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#33 From: "Mark Anthony" <newcluepage@...>
Date: Mon Jan 8, 2007 8:59 pm
Subject: Monkey thoughts control computer 		newcluepage
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Monkey thoughts control computer
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1871803.stm

The monkeys controlled a video game with brain waves

Scientists in the US have developed a device which allows monkeys to
control a video game by thought alone.


Our goal is to use brain plans... as a control signal for someone
who is paralysed

Brown University scientist
The research at Brown University, Rhode Island, like several studies
before it, demonstrates that brain patterns can be harnessed to
operate machines.

It could be of tremendous value to paraplegics - allowing them, for
example, to control replacement artificial limbs simply by thinking.

The machine the scientists used was akin to a computer game, in
which the monkeys chased a red dot around a screen with a purple
one.

Small pea

At first, the monkeys used a joystick to move the dots around. But
after a while the joystick was disconnected, and the animals - who
had not realised this - continued moving the dots around by thought
alone.

The scientists said this was possible because an electrode - about
the size of a small pea - had been implanted into the monkeys'
brains.

This recorded signals from their motor cortex - an area of the brain
that controls movement - as they moved the joystick.

The scientists then analysed the signals with a mathematical
formula, "translated" them and fed the signals directly into the
computer, where they were reconstructed into directions.

It is not the first time scientists have harnessed brain power to
control movement.

Hope for paralysed

Humans have already been implanted with a similar device that allows
control of a cursor.

In 1998, for example, researchers at Emory University in Atlanta
reported that a paralysed man was able to use a small glass implant
in his brain to operate a computerised voice synthesizer that
allowed him to communicate.

Another study has shown how the brainwaves of a monkey in one lab
can be fed down a line to control a robotic arm in another lab many
kilometres away.

And similar studies have been carried out with rodents.

Future applications

However, the latest experiment was significant because the set of
thin wires used was less bulky and worked by measuring fewer
neurons.

The researchers say their work could have many significant
applications.

Using thought alone to control a cursor could allow a paralysed
individual, for example, to read e-mail or surf the internet. It
might even be possible to use thoughts to control robotic devices to
carry out some simple physical tasks.

Mijail Serruya, who led the Brown University scientists, said: "Our
goal is to make sense of how brain [signals] move a hand through
space and to use that information as a control signal for someone
who is paralysed.

"We want to provide some freedom to these individuals."

The latest experiment was reported in the journal Nature.

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#32 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
Date: Mon Jan 8, 2007 9:06 pm
Subject: Communicating with "thought power" 		newcluepage
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Sci/Tech

Communicating with 'thought power'

Bionic brain implants allowing a computer to be operated by the power of thought, have been developed by American scientists.
Researchers at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, achieved the breakthrough by implanting hollow glass cone electrodes inside the brain's motor cortex - the part of the brain which controls movement - into which nerve cells grow and attach themselves.

Team leader Dr Philip Kennedy: "It is like training yourself to play tennis"
Two severely disabled volunteers who received the implants were able to control the cursor on a computer screen just by thinking about moving parts of their body.
Pointing the cursor at particular icons allowed them to communicate, making the computer voice phrases such as "I'm thirsty" or "please turn off the light".
The team hopes that as the technique is developed, the icons on the computer screen could perform more advanced functions, such as moving an artificial limb.
Simply by thinking of the movement, the computer could do what the body no longer can.

John Cavanagh, International Spinal Research Trust, interviewed on BBC One O'clock News
However, the leader of the team, Dr Philip Kennedy, said the system would not be widely available for some time.
"It is going to take many more patients ... I don't think people should get their hopes up too high yet. I think it's going to take several years," he said.
No wires
Each implant consists of a hollow glass cone about the size of a ball-point pen tip.

The BBC's Science Correspondent Pallab Ghosh explains how the implants work
The cones are laced with neurotrophic chemicals extracted from the patient's own knees which encourage nerve growth.
Over several months, the implant becomes naturally 'wired' into the patient's brain as neurones grow into the cones and attach themselves to the electrodes mounted inside.
When the person thinks of an action which would normally occur through the nervous system, it is transmitted from the electrode to the computer.
An FM transmitter under the scalp transmits the signal without wires, and power induction means no batteries are needed.
"We transmit that out, process the signals, feed it back to the patient, so he can hear the activity, and also see the cursor move. So he is learning to move the cursor from one icon to the other," Dr Kennedy explained.
More funding
The first volunteer was a woman with Lou Gehrig's disease, a neurodegenerative condition that gradually robs victims of their ability to move.
She received the implants 18 months ago and has since died of her disease.
A second volunteer, a 57-year-old man almost totally paralysed by a stroke, received the implants six months ago.
The team has now been promised funding by the US National Institutes of Health to continue the research with three more patients.

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#31 From: "Mark Anthony" <newcluepage@...>
Date: Mon Jan 8, 2007 8:53 pm
Subject: New Technique Developed For Deciphering Brain Recordings Can Capture Thinking As 		newcluepage
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New Technique Developed For Deciphering Brain Recordings Can Capture
Thinking As It Happens
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/06/040615075143.htm


Science Daily —
    A team led by University of California San Diego neurobiologists
has developed a new approach to interpreting brain
electroencephalograms, or EEGs, that provides an unprecedented view
of thought in action and has the potential to advance our
understanding of disorders like epilepsy and autism.


Image of the brain with colored spheres indicating clusters of
activity. (Photo Credit: Scott Makeig)Ads by Google Advertise on
this site

The new information processing and visualization methods that make
it possible to follow activation in different areas of the brain
dynamically are detailed in a paper featured on the cover of the
June 15 issue of the journal Public Library of Science Biology
(plos.org) The significance of the advance is that thought processes
occur on the order of milliseconds--thousandths of a second--but
current brain imaging techniques, such as functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging and traditional EEGs, are averaged over seconds.
This provides a "blurry" picture of how the neural circuits in the
brain are activated, just as a picture of waves breaking on the
shore would be a blur if it were created from the average of
multiple snapshots.

"Our paper is the culmination of eight years of work to find a new
way to parse EEG data and identify the individual signals coming
from different areas of the brain," says lead author Scott Makeig, a
research scientist in UCSD's Institute for Neural Computation of the
Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience . "This much more
comprehensive view of brain dynamics was only made possible by
exploiting recent advances in mathematics and increases in computing
power. We expect many clinical applications to flow from the method
and have begun collaborations to study patients with epilepsy and
autism."

To take an EEG, recording electrodes--small metal disks--are
attached to the scalp. These electrodes can detect the tiny
electrical impulses nerve cells in the brain send to communicate
with each other. However, interpreting the pattern of electrical
activity recorded by the electrodes is complicated because each
scalp electrode indiscriminately sums all of the electrical signals
it detects from the brain and non-brain sources, like muscles in the
scalp and the eyes.

"The challenge of interpreting an EEG is that you have a composite
of signals from all over the brain and you need to find out what
sources actually contributed to the pattern," explains Makeig. "It
is a bit like listening in on a cocktail party and trying to isolate
the sound of each voice. We found that it is possible, using a
mathematical technique called Independent Component Analysis, to
separate each signal or "voice" in the brain by just treating the
voices as separate sources of information, but without other prior
knowledge about each voice."

Independent component analysis, or ICA, looks at the distinctiveness
of activity in each patch of the brain's cortex. It uses this
information to determine the location of the patch and separate out
the signals from non-brain sources. Because ICA can distinguish
signals that are active at the same time, it makes it possible to
identify the electrical signals in the brain that correspond to the
brain telling the muscles to take an action --which in the paper was
deciding whether or not to press a button in response to an image
flashed on a computer screen--and to separate this signal from the
signals the brain uses to evaluate the consequences of that action.

According to Makeig, UCSD was a leader in developing the earlier
methods of interpreting EEGs forty years ago. "The new, more
general 'ICA' method continues this tradition of UCSD excellence in
cognitive electrophysiology research," he says.


The coauthors on the paper, in addition to Makeig, include Arnaud
Delorme and Tzyy-Ping Jung, Swartz Center for Computational
Neuroscience; Marissa Westerfield and Jeanne Townsend, UCSD's
Department of Neurosciences; Eric Courchesne, Children's Hospital
Research Center and UCSD's Department of Neurosciences; and Terrence
Sejnowski, UCSD professor of biology and Howard Hughes Medical
Institute professor at the Swartz Center for Computational
Neuroscience and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. The
study was funded by the Swartz Foundation, the National Institutes
of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Software for performing the EEG analysis is openly available at no
cost at http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab.

Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by
University Of California - San Diego.

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#28 From: "anita grayson" <terra13@...>
Date: Sun Jan 7, 2007 6:20 pm
Subject: They Want ot Read Our Minds 		aeg242000
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They want to read our minds

At UIC, a powerful new MRI machine may offer the clearest view yet of the human mind working at the speed of thought

By Ronald Kotulak
Tribune science reporter
Published December 31, 2006

At 40 tons, the new functional magnetic resonance imaging machine at the University of Illinois at Chicago is one of the world's largest and most powerful.

But what really sets it apart, scientists say, is its ability to track the firing of individual neurons in the brain--that is, to watch thoughts form in real time.

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That capability could be a boon to diagnosing and treating strokes, Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia and other mental disorders. It also could help people become smarter by discovering how the brain learns best. And it could aid scientists in building intelligent computers that function more along the lines of the brain.

The ultimate goal, however, said Dr. Keith Thulborn, director of the Center for MR Research at UIC, which houses the magnet, is to be able to find out what people are thinking.

"We'd like to get to the stage of reading thoughts," he said. "At the moment all we can do is look at the response of the brain to a particular stimulus. The next step, which we'd all like to get to, is what actually has been processed. Is it the time of day? Is he actually reading a sentence? Which word in the sentence is he understanding?"

Magnetic resonance machines have revolutionized brain imaging in the last 20 years because of their ability to provide exquisite pictures of the brain's structure and broad function. The biggest MRI machines typically used in medical research generate a field of up to 3 tesla, a measure of magnetic strength.

To look at how the brain works in fine detail, from neuron to neuron, a huge magnet is needed. The one at UIC is 9.4 tesla.

At 100,000 times the strength of the Earth's magnetic field, the UIC magnet is so strong it pulls on the steel shanks in the shoes of people who come near it. If it weren't for a 520-ton steel shield encasing the magnet, people would be able to feel its fringe magnetic field a couple of blocks away.

The targets sit in the magnet's hollow core, and they are much smaller: the sodium ions in the brain that generate the electrical charges powering our thoughts.



Following the sodium

The UIC machine is the first to be able to follow the flow of sodium, allowing it to see the firing of individual brain cells instantaneously. Other brain imaging machines follow water--the main ingredient in blood--and that means a time lag.

Neurons will register a flash of light in 100 milliseconds, for instance, but the flow of blood that accompanies this activity is comparatively slow, taking two to five seconds.

Thulborn was the first person to have his brain imaged in the new machine four months ago. "It was very satisfying," he said. "What people said couldn't be done was actually done." He could see that billions and billions of neurons were working busily in his brain. A very reassuring image: "My brain is tightly packed."

Since then, he and his team have learned to slide test subjects into the machine very slowly. The magnetic field is so great that a fast or jerky movement can cause an unwanted stimulation of the brain cells, making people see flashing lights, sense a metallic taste or feel dizzy.

Thulborn spent 10 years designing the ambitious machine, which costs more than $10 million and was funded by the state of Illinois, the National Institutes of Health and GE Healthcare. The big superconducting magnet and the advanced imaging system were custom-built to his specifications by companies that have since been acquired by GE.

To prevent vibrations from outside traffic or construction from interfering with delicate measurements, the magnet sits on a thick free-standing concrete slab supported by eight caissons sunk 60 feet into clay.



Unlocking the thought process

Now that the machine is running and going through safety tests, Thulborn anticipates that in time, it will reveal some of the mind's deepest secrets: how we make decisions, how we perceive things, how we process language.

Tracking precisely what happens in the brain as people experience sights, sounds, smells, tastes and touch could reveal how memories get started, where they go to be analyzed for their emotional significance, where they are stored and how they are recalled.

"That obviously has implications for an understanding of what it is to be a human being, what it is about our brains that makes us the way we are," said Michael Rugg, director of the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory at the University of California, Irvine, who uses a 3-tesla machine to study memory. "And it obviously has important implications for an understanding of why different kinds of disease processes give rise to impairments in these everyday functions."

 


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#27 From: "PeachStatePam" <figment@...>
Date: Sun Jan 7, 2007 4:52 am
Subject: Hepatitis C ! 		figment_4
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Hello Mark.   I too saw a post at a Hepatitis C group for your forum
and will *return the favor* as someone else posted and put all my
links here as well.    Since I am a R. EEG T.  I will probably hang
out for a bit and read some of your interesting posts.   I haven't
worked in the field for awhile though since I have become disabled
due to Hepatitis C.   Perhaps from sticking 22 needle electrodes into
people's heads before universal precautions in the 60's.

Peace
Pam
President
H.E.A.L.S of North Georgia
http://www.HEALSofNGA.org
http://www.HEALSoftheSouth.org (under construction)

North Florida Chapter
http://www.HEALSofNFL.bravehost.com

Pam's Hep C Links Page (original now archived)
http://web.archive.org/web/20030202172344/http://www.diac.com/~ekwall2
/hepchat/links.shtml

Florida Online Support Group
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/FLHepCSupport

Georgia Online Support Group
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/GAHepCSupport

HepCingles2 for ALL!
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/HepCingles2

Delphi HepCingles
http://forums.prospero.com/HepCingles/start

HepCNetNewsletter
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/HepCnetNewsletter

Member, National Hepatitis C Advocacy Council
Member, National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable
Member, Georgia Hepatitis C Working Group
Member, Florida Safe Access Committee
Member, Georgia Hepatitis Education Group
Member, Florida Legislative Health Committee
Member, Coalition to Protect Health Care Access

Read about Hepatitis C Epidemic Prevention and Control Act at:
http://hepcchallenge.org/S521.htm

Write your Senator in 1 minute at:
http://hepcchallenge.org/resourcecenter1.htm

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#26 From: "Elaine Merrill" <NWRaven@...>
Date: Sun Jan 7, 2007 1:20 am
Subject: mind reading technology 		NWRaven@...
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(This technology started in the lab to help people with disabilities, now it is used in a much larger scale)
 
Mind-reading technology Boston.com

 
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#25 From: lucy smith <walessheeppink@...>
Date: Sat Jan 6, 2007 7:22 pm
Subject: Re: RE:Absolutely Fascinating Forum 		walessheeppink
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I did not know about this sort of research being used
before this forum,though I regularly read scientific
data and research papers,it always amazes me,when yet
another scientific invention is born,so to speak as I
live and breathe Science and Physics.
I thank you for the thanks!!no worrys looking forward
to seeing others post too hopefully
--- mark marks <newcluepage@...> wrote:

> fascinating to me also, did you know about such
> research before this group?
>   Thinks for the post, you was one of the first
> group members to post.
>
>
>
> walessheeppink <walessheeppink@...> wrote:
>           Wow I feel really at home here,its an
> absolutely fascinating forum
> Bless you Lucy
>
>
>
>
>
>  __________________________________________________
> Do You Yahoo!?
> Tired of spam?  Yahoo! Mail has the best spam
> protection around
> http://mail.yahoo.com


Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com

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#24 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
Date: Sat Jan 6, 2007 3:10 pm
Subject: Re: RE:Absolutely Fascinating Forum 		newcluepage
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fascinating to me also, did you know about such research before this group?
Thinks for the post, you was one of the first group members to post.
 
 

walessheeppink <walessheeppink@...> wrote:
Wow I feel really at home here,its an absolutely fascinating forum
Bless you Lucy


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#23 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 7:44 pm
Subject: Happy,Sad seen by FMRI 		newcluepage
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Photo of a happy brain 
 
 

     
Photo of a sad brain 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

 

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#22 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 7:32 pm
Subject: Thought-Driven Wheelchair 		newcluepage
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Cyberkinetics' BrainGate System Enables Thought-Driven Communication Device and Wheelchair Control for First Stroke Participant in Pilot Clinical Trial

Oct 15 2006, 3:00 PM EST

BIOWIRE
Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc. (OTCBB:CYKN) (Cyberkinetics) announced that John P. Donoghue, Ph.D., Cyberkinetics' Chief Scientific Officer, presented preliminary findings from three participants in Cyberkinetics' pilot trial of the BrainGate Neural Interface System (BrainGate) at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Atlanta, Georgia. Dr. Donoghue provided preliminary scientific results related to one of the participants who is unable to move or speak due to a brainstem stroke. This participant was able to achieve BrainGate-enabled control of a communication device and to demonstrate the initial proof-of-concept of the ability to remotely operate a wheelchair using her thoughts. In addition, Dr. Donoghue reported that significant progress has been achieved in the development of neural signal-control filters that improve the speed and accuracy of the participant's cursor control.
"Throughout the study, we have used the information we are gathering about the functionality of the BrainGate System to enhance the system's performance, which has resulted in increased speed and accuracy of the participant's cursor control," said John P. Donoghue, Ph.D., Founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Cyberkinetics and Professor, Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. "The BrainGate System has a useful brain sensor with improved decoding and interface software capable of controlling a computer cursor with click action. The initial demonstration that BrainGate System can be used to remotely operate a motorized wheelchair supports the breadth of the technology's ultimate potential, where the same device can be used for the simple and relatively complex tasks that are important in everyday life."
"We continue to make progress toward accomplishing the goals of the BrainGate pilot trials by generating data to evaluate the level of useful control that participants can achieve with the device and demonstrating its initial safety profile," commented Timothy R. Surgenor, Cyberkinetics' President and Chief Executive Officer. "These early results move us toward our ultimate goal of providing a fast, reliable and unobtrusive connection between the brain of a severely disabled person and a personal computer. Although a number of important and difficult challenges remain to be overcome, we have now been able to demonstrate that this powerful interface can be applied to operate a variety of practical, external devices for those with a wide range of nervous system conditions and injuries."
Summary of Preliminary Results
In his abstract, "BrainGate neuromotor prosthesis: First experience by a person with brainstem stroke," Dr. Donoghue presented preliminary results from three participants in the pilot trial of the BrainGate System in those with spinal cord injury, stroke and muscular dystrophy. Dr. Donoghue reported that significant progress that has been achieved in the development of neural signal-control filters that improve the speed and accuracy of the participant's cursor control. Due to these improvements, the participant with a brainstem stroke was able to operate a commercially available communications device, as well as remote control of a motorized wheelchair using the BrainGate System and her own thoughts. In addition, Dr. Donoghue noted that all four participants in two separate pilot trials, including the first participant in the BrainGate ALS clinical trial, were able to modulate their own neural signals, or thoughts about movement, in order to control a computer cursor, as well as other appliances such as televisions and lamps.
In addition to his role as Chief Scientific Officer at Cyberkinetics, Dr. Donoghue is a co-founder of Cyberkinetics and Professor and Director of the Brain Science Program at Brown University.
A copy of Dr. Donoghue's abstract is available from Cyberkinetics' website in the Media Kit at www.cyberkineticsinc.com. For specific information about BrainGate(TM) clinical trials please send an email to braingateinfo@....
About the BrainGate System
The BrainGate Neural Interface System is a proprietary, investigational brain-computer interface (BCI) that consists of an internal sensor to detect brain cell activity and external processors that convert these brain signals into a computer-mediated output under the person's own control. The sensor is a tiny silicon chip about the size of a baby aspirin with one hundred electrodes, each thinner than a human hair, that can detect the electrical activity of neurons. The sensor is implanted on the surface of the area of the brain responsible for movement, the motor cortex. A small wire connects the sensor to a pedestal that is placed on the skull, extending through the scalp. An external cable connects the pedestal to a cart containing computers, signal processors and monitors that enable the study operators to determine how well study participants can control devices driven by their neural output - that is, by thought alone. The ultimate goal of the BrainGate System development program is to create a safe, effective and unobtrusive universal operating system that will enable those with motor impairments resulting from a variety of causes to quickly and reliably control a wide range of devices, including computers, assistive technologies and medical devices, simply by using their thoughts.
A pilot study of the BrainGate System is currently underway in those with severe paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI), muscular dystrophy, or with "locked-in" syndrome (tetraplegia and the inability to speak) secondary to stroke. A second pilot study is currently enrolling individuals with ALS or other motor neuron diseases at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.
About Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc.
Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc., a leader in the neurotechnology industry, is developing neural stimulation, sensing and processing technology to improve the lives of those with severe paralysis resulting from spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders and other conditions of the nervous system. Cyberkinetics' product development pipeline includes: the Andara(TM) Oscillating Field Stimulator (OFS) Device, an investigative device designed to stimulate regeneration of the neural tissue surrounding the spinal cord; the BrainGate System, an investigative device designed to provide communication and control of a computer, assistive devices, and, ultimately, limb movement; and the FDA cleared-to-market NeuroPort(TM) System, a neural monitor designed for acute inpatient applications and labeled for temporary (less than 30 days) recording and monitoring of brain electrical activity. Additional Information is available at Cyberkinetics' website at http://www.cyberkineticsinc.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This announcement contains forward-looking statements, including statements about Cyberkinetics' product development plans and progress. These statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "believe," "expect," "anticipate" or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements and reported results shall not be considered an indication of our future performance. Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include our limited operating history; our lack of profits from operations; our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our proposed products; a lengthy approval process and the uncertainty of FDA and other governmental regulatory requirements; clinical trials may fail to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our products; the degree and nature of our competition; our ability to employ and retain qualified employees; compliance with recent legislation regarding corporate governance, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; as well as those risks more fully discussed in our public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, all of which are difficult to predict and some of which are beyond our control.

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#21 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 7:17 pm
Subject: Human Computer Interfacing Resources 		newcluepage
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Human Computer Interfacing Resources


Computer Control Techniques


EEG Computer Interfaces

EMG Computer Interfaces

    Multi-Sensor Computer Interfaces


    Neural Computer Interfaces

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    #20 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 6:18 pm
    Subject: BrainGate Chip     		newcluepage
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    BrainGate

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrainGate 

    Jump to: navigation, search
    Dummy unit illustrating the design of a BrainGate interface
    Dummy unit illustrating the design of a BrainGate interface
    BrainGate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company Cyberkinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. The device was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions, such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinal cord injury. The computer chip, which is implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands.

    Currently the chip uses 100 hair-thin electrodes that 'hear' neurons firing in specific areas of the brain, for example, the area that controls arm movement. The activity is translated into electrically charged signals and are then sent and decoded using a program, which can move either a robotic arm or a computer cursor. According to the Cyberkinetics' website, three patients have been implanted with the BrainGate system. The company has confirmed that one patient (Matt Nagle) has a spinal cord injury, whilst another has advanced ALS.

    In addition to real-time analysis of neuron patterns to relay movement, the Braingate array is also capable of recording electrical data for later analysis. A potential use of this feature would be for a neurologist to study seizure patterns in a patient with epilepsy.
    Braingate is currently recruiting patients with a range of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative conditions for pilot clinical trials in the United States.[1]

    [edit] See also

    [edit] External links

    BrainGate Chip
     

    BrainGate™ Neural Interface System

    The BrainGate™ Neural Interface System is currently the subject of a pilot clinical trial being conducted under an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) from the FDA. The system is designed to restore functionality for a limited, immobile group of severely motor-impaired individuals. It is expected that people using the BrainGate™ System will employ a personal computer as the gateway to a range of self-directed activities. These activities may extend beyond typical computer functions (e.g., communication) to include the control of objects in the environment such as a telephone, a television and lights.
    The BrainGate™ System is based on Cyberkinetics' platform technology to sense, transmit, analyze and apply the language of neurons. The System consists of a sensor that is implanted on the motor cortex of the brain and a device that analyzes brain signals. The principle of operation behind the BrainGate™ System is that with intact brain function, brain signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs. The signals are interpreted and translated into cursor movements, offering the user an alternate "BrainGate™ pathway" to control a computer with thought, just as individuals who have the ability to move their hands use a mouse.
    Cyberkinetics is further developing the BrainGate™ System to potentially provide limb movement to people with severe motor disabilities. The goal of this development program would be to allow these individuals to one day use their own arms and hands again. Limb movement developments are currently at the research stage and are not available for use with the existing BrainGate™ System. In addition Cyberkinetics is developing products to allow for robotic control, such as a thought-controlled wheelchair.
    In the future, the BrainGate™ System could be used by those individuals whose injuries are less severe. Next generation products may be able to provide an individual with the ability to control devices that allow breathing, bladder and bowel movements.
    The BrainGate™ Neural Interface System is an investigational device. It is not approved for sale and is available only through a clinical study.
     

    BrainGate™ Clinical Trials

    Partnering with leading rehabilitation centers in Boston, Chicago and Providence, Cyberkinetics is currently recruiting patients to enroll in a pilot clinical trial of the BrainGate™ Neural Interface System.
    The BrainGate™ System is designed to provide a means for people with severe motor impairment a new method to communicate with a computer directly with their thoughts. As an investigational device, the BrainGate™ System is only offered through the clinical trial and is not commercially available.
    To learn more about the Cyberkinetics’ clinical trials, please contact braingateinfo@....
    Click here to see who is eligible for the US pilot study of the BrainGate™ System for spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, “locked-in syndrome” and stroke.
    Click here to see who is eligible for the US pilot study of the BrainGate™ System for motor neuron disease, including ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or Lou Gehrig’s disease).
    View a BrainGate™ System educational animation by clicking here.
     
     

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    #19 From: not me <nocluepage@...>
    Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 12:38 am
    Subject: Peter Robinson - Mind-reading machines     		nocluepage
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    Peter Robinson - Mind-reading machines
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/rainbow/emotions/mind-reading.html

Automatic inference of complex mental states

Promotional material for the silent screen star
Florence Lawrence displaying a range of emotions
People express their mental states, including
emotions, thoughts, and desires, all the time through
facial expressions, vocal nuances and gestures. This
is true even when they are interacting with machines.
Our mental states shape the decisions that we make,
govern how we communicate with others, and affect our
performance. The ability to attribute mental states to
others from their behaviour, and to use that knowledge
to guide our own actions and predict those of others
is known as theory of mind or mind-reading. It has
recently gained attention with the growing number of
people with Autism Spectrum Conditions, who have
difficulties mind-reading.

Existing human-computer interfaces are mind-blind —
oblivious to the user’s mental states and intentions.
A computer may wait indefinitely for input from a user
who is no longer there, or decide to do irrelevant
tasks while a user is frantically working towards an
imminent deadline. As a result, existing computer
technologies often frustrate the user, have little
persuasive power and cannot initiate interactions with
the user. Even if they do take the initiative, like
the now retired Microsoft Paperclip, they are often
misguided and irrelevant, and simply frustrate the
user. With the increasing complexity of computer
technologies and the ubiquity of mobile and wearable
devices, there is a need for machines that are aware
of the user’s mental state and that adaptively respond
to these mental states.
  Read MOre at
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/rainbow/emotions/mind-reading.html

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    #18 From: "indiana_ghosthunter" <indiana_ghosthunter@...>
    Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 4:17 pm
    Subject: Hello :)     		indiana_ghos...
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    Hi Mark. You posted an advertisment and link to your group, in your
message, at Indianapolis Area Ghost Research Group so we thought we
would return the favor :)
Have a nice day!

INDIANAPOLIS AREA GHOST RESEARCH - Not Just For Indiana - All Are
Welcome
Description: Exploration and examination of all things paranormal:

Discussing experiences, sharing information and gaining insight. Lots
of eerie photos to see and still room to add your own.

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/indianapolisareaghostresearch/

    Reply | Forward | Messages in this Topic (1)
    #17 From: "walessheeppink" <walessheeppink@...>
    Date: Wed Jan 3, 2007 10:25 am
    Subject: RE:Absolutely Fascinating Forum     		walessheeppink
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    Wow I feel really at home here,its an absolutely fascinating forum
Bless you Lucy

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    #16 From: "Mark Anthony" <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Tue Jan 2, 2007 6:29 pm
    Subject: New Group Folder     		newcluepage
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    This folder for links about Brain FIngerprinting \\
The group will soon have other subjects in Such as braingate chip
implant in folders.
Brain FingerPrinting
All About
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/mindreadingtechnology/message/15

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    #15 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Fri Dec 29, 2006 12:26 am
    Subject: Brain FingerPrinting     		newcluepage
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    Brain fingerprinting. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search ... Psychology Today article on Brain Fingerprinting ...
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_fingerprinting - 31k - Cached - More from this site
    __________________________________________________________________
     
    Brain Fingerprinting
    "Brain Fingerprinting," a computer-based method of memory detection, and its use in a small number of criminal cases, have significant implications for cognitive liberty.  In the aftermath of 9/11, Brain Fingerprinting has received fresh billing from its advocates and endorsements by researchers, politicians and the media as a potential anti-terrorist screening measure. Bandwagon endorsements of Brain Fingerprinting ignore the potential threat to freedom of thought posed by requiring a person to have his or her memories "read" by such a device.
    Dr. Larry Farwell's computer-based technology that identifies the alleged perpetrator of a crime by measuring brain-wave responses to relevant words or pictures.
    www.brainwavescience.com - 24k - Cached - More from this site
     
    Brain FingerPrinting
    Brief Summary of the technology
    http://www.forensic-evidence.com/site/Behv_Evid/Farwell_sum6_00.html
     
    Brain Fingerprinting Testing Ruled Admissible in Court
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/Ruled%20Admissable.php
     
    Brain Fingerprinting Testing and Memory Issues
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/MemoryIssues.php
     
    BrainFinger Printing PBS
    http://www.pbs.org/wnet/innovation/episode8.html
     
    Brain Fingerprinting Links

    A few brain fingerpinting news links
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/in-the-news.php   
       
    Brain FingerPrinting
    Cognitive Liberty & Mental Surveillance
    http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/issues/mental_surveillance.htm#Related%20Links   
         
    Brain FingerPrinting
    Brief Summary of the technology
    http://www.forensic-evidence.com/site/Behv_Evid/Farwell_sum6_00.html   
        
    Brain Fingerprinting
    Berkely medical journal
    http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~issues/spring03/brainfinger.html   
        
    Brain Fingerprinting - Counterterrorism
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/counterterrorism.php   
        
    Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/   
         
    Brain Fingerprinting Testing Ruled Admissible in Court
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/Ruled%20Admissable.php  
         
    Brain Fingerprinting Testing and Memory Issues
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/MemoryIssues.php  
        
    Brain fingerprinting
    Wikipedia
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_fingerprinting   
         
    Brain-scans can defeat terrorism, InfoSeek founder claims
    http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/22020.html   
        
    BrainFinger Printing PBS
    http://www.pbs.org/wnet/innovation/episode8.html   
         
    Brainwave Sensor Touted as Tool in Counter-Terrorism
    http://www.neurotechreports.com/pages/brainfingerprinting.html
        
    Can 'brain fingerprints' protect us from terrorists?
    http://reviews-zdnet.com.com/4520-6033_16-4206471.html  
      
    Climbing Inside The Criminal Mind
    http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1001318,00.html   
         
    Current uses and research
    Brain Fingerprinting
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_fingerprinting#Current_uses_and_research   
        
    Decoding Minds, Foiling Adversaries
    http://cartome.org/brainmap.htm   
         
    Ethical considerations
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_fingerprinting#Ethical_considerations  
        
    Frequently Asked Questions about Brain Fingerprinting® Testing
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/FreqAskedQuestions.php   
         
    Here It Comes: Brain fingerprinting a new paragrim
    http://www.rense.com/general49/brainf.htm   
         
    Identifying terrorists before they strike by using computerized knowledge assessment (CKA)
    http://www.skirsch.com/politics/plane/ultimate.htm   
        
    Iowa Supreme Court Reverses Harrington Murder Conviction
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/IowaSupCourtPR.php  
        
    Law Enforcement Technology article on Brain Fingerprinting
    http://www.officer.com/article/article.jsp?siteSectionfiltered=20&id=26454   
         
    Medical Applications
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/medical.php   
         
    New 'Brain Fingerprinting' can help solve crimes
    http://www.rense.com/general34/newbrainfingerprinting.htm   
         
    Research and Summary Information
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/research.php   
         
    Security Testing
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/securityscreening.php   
         
    The Truth Detector
    http://fairfield.freehosting.net/98nov/brainwaves.html   
         
    Truth and Consequences
    http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/010115/archive_007302.htm  
         
    Using Brain MERMER Testing to Detect Knowledge
    http://www.brainwavescience.com/JourForensicScience.php   
        
    What is Brain Fingerprinting?
    http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/issues/mental_surveillance.htm#What%20is%20Brain%20Fingerprinting?     
         
      
     
     

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    #14 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Fri Dec 29, 2006 12:14 am
    Subject: Subvocal Speech     		newcluepage
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    Subvocal Speech 

    http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/sci_update.cfm?DocID=225 
     
    Introduction
    Every word you say is controlled by electrical nerve signals from your brain, which tell your lips, throat, and tongue exactly how to say it. Now, scientists are trying to tap into those silent speech commands.


    Audio File

    Transcript
    Listening to the sound of silence. I'm Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update.

    You've heard of reading lips. Now, NASA scientists are reading throats. Or more precisely, the nerve signals that tell your throat and tongue to form words.

    Chuck Jorgensen is Chief of Neuroengineering at the NASA-Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. By placing sensors on the chin and Adam's apple, his team can identify several simple words when a speaker only mouths them—or less.

    Jorgenson:
    Some folks will choose to have their mouth completely closed, and the only thing that's going on is tiny movements of the tongue or tension that they have in their vocal cords.

    He says the technology could help astronauts understand each other on space flights, where differences in the atmosphere and gravity make it hard to speak and hear clearly. It could also be useful in emergencies.

    Jorgensen:
    So if someone's muscles, for example, have deteriorated because of microgravity, or if they're physically injured so they can't speak, there is the possibility of directly tapping the nervous system and still controlling the emergency devices that they might need.

    Here on earth, the system could help pilots and air traffic controllers communicate over loud noise. And someday, it might serve as a translator for patients with vocal cord damage. I'm Bob Hirshon for AAAS, the Science Society.



    Making Sense of the Research
    The good thing about speech is that it's an easy, spontaneous way to communicate that almost everyone is proficient at, and that enables extremely complex, rich ideas to be transmitted quickly. Most alternatives (from typing to Morse code to semaphore flags) require skill, have limited capacity for carrying information, and/or involve a code that has to be learned.

    The drawback to speech is that you have to be heard. Normally, this isn't a problem. But for a person with vocal cord damage, that can be a barrier. Ditto for astronauts in space, where the low gravity causes bodily changes that make speech difficult to understand. Air traffic controllers and military personnel are often working in such deafening noise that even their shouts can't be understood.

    Jorgensen's system gets around this by tapping into the nerve signals that tell your throat and tongue to form words. It turns out that these signals can be read no matter how quietly a person is speaking. In fact, most of us unconsciously send these signals when we're only thinking about words—for example, when reading silently to ourselves. According to Jorgensen, that's because people learn language by learning to pronounce words out loud. (Notice how small children usually read out loud when they read to themselves.) It's only later that we learn how to think and read in a language without making noise—and we do it by suppressing the signals coming into our throat and tongue. The signals don't go away; we just keep them from resulting in an action.

    Right now, the device is in its early stages. Jorgensen has programmed the system to recognize the numbers 0 through 9, and a few short command words like "Go." Using these numbers and commands, the subjects have been able to control a web browser by subvocally spelling out words, letter by letter, using a matrix (with numbered rows and columns) that corresponds to the alphabet. For example, if the letter A were in row 1, column 1, then "1,1" would mean A. The letter B might be "1,2," and so on. It's painstakingly slow, but it works, which means that getting it to recognize more complex words and commands is only a matter of time and technology.

    The challenge is in trying to separate the nerve signals that create these words from other nerve signals in the body. In other words, you want to pick up the nerve signals telling your throat and tongue to speak, but not the ones telling you to swallow, or to scrape the peanut butter off the roof of your mouth. As Jorgensen explains, it's "like trying to listen to a conversation in a crowded room."

    And speaking of crowded rooms, another possible application for the device is for silent communication in public places. This system may make it possible for people to communicate without speaking out loud, which could serve everyone from party guests trying to remember an old friend's name to world leaders conducting sensitive negotiations. If so, it may not be too long before students start getting detention for talking subvocally in class.

    Now try and answer these questions:
    1. What is subvocal speech?
    2. How can you measure subvocal speech without detecting sounds?
    3. What are some other possible applications for this system?
    4. What advantages would a subvocal speech system have over other forms of non-verbal communication? What are its limitations?



    Going Further
    Photos of the system can be found on the NASA-Ames website.

    Vocal Vowels, an Exploratorium online exhibit, explores the mechanics of speech production.

    The University of Maryland's Vocal Tract Visualization Lab conducts imaging studies of the mechanics of human speech.

     
    Science Update Index
     
     
     
    Subvocal speech recognition is a new speech recognition technology being researched and developed at NASA's Ames Research Laboratory in Mountain View, California under the supervision of Charles Jorgensen.
    A set of electrodes are attached to the skin of the throat and, without opening the mouth or uttering a sound, the words are recognized by a computer.
    During normal speech, air is forced passed the larynx and the tongue. Words are then formed by the articulator muscles in the mouth and jaw. These muscles go into action regardless of whether air is sent past them. Electrical signals from the brain are sent to these speech muscles even when one is just saying words to themselves. These signals (known as electromyograms) are then recorded and processed with statistical algorithms and are compared to pre-recorded signal patterns of spoken words, phrases and commands.
    Subvocal speech recognition deals with electromyograms that are different for each speaker. Therefore, consistency can be thrown off just by the positioning of an electrode. To improve accuracy, researchers in this field are relying on statistical models that get better at pattern-matching the more times a subject "speaks" through the electrodes. But even then there are lapses. At Carnegie Mellon University, researchers found that the same "speaker" with accuracy rates of 94% one day can see that rate drop to 48% a day later. Between two different speakers it drops even more.
    The Ames lab has already used subvocal commands to drive a car around a virtual city in a computer simulation and to search the Web using nothing but unuttered search terms and commands.
    Jorgensen, who earned a Ph.D. in 1974 in mathematical psychology (before it was known as artificial intelligence), hit upon the idea for subvocal speech recognition after working on electromyographic interfaces for fighter pilots. "That work led us to ask, 'How small an electromagnetic current can we discriminate?'" says Jorgensen. (The fact that nerves produce current has been known since 1848, when Emil DuBois-Reymond sliced open his hand and plunged his clenched fist into a saline solution, triggering a jump in an attached galvanometer.)
    Japan's NTT Docomo is working on a subvocal mobile phone operated by sensors worn on the fingers and thumb. A speaker grips his face, putting the sensors in contact with the cheekbone, upper lip and chin. So far Docomo's system recognizes the five Japanese vowels 90% of the time.
    Relevant applications for his technology where audible speech is impossible: for astronauts, underwater Navy Seals, fighter pilots and emergency workers charging into loud, harsh environments.

    In fiction

    In Speaker for the Dead and subsequent novels, author Orson Scott Card described a device implanted in the ear, called a "jewel", that allows the wearer to subvocally communicate with computer systems. Author Robert J. Sawyer made use of subvocal recognition to allow silent commands to the cybernetic 'companion implants' used by the advanced Neanderthal characters in his Neanderthal Parallax trilogy of science fiction novels.

    References

    Bluck, John. "NASA Press Release", NASA, March 17, 2004, pp. 1.
    Armstrong, David. "The Silent Speaker", Forbes, April 10, 2006, pp. 1.

    See also


     
    This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
     
    NASA AND SUBVOCAL SPEECH
    http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2004/subvocal/subvocal.html
     
    Non-acoustic sensors detect speech without sound
     
     
    Just think how eerie it would be, yet also how peaceful - people all around having conversations on their mobile phones, but without uttering a sound.
    Thanks to some military research, this social nirvana just might come true. DARPA, the US Department of Defense's research agency, is working on a project known as Advanced Speech Encoding, aimed at replacing microphones with non-acoustic sensors that detect speech via the speaker's nerve and muscle activity, rather than sound itself.
    One system, being developed for DARPA by Rick Brown of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts, relies on a sensor worn around the neck called a tuned electromagnetic resonator collar (TERC). Using sensing techniques developed for magnetic resonance imaging, the collar detects changes in capacitance caused by movement of the vocal cords, and is designed to allow speech to be heard above loud background noise.
    DARPA is also pursuing an approach first developed at NASA's Ames lab, which involves placing electrodes called electromyographic sensors on the neck, to detect changes in impedance during speech. A neural network processes the data and identifies the pattern of words. The sensor can even detect subvocal or silent speech. The speech pattern is sent to a computerised voice generator that recreates the speaker's words.
    DARPA envisages issuing the technology to soldiers on covert missions, crews in noisy vehicles or divers working underwater. But one day civilians might use a refined version to be heard over the din of a factory or engine room, or a loud bar or party. More importantly, perhaps, the technology would allow people to use phones in places such as train carriages, cinemas or libraries without disturbing others. Brown has produced a TERC prototype, and an electromyographic prototype is expected in 2008.
    However, both systems come at a cost. Because the words are produced by a computer, the receiver of the call would hear the speaker talking with an artificial voice. But for some that may be a price worth paying for a little peace and quiet.
     
    • 10:30 09 April 2005
    • Exclusive from New Scientist Print Edition
    • David Hambling

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    #12 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:59 pm
    Subject: ATR, Honda Develop New Brain-Machine Interface     		newcluepage
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    ATR, Honda Develop New Brain-Machine Interface
    ATR, Honda Develop New Brain-Machine Interface
    http://www.physorg.com/news67706292.html  
     

    ATR, Honda Develop New Brain-Machine Interface Discussion at PhysOrgForum

    ATR, Honda Develop New Brain-Machine Interface
    Scanning Brain Activity Using MRI. (showing "scissors")
    Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR) and Honda Research Institute Japan Co. (HRI) have collaboratively developed a new “Brain Machine Interface” (BMI) for manipulating robots using brain activity signals.
    Sponsored Links (Ads by Google)

    This new BMI technology has enabled the decoding of natural brain activity and the use of the extracted data for the near real-time operation of a robot without an invasive incision of the head and brain. This breakthrough facilitates greater possibilities for new types of interface between machines and the human brain.


    Analysis of a brain image by a computer program. (Left) Active brain areas; (Upper right) Extracted brain activity patterns; (Lower right) Pattern classification processing.
    The idea of this BMI technology is based on a highly acclaimed article titled “Decoding the perceptual and subjective contents of the human brain” by Dr. Yukiyasu Kamitani, a researcher at ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, which recently appeared in a leading science journal, Nature Neuroscience. For this study, Dr. Kamitani was named by Scientific American magazine as Research Leader, with his collaborator Dr. Frank Tong at Vanderbilt University, within the 2005 Scientific American 50 – the magazine’s prestigious annual list that recognizes outstanding acts of leadership in science and technology. HRI and ATR have developed the article’s theory into a system for real-time brain activity decoding and robotic control.

    This research reveals that MRI-based neural decoding can allow a robot hand to mimic the subject’s finger movements (“paper-rock-scissors”) by tracking the hemodynamic responses in the brain. Although there is an approximate 7-second time lag between the subject’s movement and the robot’s mimicking movement, the researchers succeeded in gaining a decoding accuracy of 85%.

    This technology is potentially applicable to other types of non-invasive brain measurements such as the brain’s electric and magnetic fields and brain waves. By utilizing such methods, it is expected that the same result could be achieved with less time lag and more compact BMI system devices.

    Outline of Experimentation:

    The subject in an MRI scanner makes a finger gesture, “paper,” “rock” or “scissors,” while the changes in his/her hemodynamic responses associated with brain activity are monitored every second. Specific signals generating paper-rock-scissors movements are extracted and decoded by a computer program, and the decoded information is transferred to a hand-shaped robot to simulate the original movement performed by the subject.

    <A TARGET="_blank" HREF="http://ad.doubleclick.net/click%3Bh=v8/34c9/3/0/%2a/r%3B64432060%3B0-0%3B0%3B15216661%3B4252-336/280%3B19467758/19485652/1%3B%3B%7Efdr%3D64796276%3B0-0%3B0%3B14242066%3B4252-336/280%3B19474398/19492292/1%3B%3B%7Esscs%3D%3fhttp://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/future-weapons/future-weapons.html"><IMG SRC="http://m.2mdn.net/1111159/fw_336x280.jpg" BORDER="0"></A>

    Simulation of the subject's hand movement by a hand shaped robot.
    While conventional machine-interfaces are operated using button switches controlled by human hands or feet, BMI uses brain activity measured by various devices and allows non-contact control of the terminal machines. Implanted electrode arrays, and brain waves have been commonly used.

    In conventional BMI research efforts led by U.S. neuroscientists, invasive technologies, including electrode array implants, have been used. If advanced non-invasive BMI becomes available, users will be free from the physical burden of a surgical procedure. This research accomplishment demonstrates the possibility of such a useful application.

    Conventional non-invasive BMI required the user to undergo intensive training in order to generate detectable brain activities. For example, as the brain activity associated with an intention, say “Yes”, is very hard to track, the user is instructed to perform a mental task that is irrelevant to the mental state but associated with easily detectable brain activity such as mental calculation. The user must learn to control such brain activity to express an intention.

    The new BMI technology is different in that natural brain activity associated with specific movements can be decoded without using alternative brain activity. The experiment revealed that paper-rock-scissors movements were decoded directly from an untrained subject’s real-time brain activity. This is an outstanding breakthrough in brain decoding technologies.

    Source: Honda
     
     

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    #11 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 9:08 pm
    Subject: Introducing Jesse Sullivan , the worlds first bionic man     		newcluepage
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    Introducing Jesse Sullivan , the worlds first bionic man
    Arm Facts , How it works ETC.
    http://www.ric.org/bionic/index.php#bionicfact 
     

    Introducing Jesse Sullivan,
    the World's First "Bionic Man"

    Articles in the Media About the "Bionic Arm"
    The miraculous discoveries made by Dr. Kuiken and his colleagues at Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs (NECAL) have gained worldwide attention by the media and science community. To read about the articles published in the media about RIC's "Bionic Arm" technology, explore the links found below.

    - New: CNN's Behind the Scenes - Jesse Sullivan powers robotic arms with his mind

    Meet Jesse Sullivan, the World's First "Bionic Man"

    Jesse Sullivan, the World's First "Bionic Man"
    Jesse Sullivan, the World's First
    "Bionic Man"
    In May 2001, working as a high-power lineman 54 year old Jesse Sullivan had a life changing event -- he was electrocuted so severely that both of his arms needed to be amputated. While recovering from his third-degree burns and surgeries Jesse wondered how he would be able to live a fulfilling life, let alone hug his grandchildren. Thanks to his fighting spirit, and the innovative "Bionic" research at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago (RIC) Jesse now can do many things that most would take for granted, like fishing, mowing the lawn, and yes, even hug his grandchildren.
    The research and technology used to make Jesse's "Bionic Arm" will be one of the important topics for discussion at the upcoming IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, which was hosted at RIC from June 28 to July 1, 2005. To read about the conference that was hosted by RIC, please click here to visit the conference Web site.

    RIC's mission is to help people with disabilities lead the most independent and fulfilling lives possible. If you'd like to help us make this goal a reality, please consider making a donation, or volunteering at the Institute.

    "Bionic Arm" Facts

    The technology that Jesse uses today was developed by Todd Kuiken, MD, PhD, RIC’s Director of Amputee Programs and Associate Dean for the Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine and his team at RIC's Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs (NECAL). Below you will find an overview about the "Bionic Arm" You may also download a pdf of the "Bionic Arm Fact Sheet" by clicking here.

    What is the "Bionic Arm?"

    Developed within the Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs (NECAL) at RIC, Dr. Todd Kuiken, MD, PhD, pioneered the muscle reinnervation procedure which takes an amputee’s own nerves and connects them to a healthy muscle. In this case, four of Mr. Sullivan’s nerves were dissected from the shoulder and transferred to the muscles of his chest. Doing so allows the user to move his or her prosthetic arm as if it were a real limb – by simply thinking about what they want the arm to do. The "Bionic Arm," or myoelectric arm, is driven using electrical signals from the muscles of the chest, now activated by the user’s own thought-generated nerve impulses. These impulses are sensed, via surface electrodes, from the pectoral muscle and carried through to the mechanical arm, causing the arm to move.

    How does it work?

    NECAL uses nerve-muscle grafts in amputees to gain added control signals for an artificial arm. Doctors take nerves that used to go to the arm and move those nerves onto chest muscles. The nerves grow into the chest muscles, so when the patient thinks “close hand,” a portion of his chest muscle contracts and electrodes that detect this muscle activity tell the computerized arm when to close the hand. Thus, the patient thinks “close hand” and his artificial hand closes.

    Why is this important?

    Improving the function of artificial arms remains a considerable challenge, especially for high-level amputations where the disability is greatest. Externally powered hooks, hands, wrists and elbows are available, but existing control methods are inadequate. Currently, most powered artificial limbs are controlled using myoelectric signals from a pair of muscles in the amputated limb. This allows only a single motion to be operated at a time, as operation of the terminal device; wrist and elbow must be preformed sequentially. This control method is frustratingly slow, since normal human arm function involves coordinated simultaneous movement of the hand, wrist and elbow. Also, conventional high-level myoelectric control methods do not have a natural feel, as biceps and triceps functions are not directly related to wrist rotation or opening/closing of the human hand. A highly articulated limb is of little use if its movements are not well coordinated or if it is difficult to operate.
    Researchers at RIC have learned that although the limb is lost with an amputation, the control signals to that limb remain accessible in the residual peripheral nerves. Grafting the residual nerves of an upper-limb amputee to spare muscles produces additional control signals, allowing for simultaneous operation of multiple functions in an externally powered prosthesis with a more natural feel than is possible with conventional prostheses.

    Has the technology been used successfully?

    The "Bionic Arm" technology has been very successful so far in both significantly improving the function of artificial limbs as well as allowing the skin to be reinnervated with nerves form the arm. The first patient to undergo the new procedure, Jesse Sullivan, has experienced significant improvements in the functioning of his prosthetic arms. While previously moving his artificial arms was slow and cumbersome, today he is able to do many of the routine tasks he took for granted before his accident, including putting on socks, shaving, eating dinner, taking out the garbage, carrying groceries and vacuuming.

    Who manages this project?

    NECAL staff includes biomedical engineers, electrical engineers, physiatrists, surgeons, prosthetists and therapists. RIC’s Amputee Program is the most comprehensive such program in the country and is recognized internationally for excellent care and the ability to fit the most advanced artificial limbs available. The program is designed to help both adults and children who have any type of limb loss.

    Pictures of Jesse Sullivan with the "Bionic Arm"

    Watch a Video of the "Bionic Arm"

    Jesse Sullivan the World's First "Bionic Man"
    Jesse Sullivan the World's First
    "Bionic Man"
    To watch this video, select which version you want to view by clicking the corresponding link below. If you need to install either media player software package, download the respective program by clicking one of the following links: Windows Media Player or RealPlayer. You may download these movies by right clicking each respective link, and selecting the "Save Target As" option.


    High Speed Internet Access (DSL, Cable Modem, & T1)
    (large files - so please be patient when downloading)
    Low Speed
    Internet Access
    (Dialup)

    Learn More about RIC's Services

    Ways You Can Help RIC Conduct Research

    Founded in 1954 RIC has gained a worldwide reputation as a leader in rehabilitation care. U.S. News & World Report has ranked RIC as the "Best Rehabilitation Hospital in America," every year since 1991. One important reason RIC has earned this reputation is because it conducts more rehabilitation research than anyone else in the world. RIC is passionate about conducting rehabilitation research because of our mission -- to help people with disabilities lead the most independent and fulfilling lives possible. If you'd like to help, please consider making a donation, or volunteering at RIC.

    Contact Information for Members of the Media

    If you are a journalist and you would like to arrange an interview with Dr. Kuiken, or obtain high resolution photographs of the bionic arm, please contact mediarelations@... or call 312-238-6044.

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    #10 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 9:04 pm
    Subject: Control his TV using his thoughts     		newcluepage
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    Control his TV using his thoughts
    http://beverlytang.com/reblog/archives/000445.html 
     
    originally posted by Regine from we make money not art, reBlogged by bev on October 10, 2004
    Sargent Rehabilitation Center in Warwick is testing a device designed to increase the independence of individuals with quadriplegia.
    cyborg[ik1].gifIn the study, a patient who is unable to use his hands or arms due to a spinal cord injury was able to both control a computer cursor and perform useful tasks, using his thoughts and the Cyberkinetics ' BrainGate Neural Interface System.
    The System converts neural signals into an output signal under the person's own control.
    After having been implanted the sensor portion of the BrainGate on the surface of the brain where thoughts of hand and arm movement originate, the first participant in the study, Mr. Matthew Nagle, saw his life changing. In the past few weeks, he has been able to control his TV using a computer cursor that moves with his thoughts.
    The ongoing pilot study will enroll up to five individuals who are unable to use the arms and legs. At the end of the study, each patient will undergo another surgery to have the device removed or may have the option to participate in future studies.
    Philip Kennedy was the first to successfully allow a quadriplegic to use a computer and communicate with it by just using his thoughts. he was featured in the documentary Beyond Human Senses, which i highly recommend and the VHS is on sale for $5.99 right now at the discovery channel store. -BT

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    #9 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 9:02 pm
    Subject: Brain chip offers hope for paralyzed     		newcluepage
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    Brain chip offers hope for paralyzed
     
     

    Brain chip offers hope for paralyzed

    By Simon Hooper for CNN
    Thursday, October 21, 2004 Posted: 0948 GMT (1748 HKT)
    story.braingate.jpg
    The brain implant measures just four square millimeters.
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    (CNN) -- A team of neuroscientists have successfully implanted a chip into the brain of a quadriplegic man, allowing him to control a computer.
    Since the insertion of the tiny device in June, the 25-year-old has been able to check email and play computer games simply using thoughts. He can also turn lights on and off and control a television, all while talking and moving his head.
    The chip, called BrainGate, is being developed by Massachusetts-based neurotechnology company Cyberkinetics, following research undertaken at Brown University, Rhode Island.
    Results of the pilot clinical study will be presented to the Society for Neuroscience annual conference in San Diego, California, on Sunday. Up to five more patients are to be recruited for further research into the safety and potential utility of the device.
    BrainGate offers the possibility of hitherto unimaginable levels of independence for the severely disabled.
    Although many are able to control computers with their eyes or tongue, such techniques remain dependent on muscular function and require extensive training.
    John Donoghue, professor of neuroscience at Brown and a co-founder of Cyberkinetics in 2001, said that BrainGate could help paralyzed peopled control wheelchairs and communicate using email and Internet-based phone systems.
    "Our ultimate goal is to develop the BrainGate System so that it can be linked to many useful devices," said Donoghue, who this month received an innovation award from Discover Magazine for his work on BrainGate.
    "This includes medical devices such as muscle stimulators, to give the physically disabled a significant improvement in their ability to interact with the world."
    Donoghue's initial research, published in the science journal Nature in 2002, consisted of attaching an implant to a monkey's brain that enabled it to play a simple pinball computer game remotely.
    The four-millimeter square chip, which is placed on the surface of the motor cortex area of the brain, contains 100 electrodes each thinner than a hair which detect neural electrical activity. The sensor is then connected to a computer via a small wire attached to a pedestal mounted on the skull.
    "While these results are preliminary, I am extremely encouraged by what has been achieved to-date," said John Mukand of the Sargent Rehabilitation Center, who oversaw the pilot study.
    "We now have early evidence that a person unable to move their arms, hands and legs can quickly gain control of a system which uses thoughts to control a computer and perform meaningful tasks. With additional development this may represent a significant breakthrough for people with severe disabilities."
    Surgeon Gerhard Friehs, associate professor of clinical neurosciences at Brown Medical School, who implanted the device, described the results as "spectacular" and "almost unbelievable."
    "Here we have a research participant who is capable of controlling his environment by thought alone -- something we have only found in science fiction so far," said Friehs.
    "I hope that the trial will continue as successfully as it has started and that all other candidates will have as great an experience as our first candidate did."

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    #8 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:45 pm
    Subject: NEW TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED FOR DECIPHERING BRAIN RECORDINGS CAN CAPTURE THINKING AS IT HAPPENS     		newcluepage
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    NEW TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED FOR DECIPHERING BRAIN RECORDINGS CAN CAPTURE THINKING AS IT HAPPENS
    http://www.sciencedaily.com

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Source: University Of California - San Diego
    Date Posted: 2004-06-15
    Web Address: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/06/040615075143.htm

    NEW TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED FOR DECIPHERING BRAIN RECORDINGS CAN CAPTURE THINKING AS IT HAPPENS

    A team led by University of California San Diego neurobiologists has developed a new approach to interpreting brain electroencephalograms, or EEGs, that provides an unprecedented view of thought in action and has the potential to advance our understanding of disorders like epilepsy and autism.


    The new information processing and visualization methods that make it possible to follow activation in different areas of the brain dynamically are detailed in a paper featured on the cover of the June 15 issue of the journal Public Library of Science Biology (plos.org) The significance of the advance is that thought processes occur on the order of milliseconds--thousandths of a second--but current brain imaging techniques, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and traditional EEGs, are averaged over seconds. This provides a "blurry" picture of how the neural circuits in the brain are activated, just as a picture of waves breaking on the shore would be a blur if it were created from the average of multiple snapshots.

    "Our paper is the culmination of eight years of work to find a new way to parse EEG data and identify the individual signals coming from different areas of the brain," says lead author Scott Makeig, a research scientist in UCSD's Institute for Neural Computation of the Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience . "This much more comprehensive view of brain dynamics was only made possible by exploiting recent advances in mathematics and increases in computing power. We expect many clinical applications to flow from the method and have begun collaborations to study patients with epilepsy and autism."

    To take an EEG, recording electrodes--small metal disks--are attached to the scalp. These electrodes can detect the tiny electrical impulses nerve cells in the brain send to communicate with each other. However, interpreting the pattern of electrical activity recorded by the electrodes is complicated because each scalp electrode indiscriminately sums all of the electrical signals it detects from the brain and non-brain sources, like muscles in the scalp and the eyes.

    "The challenge of interpreting an EEG is that you have a composite of signals from all over the brain and you need to find out what sources actually contributed to the pattern," explains Makeig. "It is a bit like listening in on a cocktail party and trying to isolate the sound of each voice. We found that it is possible, using a mathematical technique called Independent Component Analysis, to separate each signal or "voice" in the brain by just treating the voices as separate sources of information, but without other prior knowledge about each voice."

    Independent component analysis, or ICA, looks at the distinctiveness of activity in each patch of the brain's cortex. It uses this information to determine the location of the patch and separate out the signals from non-brain sources. Because ICA can distinguish signals that are active at the same time, it makes it possible to identify the electrical signals in the brain that correspond to the brain telling the muscles to take an action --which in the paper was deciding whether or not to press a button in response to an image flashed on a computer screen--and to separate this signal from the signals the brain uses to evaluate the consequences of that action.

    According to Makeig, UCSD was a leader in developing the earlier methods of interpreting EEGs forty years ago. "The new, more general 'ICA' method continues this tradition of UCSD excellence in cognitive electrophysiology research," he says.



    The coauthors on the paper, in addition to Makeig, include Arnaud Delorme and Tzyy-Ping Jung, Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience; Marissa Westerfield and Jeanne Townsend, UCSD's Department of Neurosciences; Eric Courchesne, Children's Hospital Research Center and UCSD's Department of Neurosciences; and Terrence Sejnowski, UCSD professor of biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute professor at the Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. The study was funded by the Swartz Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

    Software for performing the EEG analysis is openly available at no cost at http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab.
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    #7 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:50 pm
    Subject: Brain fingerprinting     		newcluepage
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    Brain fingerprinting
     
    Brain fingerprinting. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search ... Psychology Today article on Brain Fingerprinting ...
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_fingerprinting - 31k - Cached - More from this site
     
     
    Brain Fingerprinting
    Brief Summary of the Technology
    Lawrence A. Farwell, PhD
    President and Chief Scientist
    Brain Wave Science
    Former Faculty Member
    Harvard University
    "Satyam eva jayate --
    Truth ever triumphs." 
    May 9, 2000

    Brain Wave Science
    Human Brain Research Laboratory, Inc.
    2000 North Court Street, Building 18A, Fairfield, IA 52556
    Email: Farwell@... Phone: (515) 469-5649
    Brain Fingerprinting: Brief Summary of the Technology
    1. A patented new technique of proven accuracy in US government tests
    Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes.
    2. Brain Fingerprinting catches a serial killer
    On August 5, 1999 Dr. Farwell used Brain Fingerprinting to prove that suspected serial killer James B. Grinder had raped and murdered Julie Helton 15 years earlier. Faced with an almost certain conviction and probable death sentence, Grinder pleaded guilty one week later in exchange for a sentence of life in prison without parole. He is currently serving that sentence, and has confessed to several other murders of young women.
    3. Brain Fingerprinting exonerates an innocent man falsely convicted of murder
    On April 25, 2000, Dr. Farwell used Brain Fingerprinting to exonerate an innocent man who has spent 22 years in prison for a murder that he did not commit. Terry Harrington was convicted in 1978 of the murder of a retired policeman who was working as a security guard, based primarily on the testimony of an alleged witness who was himself involved in the crime. Harrington was a 17-year-old black youth at the time of the crime.
    Brain Fingerprinting proved that Harrington's brain did not contain details of the crime that would be known to the perpetrator. Brain Fingerprinting proved not only that there was not a match between the information stored in Harrington's brain and the details of the crime, but also that there was a match between the information stored in Harrington's brain and the details of the accounts of the evening of the crime given by several alibi witnesses, who testified that Harrington was elsewhere at the time of the crime.
    Dr. Drew Richardson of the FBI Laboratory (phone 703-632-6704) assisted Dr. Farwell in developing the test for Harrington. Legal efforts to obtain Harrington's freedom based on Brain Fingerprinting and other newly discovered exculpatory evidence are ongoing.
    4. Scientific detection of the record of the crime in the perpetrator’s brain
    Farwell Brain Fingerprinting is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts. In a criminal act, there may or may not be many kinds of peripheral evidence, but the brain is always there, planning, executing, and recording the crime. The fundamental difference between a perpetrator and a falsely accused, innocent person is that the perpetrator, having committed the crime, has the details of the crime stored in his brain, and the innocent suspect does not. This is what Farwell Brain Fingerprinting detects scientifically.
    5. Matching evidence from a crime scene with evidence on the perpetrator
    Farwell Brain Fingerprinting matches evidence from a crime scene with evidence stored in the brain of the perpetrator, similarly to the way conventional fingerprinting matches fingerprints at the crime scene with the fingers of the perpetrator, and DNA fingerprinting matches biological samples from the crime scene with the DNA in the body of the perpetrator.
    6. How Brain Fingerprinting works
    Farwell Brain Fingerprinting works as follows. Words or pictures relevant to a crime are flashed on a computer screen, along with other, irrelevant words or pictures. Electrical brain responses are measured non-invasively through a patented headband equipped with sensors. Dr. Farwell has discovered that a specific brain-wave response called a MERMER (memory and encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic response) is elicited when the brain processes noteworthy information it recognizes. Thus, when details of the crime that only the perpetrator would know are presented, a MERMER is emitted by the brain of a perpetrator, but not by the brain of an innocent suspect. In Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a computer analyzes the brain response to detect the MERMER, and thus determines scientifically whether or not the specific crime-relevant information is stored in the brain of the suspect.
    7. Comparison with other technologies
    Conventional fingerprinting and DNA match physical evidence from a crime scene with evidence on the person of the perpetrator. Similarly, Brain Fingerprinting matches informational evidence from the crime scene with evidence stored in the brain. Fingerprints and DNA are available in only 1% of crimes. The brain is always there, planning, executing, and recording the suspect's actions.
    Brain Fingerprinting has nothing to do with lie detection. Rather, it is a scientific way to determine if someone has committed a specific crime or other act. No questions are asked and no answers are given during Farwell Brain Fingerprinting. As with DNA and fingerprints, the results are the same whether the person has lied or told the truth at any time.
    8. Admissibility of Brain Fingerprinting in court
    The admissibility of Brain Fingerprinting in court has not yet been established. The following well established features of Brain Fingerprinting, however, will be relevant when the question of admissibility is tested in court. 1) Brain Fingerprinting has been thoroughly and scientifically tested. 2) The theory and application of Brain Fingerprinting have been subject to peer review and publication. 3) The rate of error is extremely low -- virtually nonexistent -- and clear standards governing scientific techniques of operation of the technology have been established and published. 4) The theory and practice of Brain Fingerprinting have gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community. 5) Brain Fingerprinting is non-invasive and non-testimonial.
    9. Conclusion
    Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new scientific technology for solving crimes, identifying perpetrators, and exonerating innocent suspects, with a record of 100% accuracy in research with US government agencies, actual criminal cases, and other applications. The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, investigators, crime victims, and falsely accused, innocent suspects. For more information, see Brain Wave Science at http://www.brainwavescience.com/ .
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    #6 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:52 pm
    Subject: Brain Fingerprinting - Counterterrorism     		newcluepage
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    Brain FingerPrinting. Cognitive Liberty ... Brain Fingerprinting. Berkely medical journal. http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~issues/spring03/brainfinger.html ...
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    Home Counterterrorism Criminal Justice Medical Advertising Security Testing
    About BFL In the News Research Contact Us
    Counterterrorism Applications
    Aid in determining who has participated in terrorist acts, directly or indirectly.
     
    Aid in identifying trained terrorists with the potential  to commit future terrorist acts, even if they are in a “sleeper” cell and have not been active for years.
     
    Help to identify people who have knowledge or training in banking, finance or communications and who are associated with terrorist teams and acts.
     
    Help to determine if an individual is in a leadership role within a terrorist organization.
    One fundamental difference between a terrorist and an innocent suspect is that the terrorist has detailed knowledge of terrorist activities and an innocent person does not. A terrorist has either committed a crime, received training in terrorism or worked with others in planning terrorist attacks. The innocent suspect does not have this type of information stored in his brain.
    Brain Fingerprinting technology is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts. In a terrorist act, there may or may not be peripheral evidence such as fingerprints or DNA, but the brain of the perpetrator is always there, planning, executing, and recording the crime. The terrorist has knowledge of organizations, training and plans that an innocent person does not have. Until the invention of Brain Fingerprinting testing, there was no scientific way to detect this fundamental difference. Brain Fingerprinting testing provides an accurate, economical and timely solution to the central problem in the fight against terrorism. It is now possible to determine scientifically whether or not a person has terrorist training and knowledge of terrorist activities.
    Brain Fingerprinting testing can determine quickly and accurately whether or not specific knowledge is present or absent in an individual. In a Brain Fingerprinting test, words, pictures or sounds relevant to a crime, terrorist act or terrorist training are presented by a computer, along with other irrelevant images and sounds. Electrical brain responses are measured non-invasively through a patented headband equipped with sensors. A computer then analyzes the brain responses and determines whether or not the specific information is stored in the brain of the suspect. The results are not affected by the willingness of the person being tested to tell the truth. By testing for specific information, Brain Fingerprinting technology can accurately distinguish between a trained terrorist and an innocent person who may have knowledge of certain locations, people and events for legitimate reasons.
    Brain Fingerprinting testing detects whether or not specific information is stored in a person’s brain, not truth or falsehood.  In fact, no questions are asked and no answers are given during a Brain Fingerprinting test. Brain Fingerprinting testing cannot be used for general, non-specific testing, something for which no reliable facts exist against which to compare the subject’s answer. For example, a general question like “Are you a terrorist?” is not something that can be addressed by Brain Fingerprinting technology. However, the recognition of specific information from terrorist training or of individuals at a training camp can be detected. Investigators must have reliable, factual details from which to draw the information that will be used to structure the Brain Fingerprinting test.
    Any known legitimate means through which a subject may have encountered crime or terrorist-relevant information are examined prior to conducting a Brain Fingerprinting test. Standard protocols ensure that the individual has a chance to reveal any circumstances through which he may have had legitimate access to the crime-relevant information in question.  Any information the suspect has obtained through legitimate means is eliminated from consideration before the test is administered.  A suspect is tested only on information that he has no legitimate means of knowing, information he denies knowledge of, and for which he has no legitimate explanation if it turns out that the information is indeed stored in his brain.
    With the Brain Fingerprinting system, a significant scientific breakthrough has now become a practical applied technology. A new era in security and intelligence gathering has begun. Now, terrorists and those supporting terrorism can be identified quickly and accurately. No longer should any terrorist be able to evade justice for lack of evidence. And there is no reason why an innocent individual should be falsely imprisoned or convicted of terrorist activity. A Brain Fingerprinting test can determine with an extremely high degree of accuracy those who are involved with terrorist activity and those who are not.
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    #5 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:46 pm
    Subject: Brain Imaging Technology Can Reveal What A Person Is Thinking About     		newcluepage
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    Brain Imaging Technology Can Reveal What A Person Is Thinking About
     

    Brain Imaging Technology Can Reveal What A Person Is Thinking About

    http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/11/001110073236.htm 
    Science Daily — Powerful brain imaging technology is allowing researchers to actually tell what a person is thinking before they even say it.
    A study, published in the November issue of the international Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, has shown that it is possible for researchers to look at brain imaging data and determine whether a person is imagining a face or a place.
    "With the technology available to us today, we are now able to identify the content of a person's thought, albeit in a very limited context," says Dr. Kathleen O'Craven, a cognitive neuroscientist who led the study at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. O'Craven is now with Toronto's Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care.
    In the study, six women and two men, aged 20 to 39, were put through two cognitive exercises: one involved looking at pictures of faces, and a second involved looking at pictures of places or landscapes. Later these same adults were asked to mentally 'imagine' the faces and the places they had earlier seen. During both tests, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were taken of their brains.
    Many previous studies have shown that brain areas can be selective for processing a particular type of visual information. In the cortical brain regions associated with mental processing, the 'fusiform' face area responds strongly to faces while the 'parahippocampal' place area responds strongly to indoor and outdoor scenes depicting the layout of local space.
    In this study, Dr. O'Craven and colleague Dr. Nancy Kanwisher of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found the strongest evidence yet that this specialization holds true even when participants were given no visual stimulus and were simply asked to 'imagine' a face or a place. They also found that the magnitude of activity in these two brain areas is much livelier or stronger when one is seeing the picture (physically present in front of them) compared with just imagining it.
    The most fascinating finding, however, is when 'data coders' (researchers who interpret data) were asked to look at fMRI scans and guess whether the study participant was thinking of a face or place. They were able to accurately report what the participant was thinking about on 85 percent of the trials!
    "What we've shown is that we can actually tell, on a moment-by-moment basis, what an individual is thinking about, by measuring brain activity rather than having the person tell us," says Dr. O'Craven. "Of course, this can be done only in a limited context -- we've been able to demonstrate it for differentiating between faces and places -- but the implications are far-reaching."
    She says the technique could be used to gain some insight into what is happening in the minds of people who are unable to communicate because they are suffering from an injury or disorder that makes speech impossible.
    "We may someday be able to get a glimpse of what a patient is able to comprehend, even when that person can't answer questions directly. We could show them pictures of faces and places and, using fMRI technology, see whether their visual system is processing them. In addition, if these brain areas respond differentially to the 'spoken' names of people and places, we may be able to infer that they understand."
    The study was supported by The Bunting Institute at Radcliffe College and by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the Human Frontiers Science Program, and the Dana Foundation.
    Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Baycrest Center For Geriatric Care.

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    #4 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:53 pm
    Subject: Scientists harness mysteries of the brain     		newcluepage
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    Scientists harness mysteries of the brain
     
    Scientists harness mysteries of the brain
     

    Scientists harness mysteries of the brain

    Reuters | Saturday, 2 December 2006
    Reuters
    MIND POWER: An image shows the BrainGate implant and percutaneuous (it rests on the skull and through the skin on the scalp) pedestal to which a computer cable is attached that leads to the computers that process the brain's signals.
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    Scientists harness mysteries of the brain

    Reuters | Saturday, 2 December 2006

    CLEVELAND: A young woman, confined to a wheelchair, is told to think about moving another wheelchair in front of her, first to the left and then forward.
    As if by magic, the wheelchair follows her mental commands.
    "She was controlling the chair with her imagination," said Timothy Surgenor, president and chief executive of Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems.
    Surgenor was using the video of the woman, who was paralysed by a brain stem stroke, to demonstrate a technology called BrainGate to some 900 researchers, physicians and investors attending a meeting at the Cleveland Clinic earlier this month.
    The woman had a tiny sensor that analyzes brain signals implanted on the part of her brain that controls hand movement.
    A small plug protruding from just above her ear is connected to a computer that in turn has a wireless connection to the electronic wheelchair she was controlling.
    "What we are doing now is just the tip of the iceberg," Dr Ali Rezai, director of the Brain Neuromodulation Centers at the Cleveland Clinic, said in an interview. "This concept is evolving."
    For people living with paralysis, the technology has the potential to be life-changing.
    Stephen Heywood was one of some 30,000 people in the United States suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease, and a participant in the BrainGate trial.
    "After being paralysed for so long, it is almost impossible to describe the magical feeling of imagining a motion and having it occur," Heywood said in an email to his brother James after a session controlling a robotic arm.
    Heywood, whose fight with the disease was documented in the movie So Much So Fast, died on November 26 after his respirator became accidentally detached.
    Surgenor said BrainGate should be commercially available before the end of the decade.
    "A lot of the technology that supports BrainGate is already out there," he said. Cyberkinetics provides the operating system. The goal is to make the components small enough and wireless, thus eliminating the need for a plug on the scalp.
    Northstar Neuroscience, another company attending the meeting at Cleveland Clinic, is testing a device that aims to help stroke victims recover from disabilities such as impairment of hand and arm movement.
    The therapy identifies specific areas of the brain that are trying to compensate for lost function and implants electrodes there. Electronic stimulation theoretically strengthens connections between neurons.
    "It works by taking advantage of a naturally-occurring phenomenon called neuroplasticity - the brain's ability to reorganise in response to an injury," Northstar Chief Executive Alan Levy said.
    When part of the brain dies because of a stroke, another part of the brain attempts to take over that function. The trouble is, in most cases the process doesn't go far enough and relatively little function is recovered, he said.
    "What Northstar has discovered is that if you stimulate the neurons in the new neuroplastic area, you can dramatically enhance the neuroplasticity and enhance function," he said.
    For several years, doctors have been implanting brain pacemakers into patients with Parkinson's disease or other disorders that cause severe tremors.
    The stop-watch size device, made by Medtronic Inc, is implanted in the chest and connected to leads threaded into the brain. Known as deep brain stimulation, it delivers electrical pulses to targeted areas in the brain to interrupt the signals that cause tremor.
    Medtronic is testing to see if it might also help cases of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), depression and obesity.
    Cleveland Clinic's Rezai said using electricity to stimulate various parts of the nervous system or organs may soon help people who suffer such varied afflictions as OCD, migraine headaches, sleep apnea, incontinence, obesity, impotence, hypertension and even heart failure.
    "There will be a lot of diseases that we can't help today that we will be able to help."

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    #3 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:48 pm
    Subject: Brain Waves drive man's Bionic Arm     		newcluepage
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    Brain waves drive man's bionic arm

    Thursday, September 25, 2003 Posted: 1:27 PM EDT (1727 GMT)
    Doctors performed a nerve-muscle graft so Jesse Sullivan could move his new prosthetic arm.
    Doctors performed a nerve-muscle graft so Jesse Sullivan could move his new prosthetic arm.
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    more video VIDEO
    An amputee is fitted with a bionic arm that is controlled by his brain.
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    (CNN) -- A man who lost both of his arms in an accident is getting some high-tech help with an innovative artificial limb that controls movements by thought.
    Two years ago, a healthy Jesse Sullivan, 56, was at his job repairing utility lines when he accidentally touched a live wire, costing him both his arms up to his shoulders.
    Like most amputees, Sullivan was fitted with a traditional artificial prosthesis, relying on chains and buttons to move his arm. But then doctors at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago offered a "bionic" arm for his other lost limb, putting him at the forefront of biomechanical technology.
    "I didn't really didn't know what was available. It was a scary thing," Sullivan remembers. "I thought maybe it would be like the 'Six Million Dollar Man' [on TV]."
    To get the new arm, Sullivan first underwent surgery to graft existing nerve endings from his shoulder onto the pectoral muscle on his chest. Those nerves grew into the muscle after about six months. Electrodes on the graft can now pick up any thought-generated nerve impulses to the now-absent limb and transmit those to the mechanical prosthesis, controlling the movements of the arm.
    Sullivan's doctor says this is the first time a nerve-muscle graft has been used to control an artificial limb.
    Now, when Sullivan thinks about closing his hand, the nerve that used to make the hand close spurs a little piece of his chest muscle to contract, said Dr. Todd Kuiken, one of Sullivan's doctors at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. Sensors over that muscle then tell the hand to close via tiny connecting wires.
    "This is 1920s surgery but it's for a 21st century application," said Kuiken. "So what's really novel about this is not so much the surgical technique but the reason for doing the surgery and using it to help control artificial limbs and make them work better."

    New wave technology

    Some researchers have used electrodes implanted in the brain or in the scalp, while others have experimented with detectors outside the body, such as in Sullivan's case. But the basic idea behind neuroprosthetic devices is the same: creating communication between the brain and the outside object that needs to be moved.
    "To move something, you have to get a command signal from the brain to [an object,] whether it's a wheelchair, robot or your own arm," explains Dr. Brian Schmit, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Marquette University.
    The technology has the possibility to dramatically change those that have lost limbs or who are paralyzed. Some of the thought-driven devices being developed could navigate wheelchairs, control a robotic arm's movement, or even move a computer mouse, according to Schmit.
    Sullivan said he didn't know what to expect from the bionic arm.
    Sullivan said he didn't know what to expect from the bionic arm. "I thought maybe it would be like the 'Six Million Dollar Man.'"
    "If you can provide to someone who can't move access to a computer, it opens a lot of doors," Schmit says. "The brain can change to new circumstances. The body has an amazing ability to learn and adapt."
    About 8 percent of the estimated 387,500 amputees in the United States are those that have lost their arms, according to the Northwestern University Prosthetic-Orthotic Center.
    "With these new prostheses, these patients can now use their nerves in the natural way to control their artificial hand so that you have a more natural feel to its use," Kuiken said. "It's faster and more agile."
    For now, the medical procedure performed on Sullivan is limited to amputated arms. The hope is that one day it can be applied to other limbs as well.
    Sullivan said the experimental surgery was worth the uncertainty at first if it can help others later.
    "If this benefits another person then it is well worth it," Sullivan said. "And it has benefited me so I'm well satisfied."
    CNN medical producer Chris Gajilan contributed to this report.

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    #2 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:43 pm
    Subject: Brain Waves Control Video Game     		newcluepage
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    Brain Waves Control Video Game
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    Last Updated: Wednesday, 24 March, 2004, 10:07 GMT
    E-mail this to a friend Printable version
    Brain waves control video game
    By Jo Twist
    BBC News Online technology reporter

    Watching the live demonstration of the wireless brain control
    The live demo of the wireless control was a first
    A video game in which the character is controlled directly from a player's brain without the need for wires has been developed by researchers.
    Mind Balance was demonstrated for the first time using a new wireless headset, at the MIT Media Lab Europe in Dublin last month.
    The game could help researchers develop brain-computer interfaces for those with limited body movement.
    But, said the team, it could find its way into future video games.
    "It is absolutely a possibility," Ed Lalor, research associate at the labs, told BBC News Online.
    "If we can make this new wireless device that we have developed, the Cerebus, more aesthetically pleasing, a little bit smaller, that would make the device actually easier to put on and use."
    Sci-fi vision
    The idea of controlling electronic devices via plugs or implants in the brain has been a recurring theme in science fiction works, like William Gibson's novel Neuromancer and the Matrix films.
    Using a cap with wires and electrodes
    Usually, brain activity is measured with attractive caps and wires
    Research laboratories around the world have been working on technologies which let people "jack in" to computers directly from their brains, including Cyberkinetics, whose BrainGate system is currently undergoing trials.
    But the Mind Balance game demonstration showed how brain activity could be harnessed and used without the need for plugs, jacks or wires.
    Instead of wires, it uses direct electroencephalography (EEG), cerebral data nodes and the wireless technology - Bluetooth - all fitted into the sophisticated Cerebus headset.
    With six different types of nodes positioned over the occipital lobes at the back of the head - responsible for processing light, vision and hallucinations - Mr Lalor, as the player, focused on to two chequered boxes which flashed at different frequencies.
    "Because they are flashing at different frequencies," he explained. "They evoke different responses in the visual cortex.
    Mawg, the virtual character in the Media Lab's Mind Balance game
    Mawg talks steadily to himself in a Scottish accent
    "We are able to pick up electrical activity on the scalp and take the brain activity into a C# signal-processing engine which analyses those signal in real-time and makes a decision which of the two boxes the player is looking at."
    By "tuning" into the boxes on either side of a huge screen in turn, the frog-like virtual character, Mawg, was balanced and walked across a tight-rope.
    If he started to fall to the left, the player had to tune in to the box on the right of the screen to correct the balance.
    Smart communication
    Developments like Microsoft's new object-oriented language C#, a variation of C++ but with Java-like functions, have made this signal-processing and translation easier.
    In computing terms, C# makes it easier to create, manage and access objects.
    Devices like the Cerebus are getting easier to use too which, according to Mr Lalor, means gamers could be attaching them to their own heads in a few years' time, in their own homes.
    The research has some serious applications though.
    Much of the focus of direct brain-computer interfaces has been on developing the technology for people who have limited body movement, and the Mind Games research is no different.
    The Cerebus wireless headset
    The next hot thing for gamers?
    "This game was our first stab at creating a brain-computer interface controlled environment," explained Mr Lalor.
    "One of the obvious applications is for someone who is locked in or paralysed completely, somebody who has an advanced case of ALS [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis], where they literally cannot communicate at all, but their brain is operating fine. They can still see and hear but can't move or speak.
    "If we had a direct link from their brain to their computer, they could communicate."
    Mr Lalor and the rest of the team are keeping up with the plethora of research being done around the world on brain activity and hope to move the work on quickly.
    "With the software tools that we have, we can develop stuff a lot quicker than most places.
    "So as soon as we have a good idea for a nice communications interface to be used with our new brain device, we will have a communications tool for somebody who would otherwise not be able to communicate at all."


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    SEE ALSO:
    Ear implant aims to delve deeper
    08 Jan 04  |  Health
    Games to take your breath away
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    Tests of bionic arm implant start
    17 Oct 03  |  Health
    Monkey brains control robot arms
    13 Oct 03  |  Health
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    24 Jul 03  |  Health
    Monkey thoughts control computer
    13 Mar 02  |  Science/Nature


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    Media Lab Europe
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    #1 From: mark marks <newcluepage@...>
    Date: Thu Dec 28, 2006 8:49 pm
    Subject: Brainwave cap controls computer     		newcluepage
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    'Brainwave' cap controls computer
    Cursor movement recordings (Image: PNAS)
    The cursor movements were recorded: blue is slowest, and red fastest
    A team of US researchers has shown that controlling devices with the brain is a step closer.
    Four people, two of them partly paralysed wheelchair users, successfully moved a computer cursor while wearing a cap with 64 electrodes.
    Previous research has shown that monkeys can control a computer with electrodes implanted into their brain.
    The New York team reported their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
    "The results show that people can learn to use scalp-recorded electroencephalogram rhythms to control rapid and accurate movement of a cursor in two directions," said Jonathan Wolpaw and Dennis McFarlane.
    The research team, from New York State Department of Health and State University of New York in Albany, said the research was another step towards people controlling wheelchairs or other electronic devices by thought.
    Thinking cap
    The four people faced a large video screen wearing a special cap which meant no surgery or implantation was needed.
    A non-invasive brain control interface could support clinically useful operation of a robotic arm, a motorised wheelchair or a neuroprosthesis
    Jonathan Wolpaw and Dennis McFarlane, State University of New York
    Brain activity produces electrical signals that can be read by electrodes. Complex algorithms then translate those signals into instructions to direct the computer.
    Such brain activity does not require the use of any nerves or muscles, so people with stroke or spinal cord injuries could use the cap effectively.
    "The impressive non-invasive multidimensional control achieved in the present study suggests that a non-invasive brain control interface could support clinically useful operation of a robotic arm, a motorised wheelchair or a neuroprosthesis," said the researchers.
    The four volunteers also showed that they could get better at controlling the cursor the more times they tried.
    Although the two partially-paralysed people performed better overall, the researchers said this could be because their brains were more used to adapting or that they were simply more motivated.
    It is not the first time researchers have had this sort of success in brain-control experiments.
    Some teams have used eye motion and other recording techniques.
    Earlier this year, a team at the MIT Media Labs Europe demonstrated a wireless cap which read brain waves to control a computer game character.


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    SEE ALSO:
    Brain waves control video game
    24 Mar 04 |  Technology
    Brain could guide artifical limbs
    08 Apr 04 |  Health
    Monkey brains control robot arms
    13 Oct 03 |  Health
    Microchip promises smart artificial arms
    15 Jun 03 |  Health


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    New York State Department of Health
    State University of New York in Albany
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