Io, the Fields and Particles instruments record their data to the tape recorder for 65 minutes. As they did during the Io torus recording, the instruments acquire measurements describing the plasma, dust, and electric and magnetic fields surrounding Io, including electromagnetic waves and radio signals. These data will assist scientists with studies of the Io ionosphere and its interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere. Measurements made by individual instruments can be combined to better understand processes such as particle pickup by the magnetic field, and thermal and non-thermal plasma interactions near Io.

The PPR then takes another look at Io and the volcanic region Loki. Looking again at the moon's night side, the observation provides more data that will allow scientists to separate thermal radiation effects from passive heating due to sunlight. The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) also looks at Loki while the volcano is still on Io's night side. The observation is designed to search for thermal emissions from the volcano's caldera.

The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer then begins a series of observations performed in conjunction with the Solid-State Imaging camera (SSI). Together, the pair of instruments take turns looking at the same target on Io's surface. Their first target is the Pele volcanic region, which is on Io's night side during the observation. The NIMS searches for thermal emissions from the Pele caldera, while the SSI captures high-resolution images of the region. The images are take in the dark wit h the hope of catching hot glowing lava near Pele's volcanic vent. The instruments' next target is the Pillan volcanic region. The view provided by the spacecraft is somewhat oblique, but provides good low-sun illumination. The SSI obtains some high-resolution images of the region, while the NIMS continues to look for thermal emissions. These are the final observations performed prior to the spacecraft's close flyby of Io.

Observations of the Colchis Montes region are the first performed by the NIMS and SSI in full sunlight. These dayside observations allow the NIMS to gather data describing the composition of the surface, while the SSI continues to take high resolution images. High resolution imagery and surface composition observations continue with a look at the Zamama volcanic vent, followed by the Prometheus volcanic vent and associated lava flows. A comparison of clear and green filter images of Prometheus are expected to reveal unresolved lava and allow scientists to determine surface temperatures.

The instrument pair then returns to the Colchis Montes region with a wider, lower resolution observation that should provide a context for the higher resolution data. Next on the schedule is an observation of Tohil Mons, followed by a return to the Prometheus region. The SSI observation at Prometheus is in color, and will be combined with the previous set of images to provide stereo coverage. The NIMS and SSI pair then take another look at the Zamama volcanic vent, providing coverage of a wider region as context for the higher resolution observations performed earlier. The next target to present itself is Dorian Mons, which is characterized by greenish colored deposits. The Dorian, Tohil and Colchis features are mountains, whose geological structure, origin and history are presently unknown.

After Dorian Mons, the NIMS and SSI obtain moderate resolution images and spectrometer scans of the Amirani, Skythia, and Gish Bar regions. The instrument pair then looks at a region of Io's surface near the sun terminator (or line dividing night from day). The oblique lighting provides conditions that are optimal for studying the topography of a region containing the Hi'iaka caldera.

As the spacecraft recedes from the fiery moon, the PPR returns to the observation schedule with a regional observation of the Amirani and Maui regions. The observation provides scientists with the opportunity to study the stability of surface volatiles on the moon. The NIMS also performs a regional observation of Io designed to study surface composition and detect thermal emissions.

In a final pairing for the day, the NIMS and SSI take a look at the Pillan plume. The observation looks back at the Pillan hot spot as it sits on Io's limb. If Pillan is active, its plume should be visible against the dark sky above the limb, providing scientists with the best look to date at a plume's size, shape, and composition.

The last observation of the day is performed by the PPR. A regional observation that captures the Bland, Prometheus, and Cullan regions in a North-South strip, it is also designed to study the stability of the surface volatiles on the moon.

BUT WAIT! The excitement does not conclude with today's activity. Tune in tomorrow to find out what else will happen during this thirteenth encounter of the Galileo Europa Mission!

Note 1. Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) is 7 hours behind Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT). The time when an event occurs at the spacecraft is known as Spacecraft Event Time (SCET). The time at which radio signals reach Earth indicating that an event has occured is known as Earth Received Time (ERT). Currently, it takes Galileo's radio signals 33 minutes to travel between the spacecraft and Earth.

Oops, brain fade!!! Here it is:

http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/dansoftware.html

Rudi

Hi all,

came across a very handy URL. Hope it's of use to some of you.

Clear skies,

Rudi

Just testing.

Joe Mark

===
e-mail- volcanopele@...
         kenny_the_tarantula@...
website- http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/3575
-----------------------------------------------
"People will take anything if you package it right"
                                      -Kurt Cobain
-----------------------------------------------
__________________________________________________
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Here are the results of the vote:

1. Europa 	 1
2. Io 	 1

Choose your favorite moon of Jupiter from the choices.  Vote at
http://www.egroups.com/list/jupiter_list/info.html  .  Click on Polls!
----

Please select one of the following:

    o Io
    o Europa
    o Ganymede
    o Callisto
    o Amalthea
    o Sinope
    o Metis
    o Galileo


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    http://www.egroups.com/vote?id=935006219538

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