Dear Ron,
In the water treatment industries to clarify the water and flocculatind all te suspended solids it is normally used "Aluminum Sulfate" (liquid form about 8% content), can be used fram 10 to 25 grams per cubic meters.
It is not expensive and it work perfectly. It need a "pre-dilution" with water followed by a distribution and good mixture inside the  tank.
Regards
Gianfranco Roncolato
 

---

To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com
From: potrzebie44@...
Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 13:23:21 -0700
Subject: [oil_from_algae] Learning from Failure [1 Attachment]

[Attachment(s) from Ron Brown included below]

The attached photo shows an algae culture we grew from one slant of Chlorella vulgaris that we got from Carolina Biological Supply Company ($9.00 + $30.00 s&H) in one week.  I count that part as a success.  But we tried to flocculate it with lime, and that was a little disappointing. "Microalgae Harvesting and Processing: A Literature Review" discusses the use of lime to flocculate algae.  a quick search of the internet confirmed that lime has been used to control algae in ponds.  Well, it was quick, cheap and easy, but it didn't work.  We applied  a pound or two of  lime that was left over from a construction project to about 300 gallons of culture.  I was hoping to be able to scoop up the floc with  a household strainer.  Although there was a fine white precipitate on the bottom, there was no sign of flocculation.      ---rsb Ron Brown 30JUNE2009

---

What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out

???Alum (pronounced /ˈælÉ™m/) is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate with the formula KAl(SO₄)₂^.12H₂O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related stoichiometry, AB(SO₄)₂^.12H₂O.
--- In oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com, Bobby Yates Emory <liberty1@...> wrote:
>
> Ron and Gianfranco,
>
> I think that is commonly called Alum and is easily available - this is
> WalMart's listing:
>
> <
> http://www.walmart.com/search/search-ng.do?search_constraint=0&ic=48_0&search_query=alum&Find.x=11&Find.y=8&Find=Find
> >
>
> Bobby
>
> 2009/7/1 Gian Roncolato alchemirg@...
>
> >
> >
> > Dear Ron,
> > In the water treatment industries to clarify the water and flocculatind all
> > te suspended solids it is normally used "Aluminum Sulfate" (liquid form
> > about 8% content), can be used fram 10 to 25 grams per cubic meters.
> > It is not expensive and it work perfectly. It need a "pre-dilution" with
> > water followed by a distribution and good mixture inside the tank.
> > Regards
> > Gianfranco Roncolato
> >
> > ------------------------------
> > To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com
> > From: potrzebie44@...
> > Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 13:23:21 -0700
> > Subject: [oil_from_algae] Learning from Failure [1 Attachment]
> >
> > [Attachment(s)<http://co119w.col119.mail.live.com/mail/EditMessageLight.aspx?ReadMessageId=fa6d5360-f2a2-4af6-9a38-e81dcc479708&FolderID=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&CP=-1&n=1316965772&Action=Reply&AllowUnsafe=False#TopText>from Ron Brown included below]
> >
> > The attached photo shows an algae culture we grew from one slant of
> > Chlorella vulgaris that we got from Carolina Biological Supply Company
> > ($9.00 + $30.00 s&H) in one week. I count that part as a success. But we
> > tried to flocculate it with lime, and that was a little disappointing.
> > "Microalgae Harvesting and
> > Processing: A Literature Review" discusses the use of lime to flocculate
> > algae. a quick search of the internet confirmed that lime has been used to
> > control algae in ponds. Well, it was quick, cheap and easy, but it didn't
> > work. We applied a pound or two of lime that was left over from a
> > construction project to about 300 gallons of culture. I was hoping to be
> > able to scoop up the floc with a household strainer. Although there was a
> > fine white precipitate on the bottom, there was no sign of flocculation.
> >
> >
> > ---rsb
> > Ron Brown
> > 30JUNE2009
> >
> >
> >
> > ------------------------------
> > What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out<http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx>
> >
> >
>
>
>
> --
> Toward freedom,
>
> Bobby Yates Emory
>

See  http://WWW.southshoregunitepools.Com/resources/pdfs/how_alum_works.pdf  Alum works to remove suspended particles, not emulsions.  Does algae stay in suspension when processed? I'd guess filtration (various options depending on porosity of the resulting cake and gunking) would remove most of it. If not I do not see how flocculants would do anything for algae sourced emulsions.   I'd guess an emulsion breaker and demulsifiers separating phases is what you are looking for; not flocculants. An example - http://www.champ-tech.com/onec_prod_emul.asp   Cheers Alex   PS: In my previous life I was a chemical engineer and have remained heavily involved in the chemical industry world-wide.   -------Original Message-------   From: Bobby Yates Emory Date: 7/1/2009 7:20:23 PM To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???   Bruce, Do you think it might work as a flocculant? I am also considering using it to remove gypsum from drinking water. Bobby On Wed, Jul 1, 2009 at 8:05 AM, lendlabs <lendlabs@...> wrote: ???Alum (pronounced /ˈælÉ™m/) is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate with the formula KAl(SO4)2.12H2O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related stoichiometry, AB(SO4)2.12H2O. --- In oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com, Bobby Yates Emory <liberty1@...> wrote: > > Ron and Gianfranco, > > I think that is commonly called Alum and is easily available - this is > WalMart's listing: > > < > http://www.walmart.com/search/search-ng.do?search_constraint=0&ic=48_0&search_query=alum&Find.x=11&Find.y=8&Find=Find > > > > Bobby > > 2009/7/1 Gian Roncolato alchemirg@... > > > > > > > Dear Ron, > > In the water treatment industries to clarify the water and flocculatind all > > te suspended solids it is normally used "Aluminum Sulfate" (liquid form > > about 8% content), can be used fram 10 to 25 grams per cubic meters. > > It is not expensive and it work perfectly. It need a "pre-dilution" with > > water followed by a distribution and good mixture inside the tank. > > Regards > > Gianfranco Roncolato > > > > ------------------------------ > > To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com > > From: potrzebie44@... > > Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 13:23:21 -0700 > > Subject: [oil_from_algae] Learning from Failure [1 Attachment] > > > > [Attachment(s)<http://co119w.col119.mail.live.com/mail/EditMessageLight.aspx?ReadMessageId=fa6d5360-f2a2-4af6-9a38-e81dcc479708&FolderID=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&CP=-1&n=1316965772&Action=Reply&AllowUnsafe=False#TopText>from Ron Brown included below] > > > > The attached photo shows an algae culture we grew from one slant of > > Chlorella vulgaris that we got from Carolina Biological Supply Company > > ($9.00 + $30.00 s&H) in one week. I count that part as a success. But we > > tried to flocculate it with lime, and that was a little disappointing. > > "Microalgae Harvesting and > > Processing: A Literature Review" discusses the use of lime to flocculate > > algae. a quick search of the internet confirmed that lime has been used to > > control algae in ponds. Well, it was quick, cheap and easy, but it didn't > > work. We applied a pound or two of lime that was left over from a > > construction project to about 300 gallons of culture. I was hoping to be > > able to scoop up the floc with a household strainer. Although there was a > > fine white precipitate on the bottom, there was no sign of flocculation. > > > > > > ---rsb > > Ron Brown > > 30JUNE2009 > > > > > > > > ------------------------------ > > What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out<http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx> > > > > > > > > -- > Toward freedom, > > Bobby Yates Emory > -- Toward freedom, Bobby Yates Emory Â

BOBBY,
WE TESTED THE ALUM ON A LARGE VOLUME OVER THE 4TH.. WORKED BUT TOOK A
LOT OF ENERGY TO REMOVE THE MASS .. WATER WAS CLEAR IN THE END..

BRUCE

--- In oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com, Bobby Yates Emory <liberty1@...>
wrote:
>

> Alex,
>
> Reading between the lines, there may be some info here that could help
when
> trying to floc out algae.
>
> Also, it says that alum can give a boost to sand filters.
>
> I still like the idea of froth flotation, but who knows what is going
to be
> cost effective?
>
> Bobby
>

> On Thu, Jul 2, 2009 at 12:08 PM, Alex Markin anzactwo@... wrote:
>
> >
> >
> > See
> >
http://WWW.southshoregunitepools.Com/resources/pdfs/how_alum_works.pdf
> > Alum works to remove suspended particles, not emulsions. Does algae
stay in
> > suspension when processed? I'd guess filtration (various options
depending
> > on porosity of the resulting cake and gunking) would remove most of
it. If
> > not I do not see how flocculants would do anything for algae sourced
> > emulsions.
> >
> > I'd guess an emulsion breaker and demulsifiers separating phases is
what
> > you are looking for; not flocculants. An example -
> > http://www.champ-tech.com/onec_prod_emul.asp
> >
> > Cheers
> > Alex
> >
> > PS: In my previous life I was a chemical engineer and have remained
heavily
> > involved in the chemical industry world-wide.
> >
> > *-------Original Message-------*
> >

> > *From:* Bobby Yates Emory liberty1@...
> > *Date:* 7/1/2009 7:20:23 PM

> > *To:* oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com
> > *Subject:* Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???
> >
> >
> > Bruce,
> >
> > Do you think it might work as a flocculant?
> >
> > I am also considering using it to remove gypsum from drinking water.
> >
> > Bobby
> >

> > On Wed, Jul 1, 2009 at 8:05 AM, lendlabs lendlabs@... wrote:
> >
> >
> > ???*Alum* (pronounced
/ˈæləm/<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_\
for_English>)

> > is both a specific chemical

compound<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound>and a class of

chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated
> > aluminum potassium sulfate with the

formula<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula>KAl(SO

> > 4)2.12H2O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the
related

> > stoichiometry <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry>,
*AB*(SO4)2.12H
> > 2O.

> > --- In oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com, Bobby Yates Emory liberty1@
> > wrote:
> > >
> > > Ron and Gianfranco,
> > >
> > > I think that is commonly called Alum and is easily available -
this is
> > > WalMart's listing:
> > >
> > > <
> > >
> >

http://www.walmart.com/search/search-ng.do?search_constraint=0&ic=48_0&s\

earch_query=alum&Find.x=11&Find.y=8&Find=Find

> > > >
> > >
> > > Bobby
> > >
> > > 2009/7/1 Gian Roncolato alchemirg@
> > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > Dear Ron,
> > > > In the water treatment industries to clarify the water and
flocculatind
> > all
> > > > te suspended solids it is normally used "Aluminum Sulfate"
(liquid form
> > > > about 8% content), can be used fram 10 to 25 grams per cubic
meters.
> > > > It is not expensive and it work perfectly. It need a
"pre-dilution"
> > with
> > > > water followed by a distribution and good mixture inside the
tank.
> > > > Regards
> > > > Gianfranco Roncolato
> > > >
> > > > ------------------------------
> > > > To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com
> > > > From: potrzebie44@
> > > > Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 13:23:21 -0700
> > > > Subject: [oil_from_algae] Learning from Failure [1 Attachment]
> > > >
> > > > [Attachment(s)<
> >

http://co119w.col119.mail.live.com/mail/EditMessageLight.aspx?ReadMessag\
eId=fa6d5360-f2a2-4af6-9a38-e81dcc479708&FolderID=00000000-0000-0000-000\

0-000000000001&CP=-1&n=1316965772&Action=Reply&AllowUnsafe=False#TopText\

>from
> > Ron Brown included below]
> > > >
> > > > The attached photo shows an algae culture we grew from one slant
of
> > > > Chlorella vulgaris that we got from Carolina Biological Supply
Company
> > > > ($9.00 + $30.00 s&H) in one week. I count that part as a
success. But
> > we
> > > > tried to flocculate it with lime, and that was a little
disappointing.
> > > > "Microalgae Harvesting and
> > > > Processing: A Literature Review" discusses the use of lime to
> > flocculate
> > > > algae. a quick search of the internet confirmed that lime has
been used
> > to
> > > > control algae in ponds. Well, it was quick, cheap and easy, but
it
> > didn't
> > > > work. We applied a pound or two of lime that was left over from
a
> > > > construction project to about 300 gallons of culture. I was
hoping to
> > be
> > > > able to scoop up the floc with a household strainer. Although
there was
> > a
> > > > fine white precipitate on the bottom, there was no sign of
> > flocculation.
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > ---rsb
> > > > Ron Brown
> > > > 30JUNE2009
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > ------------------------------
> > > > What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out<
> > http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx>
> > > >
> > > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > --
> > > Toward freedom,
> > >
> > > Bobby Yates Emory
> > >
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> > Toward freedom,
> >
> > Bobby Yates Emory
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>

> --

> Toward freedom,
>
> Bobby Yates Emory
>

Hi Bobby:   Let's get back to the objective of algae processing. Aren't we trying to remove lipids/oils/organics from the mass and then recycle what is left?  Isn't that the ideal?     If so, then the next question is what has to be done to recycle or alternatively use the processed algae as fuel or further fermentation, the latter assuming somewhere down the road cellulosics can be cost-effectively fermented to alcohols.   Cheers Alex   -------Original Message-------   From: Bobby Yates Emory Date: 7/2/2009 10:03:45 PM To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???   Alex, Reading between the lines, there may be some info here that could help when trying to floc out algae. Also, it says that alum can give a boost to sand filters. I still like the idea of froth flotation, but who knows what is going to be cost effective? Bobby On Thu, Jul 2, 2009 at 12:08 PM, Alex Markin <anzactwo@...> wrote: See  http://WWW.southshoregunitepools.Com/resources/pdfs/how_alum_works.pdf  Alum works to remove suspended particles, not emulsions.  Does algae stay in suspension when processed? I'd guess filtration (various options depending on porosity of the resulting cake and gunking) would remove most of it. If not I do not see how flocculants would do anything for algae sourced emulsions.   I'd guess an emulsion breaker and demulsifiers separating phases is what you are looking for; not flocculants. An example - http://www.champ-tech.com/onec_prod_emul.asp   Cheers Alex   PS: In my previous life I was a chemical engineer and have remained heavily involved in the chemical industry world-wide.   -------Original Message-------   From: Bobby Yates Emory Date: 7/1/2009 7:20:23 PM To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???   Bruce, Do you think it might work as a flocculant? I am also considering using it to remove gypsum from drinking water. Bobby On Wed, Jul 1, 2009 at 8:05 AM, lendlabs <lendlabs@...> wrote: ???Alum (pronounced /ˈælÉ™m/) is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate with the formula KAl(SO4)2.12H2O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related stoichiometry, AB(SO4)2.12H2O. --- In oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com, Bobby Yates Emory <liberty1@...> wrote: > > Ron and Gianfranco, > > I think that is commonly called Alum and is easily available - this is > WalMart's listing: > > < > http://www.walmart.com/search/search-ng.do?search_constraint=0&ic=48_0&search_query=alum&Find.x=11&Find.y=8&Find=Find > > > > Bobby > > 2009/7/1 Gian Roncolato alchemirg@... > > > > > > > Dear Ron, > > In the water treatment industries to clarify the water and flocculatind all > > te suspended solids it is normally used "Aluminum Sulfate" (liquid form > > about 8% content), can be used fram 10 to 25 grams per cubic meters. > > It is not expensive and it work perfectly. It need a "pre-dilution" with > > water followed by a distribution and good mixture inside the tank. > > Regards > > Gianfranco Roncolato > > > > ------------------------------ > > To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com > > From: potrzebie44@... > > Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 13:23:21 -0700 > > Subject: [oil_from_algae] Learning from Failure [1 Attachment] > > > > [Attachment(s)<http://co119w.col119.mail.live.com/mail/EditMessageLight.aspx?ReadMessageId=fa6d5360-f2a2-4af6-9a38-e81dcc479708&FolderID=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&CP=-1&n=1316965772&Action=Reply&AllowUnsafe=False#TopText>from Ron Brown included below] > > > > The attached photo shows an algae culture we grew from one slant of > > Chlorella vulgaris that we got from Carolina Biological Supply Company > > ($9.00 + $30.00 s&H) in one week. I count that part as a success. But we > > tried to flocculate it with lime, and that was a little disappointing. > > "Microalgae Harvesting and > > Processing: A Literature Review" discusses the use of lime to flocculate > > algae. a quick search of the internet confirmed that lime has been used to > > control algae in ponds. Well, it was quick, cheap and easy, but it didn't > > work. We applied a pound or two of lime that was left over from a > > construction project to about 300 gallons of culture. I was hoping to be > > able to scoop up the floc with a household strainer. Although there was a > > fine white precipitate on the bottom, there was no sign of flocculation. > > > > > > ---rsb > > Ron Brown > > 30JUNE2009 > > > > > > > > ------------------------------ > > What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out<http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx> > > > > > > > > -- > Toward freedom, > > Bobby Yates Emory > -- Toward freedom, Bobby Yates Emory   -- Toward freedom, Bobby Yates Emory Â

Bobby:   I can see your point that removing algae first makes it easier to then separate lipids from the aqueous phase.  But what if we are satisfied with say 80% removal of lipids from a mixed media and then recycle that media back to the algae growing units? Am I smoking something illegal by suggesting this?    Intuitively I do prefer froth flotation for what you are suggesting, but at least one source claims it is too costly for now -  http://en.phyco.org/wiki/Harvesting ?  I do not see how unless the objective is to approach 100% separation of all components. Your comment?   Conceptually the only important pure product from my perception is the lipids. I am not sure I'd mind if some percent of the lipids cannot be removed in sufficient pure form as long as they can be recycled. Why is that perception faulty?   Cheers Alex   -------Original Message-------   From: Bobby Yates Emory Date: 7/3/2009 10:20:01 PM To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???   Alex, First we have to get the algae out of the culture. Removing lipids is second. I assume your point was that we should not use a treatment that prevents us from some other processing we would want to do.  A good thought, but we might end up doing it if that is a drastically cheaper process. It does give another reason for my favorite - Froth flotation. Until we have run a lost more tests and costed out a lot of techniques, we need to keep our minds open to all possibilities. Bobby On Fri, Jul 3, 2009 at 10:13 AM, Alex Markin <anzactwo@...> wrote: Hi Bobby:   Let's get back to the objective of algae processing. Aren't we trying to remove lipids/oils/organics from the mass and then recycle what is left?  Isn't that the ideal?     If so, then the next question is what has to be done to recycle or alternatively use the processed algae as fuel or further fermentation, the latter assuming somewhere down the road cellulosics can be cost-effectively fermented to alcohols.   Cheers Alex   -------Original Message-------   From: Bobby Yates Emory Date: 7/2/2009 10:03:45 PM To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???   Alex, Reading between the lines, there may be some info here that could help when trying to floc out algae. Also, it says that alum can give a boost to sand filters. I still like the idea of froth flotation, but who knows what is going to be cost effective? Bobby On Thu, Jul 2, 2009 at 12:08 PM, Alex Markin <anzactwo@...> wrote: See  http://WWW.southshoregunitepools.Com/resources/pdfs/how_alum_works.pdf  Alum works to remove suspended particles, not emulsions.  Does algae stay in suspension when processed? I'd guess filtration (various options depending on porosity of the resulting cake and gunking) would remove most of it. If not I do not see how flocculants would do anything for algae sourced emulsions.   I'd guess an emulsion breaker and demulsifiers separating phases is what you are looking for; not flocculants. An example - http://www.champ-tech.com/onec_prod_emul.asp   Cheers Alex   PS: In my previous life I was a chemical engineer and have remained heavily involved in the chemical industry world-wide.   -------Original Message-------   From: Bobby Yates Emory Date: 7/1/2009 7:20:23 PM To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com Subject: Re: [oil_from_algae] Re: alum???   Bruce, Do you think it might work as a flocculant? I am also considering using it to remove gypsum from drinking water. Bobby On Wed, Jul 1, 2009 at 8:05 AM, lendlabs <lendlabs@...> wrote: ???Alum (pronounced /ˈælÉ™m/) is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate with the formula KAl(SO4)2.12H2O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related stoichiometry, AB(SO4)2.12H2O. --- In oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com, Bobby Yates Emory <liberty1@...> wrote: > > Ron and Gianfranco, > > I think that is commonly called Alum and is easily available - this is > WalMart's listing: > > < > http://www.walmart.com/search/search-ng.do?search_constraint=0&ic=48_0&search_query=alum&Find.x=11&Find.y=8&Find=Find > > > > Bobby > > 2009/7/1 Gian Roncolato alchemirg@... > > > > > > > Dear Ron, > > In the water treatment industries to clarify the water and flocculatind all > > te suspended solids it is normally used "Aluminum Sulfate" (liquid form > > about 8% content), can be used fram 10 to 25 grams per cubic meters. > > It is not expensive and it work perfectly. It need a "pre-dilution" with > > water followed by a distribution and good mixture inside the tank. > > Regards > > Gianfranco Roncolato > > > > ------------------------------ > > To: oil_from_algae@yahoogroups.com > > From: potrzebie44@... > > Date: Tue, 30 Jun 2009 13:23:21 -0700 > > Subject: [oil_from_algae] Learning from Failure [1 Attachment] > > > > [Attachment(s)<http://co119w.col119.mail.live.com/mail/EditMessageLight.aspx?ReadMessageId=fa6d5360-f2a2-4af6-9a38-e81dcc479708&FolderID=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&CP=-1&n=1316965772&Action=Reply&AllowUnsafe=False#TopText>from Ron Brown included below] > > > > The attached photo shows an algae culture we grew from one slant of > > Chlorella vulgaris that we got from Carolina Biological Supply Company > > ($9.00 + $30.00 s&H) in one week. I count that part as a success. But we > > tried to flocculate it with lime, and that was a little disappointing. > > "Microalgae Harvesting and > > Processing: A Literature Review" discusses the use of lime to flocculate > > algae. a quick search of the internet confirmed that lime has been used to > > control algae in ponds. Well, it was quick, cheap and easy, but it didn't > > work. We applied a pound or two of lime that was left over from a > > construction project to about 300 gallons of culture. I was hoping to be > > able to scoop up the floc with a household strainer. Although there was a > > fine white precipitate on the bottom, there was no sign of flocculation. > > > > > > ---rsb > > Ron Brown > > 30JUNE2009 > > > > > > > > ------------------------------ > > What can you do with the new Windows Live? Find out<http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx> > > > > > > > > -- > Toward freedom, > > Bobby Yates Emory > -- Toward freedom, Bobby Yates Emory   -- Toward freedom, Bobby Yates Emory   -- Toward freedom, Bobby Yates Emory Â