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#202 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Nov 4, 2009 7:09 pm
Subject: La transferencia de genes entre especies genera efectos devastadores
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From: No Transgenicos <notransgenicos@...>
 

RED POR UNA AMERICA LATINA
LIBRE DE TRANSGENICOS
BOLETÍN 366


 
Transgénicos

La transferencia de genes entre especies genera efectos devastadores



03-09-09 Por Sylvia Ubal

Las compañías de biotecnología alegan falsamente que sus manipulaciones son similares a cambios genéticos naturales. Sin embargo la transferencia de genes de cruce de especies que se están realizando (como entre cerdos y plantas, o peces y tomates) nunca sucederían en la naturaleza y pueden permitir que se transfieran enfermedades y debilidades entre especies, con efectos tan desastrosos como se han visto en BSE (enfermedad de las vacas locas).

Las técnicas de ingeniería genética fueron descubiertas en 1950 por James Watson y Francis Crick y este descubrimiento trajo como consecuencia el desarrollo de la biotecnología y el conocimiento de la estructura de la molécula de ADN, donde se almacena la información genética, que es la herencia, en todos los seres vivos.

Partiendo de este importante logro, aparecen los primeros ensayos de manipulación genética (año 1980 cultivos transgénicos de tabaco recogidos en 1992 – China, en 1996 aparecieron 23 marcas de cereales en Estados Unidos, Canadá y Japón), Manipulación genética se realiza sobre cualquier vegetal, animal u organismo cuyo material genético original sea modificado intencionalmente.

El desarrollo y comercialización de éstas nuevas tecnologías están centrados en grandes multinacionales, que controlan el 85% del comercio mundial de los cereales y 10 empresas agroquímicas del mundo, que controlan el 91% de su mercado y se denominan COMPAÑIAS DE LA VIDA; las siete gigantes son: 1) Syngenta (Novartis y AstraZeneca), 2) Monsanto/Pharmacia, 3) Aventis (adquirida por Bayer en el 2001, 4) DuPont, 5) Dow, 6) Bayer y 7) BASF (1, 2 y 3) cuyos estudios científicos particulares defienden sus intereses, tratando de demostrar que los alimentos transgénicos, además de ser excelentes, mitigaran el hambre en los países pobres.

Las transferencias no naturales de genes de una especie a otra son peligrosas.

Las compañías de biotecnología alegan falsamente que sus manipulaciones son similares a cambios genéticos naturales. Sin embargo la transferencia de genes de cruce de especies que se están realizando (como entre cerdos y plantas, o peces y tomates) nunca sucederían en la naturaleza y pueden permitir que se transfieran enfermedades y debilidades entre especies, con efectos tan desastrosos como se han visto en BSE (enfermedad de las vacas locas).

Las compañías de biotecnología alegan que sus métodos son precisos y sofisticados. De hecho hay un elemento aleatorio en su método experimental de inserción del gen. Son inevitables los efectos secundarios y los accidentes y los riesgos se han evaluado científicamente como ilimitados. A diferencia de la contaminación química o nuclear, la contaminación genética no puede recogerse; y los efectos tóxicos de equivocaciones genéticas se pasarán a todas las futuras generaciones de una especie.

Los alimentos genéticamente diseñados están siendo introducidos sin etiquetar

Las compañías de biotecnología han decidido no utilizar etiquetas alegando falsamente que no hay diferencia material entre alimentos genéticamente modificados y sus contrapartidas naturales. De hecho, la inteligencia genética natural de alimentos, acumulada en millones de años, está siendo alterada. Los gobiernos apoyan las compañías de biotecnología e ignoran los derechos de los consumidores a ser informados. Sin etiquetar, las causas de nuevas enfermedades pueden ser muy difíciles de rastrear. Por un lado, mientras todos los alimentos deberían etiquetarse fielmente, los alimentos genéticamente diseñados deberían prohibirse totalmente para proteger la vida.

En el año 1995, la siembra de semilla transgénica es utilizada en doscientas mil (200.000) hectáreas; seis años más tarde (2001) utilizan 52.6 millones de hectáreas y para (2009) utilizan 186.3 millones de hectáreas. Siendo Estados Unidos el mayor productor de elementos agrícolas modificados genéticamente, con el 68% de la cosecha transgénica mundial, Argentina, con el 22%, Canadá con el 6% y China con el 3% para un total de 99% sólo cuatro países y dominados por una sola compañía “Monsanto”. Estos son claros ejemplos de una agricultura no sostenible. En Argentina la entrada masiva de soja transgénica exacerbó la crisis de la agricultura con un alarmante incremento de la destrucción de sus bosques primarios, lo que motivó el desplazamiento de campesinos y trabajadores rurales, aumento del uso de herbicidas, y una grave sustitución de la producción de alimentos para consumo local.

Los alimentos que han sido modificados genéticamente son: maíz, soya, uvas, salmón, arroz, tomate, colza. Las semillas mas comerciales a nivel mundial son: maíz, soya, eucalipto, algodón y colza, desarrollados y distribuidos por una sola compañía “La multinacional Monsanto”. Según fuente de la FAO, los alimentos transgénicos que están disponibles actualmente son: Maíz, soya, algodón, escherillia coolí K-12, claveles y dentro de la selección de OMG elaborado al 2009: Uvas, tilapia, álamos, salmón, eucalipto, arroz y ovejas.

Amenaza global al abastecimiento alimenticio de la humanidad


Las compañías gigantes transnacionales de biotecnología controlan grandes segmentos del abastecimiento alimenticio del mundo incluyendo patentes alimentarias, compañías de semillas, y otros aspectos de la cadena alimentaria. Están introduciendo productos genéticamente diseñados experimentales sin verificación en un peligroso experimento global. Si las intenciones de la industria se llevan a cabo, casi todos los alimentos que llevemos a nuestra mesa se alteraran dentro de unos años. Este cambio radical en el abastecimiento alimenticio de la humanidad resultará en muchos problemas irrevocables e inesperados tales como serias escaseces alimentarias y amenazas para la salud de amplias dimensiones.

¿Que es Monsanto?

Monsanto se presenta a sí misma como una empresa visionaria, una fuerza de la historia mundial que trabaja para aportar ciencia de vanguardia y una actitud ambientalmente responsable a la solución de los problemas más urgentes de la humanidad. Pero, ¿Qué es en realidad Monsanto? ¿Cuál es su origen? ¿Cómo llegó a ser el segundo productor mundial de agroquímicos y uno de los principales proveedores de semillas en el planeta?. ¿Es Monsanto la compañía "limpia y verde" que proclaman sus anuncios, o los mismos apenas representan una operación de imagen que oculta la naturaleza criminal de la compañía? Una mirada a su historia nos dará algunas claves reveladoras, y puede ayudarnos a entender mejor las prácticas actuales de dicha compañía.

Monsanto con sede en San Louis, Missouri, Estados Unidos, Monsanto Chemical Company fue fundada en 1901 por John Francis Queeny, un químico autodidacta que llevó la tecnología de la fabricación de sacarina, el primer edulcorante artificial, de Alemania a Estados Unidos. En los años 20, Monsanto se convirtió en uno de los principales fabricantes de ácido sulfúrico y de otros productos básicos de la industria química, y desde la década de los 40 hasta nuestros días, es una de las cuatro únicas compañías que han estado siempre entre las 10 primeras empresas químicas de Estados Unidos.

En los años 40, el negocio de Monsanto giraba en torno a los plásticos y las fibras sintéticas. En 1947, un carguero francés que transportaba nitrato de amonio (utilizado como fertilizante) explotó en un muelle a unos 90 metros de la fábrica de plásticos de Monsanto en las afueras de Galveston, en Texas. Más de 500 personas murieron en lo que llegó a ser considerado como uno de los más grandes desastres de la industria química. La planta producía estireno y plásticos de poliestireno, que aún se usan para envases de alimentos y otros productos de consumo masivo. En los años 80, la Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente de los Estados Unidos (EPA), colocó al poliestireno en el quinto lugar de la clasificación de productos químicos cuya producción genera las mayores cantidades totales de residuos peligrosos.

En 1929, la Swann Chemical Company, adquirida poco después por Monsanto, desarrolló los bifenilos policlorados (PCBs por sus siglas en inglés), que fueron muy alabados por su estabilidad química y su inflamabilidad. Su uso más frecuente se dio en la industria de equipos eléctricos, que escogió a los PCBs como refrigerantes de combustibles de una nueva generación de transformadores. En el transcurso de los años 60, los compuestos de la cada vez más numerosa familia de los PCBs de Monsanto fueron también usados como lubricantes, líquidos hidráulicos, aceites lubricantes de herramientas, revestimientos impermeables y selladores líquidos. Las pruebas de los efectos tóxicos de los PCBs se remontan a los años 30, cuando científicos suecos que estudiaban los efectos biológicos del DDT comenzaron a hallar concentraciones significativas de PCBs en la sangre, pelo y tejidos grasos de los animales silvestres.

Es el laboratorio de biotecnología en la agricultura más grande del mundo, que introdujo al mercado la primera generación de cultivos transgénicos, convirtiéndose en el líder mundial en la promoción de biotecnología en la agricultura.

Sus cultivos representan más del 90 por ciento de todos los cultivos transgénicos del mundo. Los cultivos resistentes a su herbicida "glifosato", como la "soja RR" (Roundup Ready) y el "maíz RR", sólo promueven la agricultura industrial de insumo-dependencia.

Esta empresa dedicada a la explotación agropecuaria donde los científicos aíslan un gen de la bacteria que produce un insecticida conocido como "Bt" y lo transfieren al maíz, al algodón, y logran que la planta exude su propio insecticida tiene el camino libre para iniciar cultivos masivos y tiene el control de todo el proceso productivo; que se necesita para que la rueda de la fortuna no se detenga, y expandir constantemente las áreas sembradas, la tierra rica para los negocios.

Monsanto despoja a los campesinos

Drásticamente famillas enteras de campesinos pasaron a ser parte de los agronegocios pero del lado del reverso. Hoy los campesinos, despojados y expulsados de sus tierras, transitan el desdichado camino del éxodo hacia los cinturones marginales y empobrecidos de las ciudades.

Los que se quedan a defender sus chacras, huertas y animales, son cercados y criminalizados por las leyes, los bancos, los jueces, la policía, las armas largas y las topadoras.

La tenencia de la tierra es una batalla silenciosa que se libra diariamente en suelos campesinos mientras los gobiernos locales, provinciales y el nacional hacen la 'vista gorda', mientras que las trasnacionales se quedan con sus tierras.

Antecedentes

Monsanto envenenó Vietnam. Es el responsable de la fabricación de armas de destrucción masiva. El herbicida conocido como Agente Naranja, que fue usado por las fuerzas militares estadounidenses para defoliar los ecosistemas de selva tropical de Vietnam durante los años 60, era una mezcla de 2,4,5-T y 2,4-D que provenía de varias fuentes, pero el Agente Naranja de Monsanto tenía concentraciones de dioxina muchas veces superiores al producido por Dow Chemical, el otro gran productor del defoliante. Esto convirtió a Monsanto en el principal acusado en la demanda interpuesta por veteranos de la guerra del Vietnam, que experimentaron un conjunto de síntomas de debilidad atribuibles a la exposición al Agente Naranja. Cuando en 1984 se alcanzó un acuerdo de indemnización por valor de 180 millones de dólares entre siete compañías químicas y los abogados de los veteranos, la justicia ordenó a Monsanto pagar el 45,5 por ciento del total. Por supuesto, a los tribunales de Estados Unidos ni se los ocurrió que a una mayor indemnización tenían derecho la sociedad y el Estado de Vietnam.

El Roundup es el resistente herbicida más vendido del mundo. Actualmente, los herbicidas de glifosato, tales como el Roundup, representan al menos una sexta parte de las ventas anuales totales de Monsanto Es comercializado en otros países con diferentes nombres, y es altamente toxico. Monsanto promociona agresivamente el Roundup presentándolo como un herbicida seguro y de uso general (no sólo para los cultivos transgénicos), en cualquier lugar, por ejemplo en el sur de España donde los agricultores lo llaman “Rondo”) en céspedes, huertos, bosques de coníferas.

Como Monsanto y los funcionarios de EE.UU. insisten en que es seguro pulverizar Roundup desde aviones, periodistas y científicos están comenzando a revelar algunos hechos nuevos.

La serie de grandes multas y decisiones judiciales contra Monsanto en Estados Unidos incluyen responsabilidades en casos de muerte por leucemia, multas de 40 millones de dólares por el vertido de productos peligrosos al medio ambiente, y muchos otros episodios. En 1995, Monsanto era la quinta empresa de Estados Unidos en el inventario de vertidos tóxicos de la EPA, con millones de kilogramos de productos químicos tóxicos descargados sobre la tierra, en el aire, en el agua y en el subsuelo.

En diciembre pasado, la periodista holandesa, Marjon Van Royen investigó los informes sanitarios sobre el terreno en Colombia, y descubrió que "debido a que el producto químico es pulverizado en Colombia desde aviones sobre áreas habitadas, ha habido constantes afecciones sanitarias en seres humanos; ojos inflamados, mareos y problemas respiratorios, han sido las más frecuentemente registradas." Aunque Roundup es anunciado como "seguro" para mamíferos, incluyendo seres humanos (pero no para algunos insectos o la vida acuática) por el Departamento de Estado de EE.UU., ha habido informes demasiado persistentes sobre problemas cutáneos y de otro tipo después de incidentes de fumigación involucrando a campesinos y sus animales, para que sean ignorados. Profundizando en su investigación, Van Royen descubrió algo alarmante: otro aditivo llamado Cosmo-Flux 411F estaba siendo agregado para aumentar la toxicidad de Roundup. La mezcla de Roundup y Cosmo-Flux 411F nunca ha sido científicamente evaluada, ni se ha informado al público, en EE.UU. o en Colombia, sobre esta práctica la acción biológica del herbicida, produciendo niveles relativos de exposición que son 104 veces más elevados que la dosis recomendada para utilizaciones normales en la agricultura.

Este veraz análisis que realizamos de las implicaciones está documentado por fuentes fidedignas, nos dejan una visión aterradora de la capacidad de las transnacionales de afectar el medio ambiente, los mares, la biosfera, la fauna y el ser humano habitante de este mismo habitat.

He pensado muchas veces si los dueños de estas grandes industrias no tienen en cuenta, no solo al hombre, sino a sus familiares y al futuro de la humanidad. Es tan importante la voracidad de crear riquezas y hacerse multimillonarios sin ninguna ética moral, que ponen al mundo en peligro de extinción al destruir las riquezas y hasta la atmósfera que respiramos. www.ecoportal.net

Sylvia Ubal – Barómetro Internacional
www.barometro_internacional.org





#201 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Mon Oct 19, 2009 8:27 pm
Subject: Pruebas con alimentos transgnicos
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From: No Transgenicos <notransgenicos@...>

RED POR UNA AMRICA LATINA
LIBRE DE TRANSGNICOS
BOLETN 353

 
"No es posible alimentar al mundo con un producto que slo se ha probado tres meses en ratas y cuyos anlisis de sangre son secretos"

Reportaje al Dr. Gilles
- Eric Sralini
13-05-09

Tengo 49 aos. Nac en Argelia y vivo en Caen (Francia), donde soy catedrtico de Biologa Molecular. Estoy casado y tengo dos hijos. Me preocupan el medio ambiente y la salud a largo plazo, soy especialista en toxicidad de variedades transgnicas y herbicidas. Soy cristiano.

1.-Es usted un radical de lo natural?

En absoluto, pero mi profesin es la investigacin en biologa molecular, cmo se hacen los organismos genticamente modificados (OGM) y qu efectos tienen en la salud cuando los ingerimos.

2.-Y?

Sabemos que el cncer, las enfermedades hormonales, metablicas, inmunitarias, nerviosas y reproductivas estn relacionadas con los agentes qumicos que contienen.

3.-Cuntos tipos de transgnicos hay?

Soja, maz, algodn y colza. Las semillas llevan incorporado el veneno para los insectos. Las de maz y soja contienen Roundup, el mayor herbicida del mundo.

4.-Hay muchos alimentos que contengan soja o maz?

S, todos los que contienen por ejemplo azcar de maz (sodas, bebidas de cola, pastelera, salsas, bombones, caramelos, chocolate...). Y los animales que nos comemos que han sido alimentados con maz transgnico (pollo, vaca, conejo, cerdo, leche, huevos...).

5.-En qu dosis son peligrosos?

No lo sabemos, porque no se han hecho los test adecuados; slo sabemos que nos hacen dao a largo plazo. En general, impiden que los rganos y las clulas funcionen bien.

6.-Pero se han hecho test con ratas.

S, pero los resultados son confidenciales.

7.-Pero qu dice!

Anormal, verdad?... Hay que pedir a los gobiernos de Europa que hagan pblicos estos anlisis; y, cuando lo hagan, muchos debates ya no tendrn sentido porque sern evidentes los efectos de los OGM. Yo soy uno de los cuatro expertos que han trabajado para la Unin Europea en el conflicto que se debate en el marco de la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Europa para etiquetar los OGM.

8.-Europa es reticente a los OGM?

La UE ha pedido los resultados de las pruebas a las compaas para aceptar o no la comercializacin de estos productos, pero las compaas dicen que son confidenciales, cuando segn la ley de la UE deberan ser pblicos. Ya hemos ganado algn juicio contra Monsanto demostrando los efectos nocivos de los OGM que pudimos analizar.

9.-Cunteme.

Para saber si los OGM son txicos, se hacen los mismos test en todo el planeta; se les da a las ratas dos dosis de maz transgnico durante tres meses y se les hacen dos anlisis de sangre, a las cinco semanas y a los tres meses. Los resultados fueron: aumento de grasa en sangre (del 20% al 40%), de azcar (10%), desajustes urinarios, problemas de riones y de hgado, precisamente los rganos de desintoxicacin.

10.-Suena fatal.

En Espaa hay 100.000 hectreas dedicadas al cultivo de maz transgnico (casi todo en Catalunya), es la puerta de entrada de los OGM a Europa.

11.-Usted tambin ha realizado investigaciones recientemente.

S, sobre los efectos del Roundup (el mayor pesticida del mundo, utilizado en tres cuartos de los transgnicos) en clulas humanas: directamente las mata.

12.-Eso es grave.

Los expertos pedimos dos aos de test sobre animales en laboratorio, tal como se hace con los medicamentos; pero entonces los OGM no son rentables. Hay un gran combate poltico y econmico sobre este tema, y hay que decrselo a la gente: no nos permiten ver esos anlisis de sangre ni conseguimos hacer el test ms all de tres meses. Esto es un escndalo escondido por las grandes compaas.

13.-Tan poderosas son estas empresas que los gobiernos no pueden detenerlas?

Es el mayor desafo financiero que jams ha existido. Hay cuatro plantas que alimentan al mundo a nivel intensivo: soja, maz, arroz y trigo. Las compaas registran patentes sobre las plantas de estos alimentos gracias a los OGM. Quien tenga las patentes y cobre royaltis cada vez que alguien las coma o cultive en el planeta ser el rey del mundo; por eso las grandes empresas farmacuticas han empezado a hacer OGM.

14.-Qu miedo.

Las ocho mayores compaas farmacuticas son las ocho mayores compaas de pesticidas y de OGM. Monsanto tiene el 80% de la biotecnologa del mundo.

15.-Y por qu lo permiten los gobiernos?

Hace quince aos, todos los gobiernos de los pases industrializados apostaron en el desarrollo de la industria de la biotecnologa, donde se ha invertido mucho dinero pblico. Los gobiernos saben que hay problemas con los OGM, pero si consiguen y publican los resultados de los anlisis, resultar que todo lo autorizado hasta el momento ha sido un error de graves consecuencias.

16.-... Lo que hundira cualquier gobierno.

Exacto. Aun as, jams un OGM ha sido autorizado por los ministros de Medio Ambiente de Europa.

17.-Por qu los cientficos no presionan?

Ni siquiera uno de cada 10.000 tiene acceso a los datos. Yo hace nueve aos que leo todos los informes europeos y americanos de controles sanitarios de OGM, y los nicos que hacen test son las propias compaas.

18.-Usted los hace.

Pocos, son carsimos. Se debera exigir a las compaas que los anlisis los realizaran universidades pblicas en lugar de las empresas privadas a sueldo de las compaas.

Informacion secreta

Ha venido invitado por la plataforma "Som lo que Sembrem" y dice que urge presionar a los gobiernos a que exijan a las compaas productoras de transgnicos que se hagan pblicos los estudios de los efectos que estos alimentos tienen en la salud: "No es posible alimentar al mundo con un producto que slo se ha probado tres meses en ratas y cuyos anlisis de sangre son secretos". Tiene autoridad o es un loco de lo natural?... Preside el consejo cientfico del Comit de Recherche et dInformation Indpendantes sur le Gnie Gntique (Criigen). Durante nueve aos trabaj para el Gobierno francs evaluando los efectos de los transgnicos en la salud. Ahora lo hace para la Comisin Europea. www.ecoportal.net

Fuente: La Vanguardia-La Contra
(edicin impresa. 8/04/09. pg. 56)
http://www.lavanguardia.es
EcoPortal.net   



#200 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Tue Sep 15, 2009 1:16 pm
Subject: Ciencia y principio precautorio
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RED POR UNA AMÉRICA LATINA
LIBRE DE TRANSGÉNICOS
BOLETÍN 356



Sobre las tensiones del saber

Ciencia y principio precautorio

    

Por Norma Giarracca y Enrique Matías Viale *

Hace unos días, el Comité Nacional de Ética en Ciencia y Tecnología (Cecte) recomendó al Ministerio de Ciencia crear una comisión para analizar los múltiples aspectos relacionados con el uso del glifosato. El debate se generó porque un científico de UBA y Conicet difundió resultados de su investigación en embriones sobre los efectos dañinos del agroquímico.

La Cecte propuso abrir una segunda comisión, diferente de la que debería funcionar en el Ministerio de Salud, originada por solicitud presidencial. Es decir, en estos momentos estarían por funcionar dos comisiones en dos ministerios elaborando información y recomendaciones sobre el uso del glifosato.

El primer interrogante que surge es por qué las autoridades gubernamentales, que deben constituirse como garantes de la salud y el bien común, permitieron que pasara tanto tiempo y tantas denuncias judiciales para realizar lo que ameritaba hacerse antes de poner el agroquímico (y todo el paquete tecnológico sojero) en producción.

Y si esto vale para todos los funcionarios técnicos de gobierno (INTA, INTI, Secretaría de Agricultura, etc.), es todavía más significativo en el caso de los miembros del sistema científico, donde circula vasta bibliografía que señala daños de los agroquímicos en general y del glifosato en particular.

Es más, llama mucho la atención que en el informe enviado por la Cecte al ministro Barañao se mencionara como “bibliografía” la que prueba la “inocuidad” del glifosato y como “denuncias” (restándole status científico) las que señalan los daños del agroquímico.

Llama la atención que los funcionarios y hombres de ciencia de la Cecte hayan procedido de esta forma en Argentina, uno de los 19 países del mundo que produce soja y uno de sólo cinco que lo hace en gran escala, colocándose así en situación de grave peligro ambiental. Habría que interrogarse por qué funcionarios y científicos interpretan una pieza clave del derecho ambiental, el principio precautorio, al revés de lo que ocurre en sociedades responsables e informadas.

El principio precautorio, incorporado en nuestra legislación a través del artículo 4 de la ley nacional 25.675, establece que en caso de ausencia de información o certeza científica y ante la posibilidad de que se produzcan daños graves e irreversibles deben adoptarse medidas eficaces para impedir la generalizada degradación del ambiente, sin importar costos o consecuencias.

La rama del derecho que enmarca este principio es el derecho ambiental, que es dinámico y objeto de re-interpretación al compás de los progresos del conocimiento. Es evidente que, cuando se autorizó y comenzó a utilizar el glifosato, se estaba al menos frente a una incertidumbre científica, que disparaba la aplicación del principio. Pero se autorizó y podemos suponer que estábamos en tiempos en que sólo se respetaban las leyes del “mercado”.

Pasado todo este tiempo de aplicación y tras la aparición de numerosos trabajos de médicos, estudios sociales rurales, informes de ingenieros agrónomos preocupados por las poblaciones y la vasta bibliografía internacional de las “ciencias duras” involucradas y, lo que es aún más importante, de las reiteradas y coincidentes denuncias de comunidades y organizaciones sociales en distintas provincias, quedan pocas dudas de lo que sucede.

Algunos conocedores del derecho ambiental consideran que en nuestro país el principio precautorio se encuentra perversamente subvertido.

En lugar de que la ausencia de certeza científica genere la obligación de aplicar medidas preventivas, la falta de certidumbre es utilizada para “legalizar” la mayoría de los agroquímicos que se usan en forma generalizada en nuestros campos.

Peor aún, se les exige a las comunidades perjudicadas por estos químicos que carguen con la ciclópea tarea de acreditar científicamente su peligrosidad, cuando, por aplicación del principio señalado junto con otros principios ambientales, son los que introducen la sustancia química en la sociedad quienes tienen la responsabilidad de probar irrefutablemente su inocuidad.

En materia ambiental, la prevención tiene una importancia superior a la que tiene en otros terrenos, ya que la agresión al ambiente y los seres humanos se manifiesta en hechos que provocan un deterioro, la mayoría de las veces, irreversible.

En definitiva, se produce “una inversión de sentido” como mecanismo de producción de “ausencias” –de víctimas y del drama social– en la agenda de discusión y toma de decisiones políticas.

En Patas para arriba, Eduardo Galeano escribe sobre Alicia en el País de las Maravillas para interpelar estos núcleos de sentidos invertidos por la colonialidad del poder.

“Si Alicia renaciera en nuestros días –sostiene– no necesitaría atravesar ningún espejo: le bastaría con asomarse a la ventana.”

¿Es posible en la Argentina actual modificar lo que Alicia podría ver por la ventana del campo argentino? Deseamos que sí y creemos que sólo la política, representada en los tres poderes de la Nación, puede lograrlo.

* Giarracca es profesora de Sociología Rural en la UBA; Viale preside la Asociación Argentina de Abogados Ambientalistas.

Link a la nota:
http://www.pagina12.com.ar/imprimir/diario/universidad/10-125771-2009-05-29.html

=================================================

La industria en las facultades


Por María Eugenia Rovetto y Efraín Benzaquen *


El dilema ético sobre el financiamiento de la formación de grado y la investigación en las ciencias de la salud se planteó recientemente con una denuncia pública de la Asociación Americana de Estudiantes de Medicina sobre la influencia de la industria farmacéutica en la Escuela de Medicina de Harvard (EE.UU.), alegando que las universidades abocadas a las ciencias de la salud deben estar dirigidas a cumplir con los objetivos científicos de la medicina académica.

La influencia de la industria –regida por la lógica del mercado y el afán de lucro– no se limita a direccionar las investigaciones, sino que está presente también en las aulas: algunos docentes reciben onerosos subsidios por consultorías privadas a los grandes laboratorios, lo cual incide en la información que brindan u ocultan en sus cátedras sobre los efectos de los medicamentos fabricados por dichos laboratorios.

En los últimos años, hemos asistido a un proceso de mercantilización de la educación superior y la investigación científica que tiene serios riesgos, especialmente para los países con menor desarrollo relativo. Las funciones esenciales de la universidad son la docencia, la investigación y la extensión, esto es, se encargan de crear, preservar y difundir el conocimiento socialmente relevante.

Si partimos de la certeza de que el desarrollo del conocimiento y la investigación es la condición necesaria para que los países avancen hacia estados más consolidados de autonomía, debemos comenzar por priorizar las instituciones que se especializan en dar respuesta, no sólo a las demandas de la sociedad, sino también a las necesidades de aquellos sectores más desfavorecidos.

Si acordamos en que es la universidad pública la que se aboca a profundizar las problemáticas socialmente relevantes para alcanzar un desarrollo sostenido con igualdad y libertad, las instituciones universitarias deben mantener su grado de independencia para definir las prioridades de investigación que la comunidad académica, en diálogo con la sociedad en la que está inserta, defina como necesarias.

Son diversos los avances que se han logrado gracias a los descubrimientos neutrales y socialmente comprometidos surgidos del seno de la universidad pública orientada a las ciencias de la salud, de sus claustros, laboratorios y hospitales.

Los científicos más prestigiosos de nuestro país han sido formados en sus aulas y albergan el mayor volumen de investigaciones independientes (básicas y clínicas) no financiadas por la industria farmacéutica.

 La fuerte tradición en investigación propia, la pluralidad y el compromiso social de los docentes y el conocimiento como capital social que existen en los hospitales universitarios protegen a esas instituciones de eventuales influencias corporativas, así como ofrecen a los futuros graduados una visión más independiente y libre de presiones financieras sobre los resultados de las investigaciones publicadas en el mundo.

Mantener esta usina de formación en el pensamiento crítico independiente y proteger a la sociedad de que los futuros médicos sean modelados de acuerdo con los intereses de las compañías farmacéuticas o de los actores del mercado de servicios diagnósticos, exige garantizar presupuestos adecuados para que las universidades no recurran al financiamiento privado y puedan sostener dignamente su autonomía e independencia intelectual al servicio de la sociedad toda.

* Rovetto es especialista en educación superior (UNR), Benzaquen es médico y docente de Medicina (UBA).
 
Fuente:  Página 12



#199 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Tue Sep 15, 2009 1:16 pm
Subject: Trend in biotechnology, seed and agrochemicals industries
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----- Forwarded Message ----
From: TWN Biosafety Info <news@...>

Title : Trend in biotechnology, seed and agrochemicals industries
Date : 15 September 2009

Contents:

THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE


Dear Friends and colleagues,

RE: Trend in biotechnology, seed and agrochemicals industries

A new book from the African Center for Biosafety (ACB) entitled “Biotechnology, seed and agrochemicals: Global and South African industry structure and trends” provides a global context for the increasing concentration in the agricultural biotechnology, seed and agrochemicals sectors that are dominated by a small group of very large, powerful multinationals.

This context frames South Africa ’s prioritisation of biotechnology as a lead sector for development, as well as the country’s adoption of genetically modified seed. The book also provides information on the major multinationals also active in the South African agricultural input supply sector and describes and analyses the extent of concentration and integration in the South African seed and agrochemical sectors, and the implications of this for sustainable agriculture in the country.
 
Below is an executive summary. The book can be downloaded from: http://www.biosafetyafrica.org.za/index.php/20090908240/Biotechnology-seed-and-agrochemicals/menu-id-100026.html

 

With best wishes,

 

Third World Network
131 Jalan Macalister,
10400 Penang ,
Malaysia
Email: twnet@...
Website: www.biosafety-info.net and www.twnside.org.sg

 

 


Executive Summary


The commercial introduction of agro-biotechnology demands that corporations have three assets under their control: biotechnological know-how; strong intellectual property rights ( IPR ); and a broad proprietary base of high quality germplasm. Biotechnological know-how was mainly located in universities and public sector institutions, which carried out the basic research and development (R&D). IPR on living organisms was a new field and undeveloped. The seed industry was mainly decentralised in a large number of independent, mainly regionally-based seed companies.
 
In 1980 the US Supreme Court made a decision that living organisms were patentable. This sparked the growth of commercial biotech in the US . Support to biotech start-ups was based on high levels of speculation, which seldom paid off in the short term. Other countries followed later, including China (a mainly public biotech sector), Canada , the EU and Japan . Over time, consolidation in the sector led to domination by a few very large companies. Especially after 2000, the big pharmaceutical companies began purchasing biotech companies that had products near commercialisation. By 2007, the top 10 biotech companies accounted for two-thirds of the sector’s total revenues.
Biotechnology became the engine of innovation in the drug industry.
 
In comparison to the healthcare industry, agricultural biotech (agbiotech) played a relatively minor role in the development of the sector. Most research and development (R&D) was conducted by the major agrochemical and seed companies, and it was these companies that began investing in agbiotech. Changes in the agbiotech industry structure were largely driven by the desire to control the three assets: biotech knowledge, IPR and quality germplasm. If IPRs are well-defined and transaction costs are low, contracting and licensing arrangements are favoured. Where IPRs are not well-defined, companies might prefer to buy out seed companies rather than license to them. Vertical integration[1] was also favoured where products are complementary or where greater value could be gained from outright ownership of seed companies.
 
The seed-agrochemicals industries saw a rapid increase in both vertical and horizontal concentration in the mid- to late-1990s in particular. When the dust settled, six multinationals dominated the biotech, seed and agrochemicals sector: Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow, DuPont/Pioneer Hi-Bred, Bayer and BASF. These corporations had their roots in the pharmaceutical and/or chemical sectors. Each of them is in the top 10 biggest companies globally in the seed and/or pesticides sectors. Monsanto and DuPont/Pioneer are focusing their investments in seed and biotech R&D; while Bayer, Syngenta, BASF and Dow are focusing on chemical crop protection R&D. Agricultural biotech is growing rapidly in both China and India , with the latter focusing more on animal health than crops.
 
Market concentration can be based on the share of the output market, but can also be measured on the basis of innovation competition. IPR and patent control over germplasm and plant variety protection including genetic modification (GM) techniques constitute key nodes in the value chain, and exhibits a high level of concentration globally.

Seed company acquisition has led to a growing correspondence between a company’s share of plant variety protection (PVP) certificates and GM patents, and its share of the commercial seed market. Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer and DuPont/Pioneer dominate ownership of PVPs and GM patents. Monsanto was also amongst the top 10 publicly-traded biotechnology companies in 2007.
 
In agrobiotechnology, as with other sectors of the economy, the state is forced to fall in line with the agenda of big business. The push for patents on genetic materials forces the state to develop the expertise to be able to identify whether a gene sequence exhibits novelty and non-obviousness; criteria required to qualify for a patent. The state is either required to divert resources towards an appropriately capacitated regulatory authority, or to allow big business to ‘self regulate’. Either way, the public loses: in the first instance, through diversion of public resources away from other needs; in the second instance, permitting corporations to do what they want without any checks or balances. Another way that private business expropriates public goods is through the research process. A few decades ago, university researchers used to conduct basic research funded by public sources, and then publish the results for public use.


But with the decline in public sector funding for universities - a process taking place across the world as part of the neoliberal project - the private sector increasingly uses the universities as their own research laboratories, through private agreements with researchers.
 
Corporations insist that premiums are critical incentives for biotech and risk taking. Many products do not make it to commercialisation, and the biotech company aims not only to recover those costs through increasing their profits on products that do make it onto the market, but also to capture as much of the value as possible on those products. The central way in which these premiums are realised is through extensive supply chain control, which includes vertical integration, licensing, restrictive contracts, technology fees, and bundling[2]. Cross-licensing between the major multinationals is common and reveals cartel-like behaviour. In the process of securing profits from GM technology, the multinationals have criminalised farmers for saving seed, and forced those who disagree with their terms into bankruptcy.
 
Biotechnology and the agricultural input supply chains in South Africa
 
Biotechnology in South Africa is a very small industry at present, valued at just R1bn in 2007. Human health is by far the largest sector, followed by industrial applications and only then by plant biotech. The South African government has identified biotechnology as a key growth area for the economy. A key part of the strategy is the creation of biotechnology regional innovation centres (BRICs) to act as the core of the development of biotechnology platforms. These are now organised under the Technology Innovation Agency.

Public-private-academic partnerships are core to the vision. The strategic focus is to stimulate the development and application of third generation (recombinant DNA ) technologies.
 
Private sector investment in biotechnology remains low in South Africa , and it has been left to the public sector to drive the development of the sector. When the National Biotechnology Strategy was released, the private sector was only contributing around 10% of R&D expenditure in biotechnology. One small venture fund, Bioventures, was established in 2002. Funding is mainly from the National Department of Science and Technology ( DST ), the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Innovation Fund, the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the National Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) also have funds for biotechnology research, which they sometimes undertake in partnership with other entities. Mintek, a parastatal that receives about 35% of its funding from government, has a biotechnology division which carries out biotech R&D for the mining sector.
 
The agbiotech sector is a small component of the overall biotech sector in South Africa . R&D is driven by the seed companies and the ARC in particular. The use of genetically modified seed has grown rapidly in South African agriculture. The country was ranked as the eighth largest in terms of hectares under GM crops in 2008. However, these are all imported technologies that are licensed for use in South Africa . In 2007 the National Biotechnology Audit reported that 58% of the 1,542 biotech products under development by South African biotech companies were agricultural products. The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) indicated that 39 out of 89 (i.e. 44%) of biotech applications in South Africa were for genetic modifications.
 
A number of multinationals see South Africa as a springboard into Africa for launching the Green Revolution for Africa . The continent has not been integrated into the global seed and agrochemicals markets, and it is seen as a potential new market, although one fraught with difficulties - not least institutional and infrastructural. To date the continent is the least significant user of fertilisers, pesticides, hybrid or GM seed, and is only minimally connected to global markets in these products.
 
The South African commercial agricultural input supply sector is large in relation to Africa but small in relation to the rest of the world. It is around 20th in the global seed market, but a significant developing country in the planting of GM seed (eighth largest area under GM crops in the world) - though still very small compared with the US, Argentina and Brazil. Information on market shares in the South African seed industry is very difficult to come by. However, just 10 companies/institutions control around two-thirds of commercial seed varieties. The largest companies are Pannar, Monsanto, Sakata, Hygrotech, Syngenta, Pioneer Hi-Bred, Agricol, Afgri and Klein Karoo Seed Holdings. The ARC is a major breeder and holder of cultivar rights, but has not carried this into commercial activity. ARC is a public entity and therefore these rights are held in the public domain. Four of the top 10 are multinationals from elsewhere and are also amongst the top 10 seed companies globally. Monsanto occupies second position primarily through acquisitions, and had a 50% share in the important maize market in 2009. Between them Monsanto, Pannar and Pioneer had an estimated 90% market share of agronomic seeds (maize, wheat and sorghum) in 2002.
 
Private IPR protection is generally considered to be the only incentive for innovation. The flipside of that argument is that exclusive plant breeders’ rights limit innovation by closing off the likelihood of others developing and improving on privately-held seed.
New varieties rely on existing ones. If ownership of varieties is concentrated, and access to these varieties for further research is difficult, follow-on innovations by other institutions and researchers are likely to be discouraged.
 
A large number of non-GM varieties exist for the crops for which there are also GM varieties available. This means that demand elasticity appears to still be quite high i.e. farmers can still choose to switch to alternatives if prices for GM escalate. The percentage of GM varieties varied from 17% (white maize) to 30% (yellow maize) of total registered varieties available in South Africa in 2008. Three companies hold rights/licenses for most GM traits:
Pannar, Monsanto and Pioneer Hi-Bred. Afgri, Link Seed and Syngenta also hold a few licences/rights. In 2008 GM white maize constituted 56% of the total area planted; GM yellow maize constituted 72% of total area planted to yellow maize; 96% of the area planted to cotton is under GM varieties (83% stacked trait, 9% herbicide tolerant and 7% Bt cultivars), and 88% of area to soyabeans is under GM soya. Monsanto is the only producer of GM cotton seed.
 
Generally speaking, fertilisers and pesticides are two separate markets at the production node. Unsurprisingly, however, they tend to be distributed through similar channels, given that the end user market (farmers) is the same. The chains have two main nodes: manufacturing and distribution. Manufacturers usually supply to more than one distributor, and distribution agreements are not dominant.
 
The South African fertiliser industry is relatively small, with the retail fertiliser market valued at around R3.5bn/year in 2005. In the 1990s the sector was rationalised following deregulation and liberalisation. Local production capacity was closed down and South Africa became a net importer of fertiliser for the first time around 2000. The sector is dominated by three corporations: Sasol Nitro, Yara and Omnia, with Foskor a significant input provider. Given the link to the mining industry, and the domination of foreign corporations in the pesticides sector, the fertiliser and pesticides industries are not integrated.
 
An estimated 70% of agrochemicals (both fertilisers and pesticides) used in South Africa are imported. Eight of the ten largest pesticide multinationals in the world operate in the South African market.

Plaaskem is the biggest local producer of pesticides. The pesticide distribution market consists of local companies who distribute on behalf of the pesticide producers. The most significant distributors are Qwemico, Wenkem, Laeveld Agrochem and Technichem. They are neither integrated with pesticide producers nor with seed companies. There is some vertical integration amongst smaller distributors, including UAP (Plaaskem), Afgri and Ububele.
 
The presence of the multinationals, especially Monsanto, Syngenta and DuPont/Pioneer Hi-Bred increases the vertical integration of the local input supply sector within South Africa . A couple of local companies, in particular Afgri and Pannar are also vertically integrated to some extent. The other 3 of the ‘Big 6’ multinationals - BASF, Bayer and Dow - have a strong presence in the pesticides sector but not much in seeds. This is related to their emphasis on the agrochemicals node at a global level. Overall, vertical integration is not really the major issue in South Africa at the moment. A bigger issue is multinational domination in the seed and agrochemicals nodes.
 
This is especially so when one considers how profitability is determined. Two examples will suffice. First, South Africa had a local fertiliser industry until liberalisation when economic borders were opened and multinationals acquired local producers. Because sourcing from other countries might make more economic sense to these multinationals, they closed down local capacity. Another example is Monsanto with soya and wheat. First they bought local seed companies, and then discontinued seed cultivar development either because the market was too small (while they retained the lucrative maize market) or because they could make bigger profits elsewhere. The companies come in, essentially strip assets and restructure businesses to absorb the most profitable parts, and dispose of the rest or allow it to decay. The basis of these decisions has little to do with the real possibility of producing fertiliser, wheat or soya seed profitably in South Africa . It has to do with the broader profit-driven and expansionary logic of multinational companies. The impact it has, however, is the dismembering of local industrial and productive capacity and cherry-picking of the most profitable parts of the industry. Theoretically consumers benefit from lower prices from competitive global markets in the short term - though even that has proven to be questionable when these markets suddenly collapse. But in the long-term the country loses control over decisions about what to produce, when and for whom; suffers from greater unemployment and becomes increasingly dependent on imports.
 
-----------

[1] Vertical integration is the process in which several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity, in order to increase that company's or entity's power in the marketplace.
 
[2] The practice of joining related products together for the purpose of selling them as a single unit. Often these are made more appealing to consumers as a package by making it cheaper to buy the bundle rather than buying each product separately.

 





#198 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Sun Jul 26, 2009 2:06 pm
Subject: Monsanto corn fails in South Africa
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http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/270101

Monsanto GM-corn harvest fails massively in South Africa



South African farmers suffered millions of dollars in lost income when 82,000 hectares of genetically-manipulated corn (maize) failed to produce hardly any seeds.The plants look lush and healthy from the outside. Monsanto has offered compensation.
Monsanto blames the failure of the three varieties of corn planted on these farms, in three South African provinces,on alleged 'underfertilisation processes in the laboratory". Some 280 of the 1,000 farmers who planted the three varieties of Monsanto corn this year, have reported extensive seedless corn problems.

Urgent investigation demanded


However environmental activitist Marian Mayet, director of the Africa-centre for biosecurity in Johannesburg, demands an urgent government investigation and an immediate ban on all GM-foods, blaming the crop failure on Monsanto's genetically-manipulated technology. Willem Pelser, journalist of the Afrikaans Sunday paper Rapport, writes from Nelspruit that Monsanto has immediately offered the farmers compensation in three provinces - North West, Free State and Mpumalanga. The damage-estimates are being undertaken right now by the local farmers' cooperative, Grain-SA. Monsanto claims that 'less than 25%' of three different corn varieties were 'insufficiently fertilised in the laboratory'.
 
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#197 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Jul 16, 2009 3:10 pm
Subject: BIOTECHNOLOGY: Further Evidence of Transgenes in Maize in Mexico
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----- Forwarded Message ----
From: TWN Biosafety Info <news@...>

Title : Further Evidence of Transgenes in Maize in Mexico
Date : 16 July 2009

Contents:

THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE


Dear Friends and colleagues,

RE: Further Evidence of Transgenes in Maize in Mexico

 

We wish to bring to attention a recent study which reported the results of an extensive survey for transgenes in landrace Mexican maize, using protein based tests for Cry1Ab (Bt) and EPSPS (Roundup). The study found transgenes in 3.1% and 1.8% of samples, respectively, from samples taken in 2001, 2002, and 2004.

The study combined an analysis of seed dispersal dynamics through farmer exchange systems and molecular methods, and follows with a discussion on the implications on population genetics. Based on their results, the assumptions of the Mexican government that transgenic maize field release in areas of commercial production will not contaminate landraces seems unlikely. It also confirms earlier studies that has found traces of trangenes in maize varieties in various parts of  Mexico.

The full document is available at: http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005734

 

With best wishes,


Third World Network
131 Jalan Macalister,
10400 Penang,
Malaysia
Email: twnet@...
Website: www.biosafety-info.net and www.twnside.org.sg

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Dispersal of Transgenes through Maize Seed Systems in  Mexico

George A. Dyer (1)*, J. Antonio Serratos-Herna´ndez (2), Hugo R. Perales (3), Paul Gepts (4), Alma Pin˜ eyro-Nelson (5), Angeles Cha´vez (6), Noe´ Salinas-Arreortua (7), Antonio Yu´nez-Naude (6), J. Edward Taylor (1,8), Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla (5)*

(1) Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics,  University  of  California  Davis,  Davis ,  California,  United States of America,

(2) Universidad Auto´noma de la Ciudad de

Me´xico, Me´ xico, Distrito Federal, Me´xico,

(3) Departamento de Agroecologı´a, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristobal, Chiapas, Me´xico,

(4) Department of Plant Sciences,  University  of  California  Davis,  Davis ,  California,  United States of America,

(5) Laboratorio de Gene´ tica Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolucio´n de Plantas, Instituto de Ecologı´a, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Distrito Federal, Me´xico,

(6) El Colegio de Me´ xico, Distrito Federal, Me´xico,

(7) Universidad Auto´noma Metropolitana, Distrito Federal, Me´xico,

(8) Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics,  Davis ,  California,  United States of America


Abstract

Objectives: Current models of transgene dispersal focus on gene flow via pollen while neglecting seed, a vital vehicle for gene flow in centers of crop origin and diversity. We analyze the dispersal of maize transgenes via seeds in  Mexico, the crop’s cradle.

Methods: We use immunoassays (ELISA) to screen for the activity of recombinant proteins in a nationwide sample of farmer seed stocks. We estimate critical parameters of seed population dynamics using household survey data and combine these estimates with analytical results to examine presumed sources and mechanisms of dispersal.

 

Results: Recombinant proteins Cry1Ab/Ac and CP4/EPSPS were found in 3.1% and 1.8% of samples, respectively. They are most abundant in southeast  Mexico but also present in the west-central region. Diffusion of seed and grain imported from the

United States might explain the frequency and distribution of transgenes in west-central  Mexico but not in the southeast.


Conclusions: Understanding the potential for transgene survival and dispersal should help design methods to regulate the diffusion of germplasm into local seed stocks. Further research is needed on the interactions between formal and informal seed systems and grain markets in centers of crop origin and diversification.

 

Citation: Dyer GA, Serratos-Herna´ndez JA, Perales HR, Gepts P, Pin˜ eyro-Nelson A, et al. (2009) Dispersal of Transgenes through Maize Seed Systems in Mexico. PLoS  ONE 4(5): e5734. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005734

Editor: Hany A. El-Shemy,  Cairo University ,  Egypt

Received  February 13, 2009; Accepted  May 4, 2009; Published  May 29, 2009

 

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: gdyer@... (GAD); eabuylla@... (ERA-B)

 

 

 

 





#196 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Sat Jul 4, 2009 3:43 am
Subject: YUCA TRANSGENICA
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Científicos se reúnen para mejorar nutrición
Por Rebecca Carrero Figueroa
rebecca.carrero@...
PRENSA RUM

- Graduados de Enfermería

- Banda colegial brilla en NY

- ¡Soy egresado del Colegio!

- Seis premios Stefani Rafucci

- Histórica cifra de doctorados

- Regresa clase de 1959

- Sueños cristalizados

- Inocuidad de alimentos

- Futuros líderes comunitarios

- Discrimen por género




Oficina de Prensa


viernes, 26 de junio de 2009 El Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez (RUM) fue sede recientemente de una reunión que congregó a científicos de distintas partes del mundo, interesados en desarrollar una especie que contenga los nutrientes necesarios para alimentar a los habitantes de países subdesarrollados.

Según se informó en el encuentro, entre las alternativas de alimentos con las que cuentan los habitantes de sectores como África, está la yuca. Sin embargo, el consumo de este tubérculo, de alto contenido en almidón, ha traído como consecuencia problemas de salud debido a la falta de nutrientes esenciales para quienes la consumen.

Ante la necesidad de desarrollar una especie de planta que promueva el bienestar de quienes la ingieren, el grupo de expertos agrupados bajo BioCassava Plus dirige su esfuerzo en fortificar genéticamente la yuca. La propuesta es parte de la investigación que subvenciona Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation que se enfoca en atender el problema de desnutrición que existe en África y que cuesta la vida de aproximadamente 6 mil personas al año.

“La yuca es el cuarto mayor cultivo en el mundo y el primero en África. Su alto contenido de carbohidratos no provee la nutrición completa que necesitan millones de personas en el mundo, sobre todo, los que habitan en la región desértica de Sahara, África”, explicó el doctor Dimuth Siritunga, del departamento de Biología del RUM.

Siritunga, quien forma parte del equipo de investigadores de BioCassava Plus, informó que los esfuerzos se encaminan a fortificar biológicamente la yuca, de tal manera que contenga suficientes vitaminas, minerales y proteínas para que quienes la consuman puedan adquirir los nutrientes necesarios al menos una vez al día.

De esta manera, se enfocan en enriquecer este tipo de cultivo con vitaminas A, E, hierro y zinc; además de hacerlo más resistente a virus y con menor contenido de tóxicos. Con su propuesta, los científicos responden a una de las metas de Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation para mejorar la nutrición en el mundo, al desarrollar una especie de planta de alto contenido alimenticio.

De acuerdo con Siritunga, el plan es uno colaborativo y participan 11 instituciones representativas de Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Suiza, Colombia, Puerto Rico y África. Además, se divide en tres fases. La primera, trabaja el aspecto molecular y se realiza en laboratorios en Estados Unidos. Luego, en Puerto Rico, ese material transgénico se prueba en campos limitados en los que se evalúa su adaptación al suelo y al clima, en condiciones similares a las del terreno del continente africano. La fase final consiste en analizar la respuesta entre los nigerianos, población con la que iniciarán las pruebas gratis.

Los participantes de esta reunión anual realizada en el RUM, tuvieron la oportunidad de compartir los avances de la investigación, así como visitar los campos en la Estación Experimental de Isabela donde actualmente se encuentran los sembradíos de la yuca alterada genéticamente.

Los participantes tuvieron la oportunidad de compartir los avances de la investigación fortificar biológicamente la yuca.
Los participantes tuvieron la oportunidad de compartir los avances de la investigación para fortificar biológicamente la yuca.

El encuentro reunió a científicos de Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Suiza, Colombia, Puerto Rico y África.
El encuentro reunió a científicos de Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Suiza, Colombia, Puerto Rico y África.

Fotos Carlos Díaz / Prensa RUM






#195 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Jun 18, 2009 1:44 pm
Subject: Boletin RALLT, Transgenicos y resistencia a sequia
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RED POR UNA AMERICA LATINA LIBRE DE TRANSGÉNICOS  --  BOLETIN 341

 

MODIFICACIÓN GENÉTICA Y TOLERANCIA A LA SEQUÍA

Los defensores de los cultivos transgénicos frecuentemente sugieren que los cultivos resistentes a las sequías se podrán adquirir en poco tiempo y que éstos cultivos no sólo pueden ser tolerantes a las sequías y resistir el cambio climático sino que pueden además mostrar mayores rendimientos necesarios para "alimentar al mundo". La Campaña GM Freeze, en un artículo titulado " Modificación Genética y Tolerancia a la Sequía" (artículo 1), ha investigado estas declaraciones, y sostiene que los cultivos tolerantes a las sequías no son la respuesta para enfrentar los retos que el cambio climático impone a los agricultores. Además, resalta que la tecnología transgénica necesaria para alterar genéticamente a una planta tendrá impactos en las funciones de otras plantas que pueden perjudicar a la planta modificada genéticamente.   
Además cuestiona la habilidad de los cultivos modificados genéticamente de producir mayores rendimientos. Hasta ahora, no existen cultivos transgénicos comercializados que inherentemente aumenten los rendimientos. Así, de acuerdo con los datos y estudios de campo del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos, la soya tolerante al herbicida (que constituye el cultivo transgénico más importante de los Estados Unidos) no ha incrementado su rendimiento al compararla con los cultivos de soya convencional (artículo 2).
 
Third World Network
Sitio web: www.biosafety-info.net <
http://www.biosafety-info.net <http://www.biosafety-info.net/>  > and www.twnside.org.sg <http://www.twnside.org.sg <http://www.twnside.org.sg/> >

 
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MODIFICACIÓN GENÉTICA Y TOLERANCIA A LA SEQUÍA

Julio 2008
Campaña MG Freeze
http://www.gmfreeze.org/uploads/drought_briefing_final.pdf <http://www.gmfreeze.org/uploads/drought_briefing_final.pdf>  
Este artículo examina las declaraciones realizadas por los defensores de los cultivos MG acerca de que está muy cerca la producción de cultivos tolerantes a la sequía y que esto significará un gran aumento de los rendimientos de los cultivos necesarios para "alimentar al mundo". También examina alternativas más sostenibles para enfrentar la escasez crónica y aguda de agua para la agricultura y horticultura.
 
Introducción
Los defensores de los cultivos transgénicos frecuentemente hablan  de la habilidad de modificar plantas para que puedan ser tolerantes a las sequías y produzcan buenos rendimientos. Todas las grandes compañías de biotecnología dicen que han progresado en las investigaciones sobre cultivos transgénicos tolerantes a la sequía y que estos estarían listos a principios de la próxima década.ii Monsanto ha declarado recientemente que para el 2030 duplicarán los rendimientos de 2000 cultivos iii. Otros científicos en el campo de la biotecnología tienen opiniones distintas sobre el progreso de esta área de cultivos de ingeniería genética. Por ejemplo el Profesor Ossama El - Tayeb, Profesor Emeritus de Biotecnología Industrial en la Universidad del Cairo, cuestiona seriamente si la tolerancia a la sequía se conseguirá en corto tiempo iv:  
"Quisiera añadir que la modificación genética para la tolerancia a la sequía y otros estrés ambientales (o por ejemplo la fijación de nitrógeno biológico) son demasiado complejas para lograrse en un futuro cercano, tomando en cuenta nuestro extremadamente limitado conocimiento de los sistemas biológicos y sobre cómo operan las funciones genéticas/metabólicas.
Los que propagan las ideas de que cualquier función biológica puede ser manipulada genéticamente son optimistas probablemente víctimas de un consorcio de científicos arrogantes y negocios ambiciosos que tienen poder político y poder en los medios de comunicación".
 
Sequías
Las sequías no son algo nuevo. Los expertos del cambio climático predicen que podrían empeorar:  "Muchas áreas semi-aridas (ej la cuenca del Mediterráneo, el oeste de los Estados Unidos, África del Sur y el Noreste Brasilero) están especialmente expuestos a los impactos del cambio climático y se estima que sufrirán un descenso del agua debido al cambio climático (alta confianza) " v 
Los impactos de las sequías en la producción agrícola puede ser muy graves. Es así que en Francia en el 2006 vi, la producción de canola cayo en un 14% a pesar de un incremento del área de 100,000 hectáreas . En Australia, la sequía prolongada en el 2006/7 provocó serios descensos en el rendimiento de los cultivos: "La producción de los tres granos principales que se producen en el invierno: trigo, cebada y canola se estima que caerá en un 60% comparado con la cantidad producida el año pasado y más de 1 millón de toneladas menos que durante la sequía del 2002-2003." vii 
Los impactos de las sequías en África y Asia pueden ser graves también. La sequía en la zona de Sahel de 1972 a 1984 causó 100,000 muertes y 750,000 personas tuvieron que depender de la ayuda alimentaria para sobrevivir viii. En el 2006 una sequía en las provincias del sur-centro de China causó la pérdida de 650,000 hectáreas de cultivos y afectó a 6.7 millones de personas.  
La falta prolongada de lluvias causa la muerte de todas las plantas y significa que las semillas simplemente no germinarán. La naturaleza impredecible del clima estacional es uno más de los dilemas que tienen que enfrentar los campesinos alrededor del mundo.
 
Enfrentando la Sequía en la Agricultura
Las plantas naturalmente sacan el agua del suelo y la expulsan a través de pequeñas aberturas en sus hojas llamadas estomas mediante un proceso conocido como transpiración. Estas aberturas además permiten que el dióxido de carbono sea absorbido por las plantas. Algunas de ellas han evolucionado para minimizar la pérdida de agua a través de la transpiración, pero tienden a crecer muy lentamente, por ejemplo el cactus. Pocas plantas, por ejemplo la caña de azúcar y el maíz han evolucionado un tipo diferente de metabolismo para la producción de azúcar llamado Carbón 4 o C4, la mayoría de plantas tienen un metabolismo Carbon3 C3. El metabolismo C4 utiliza el agua de mejor forma que el C3 en las zonas áridas calientes. A pesar de ello, las plantas C3 son más eficientes en condiciones más frías y húmedas.
Los campesinos necesitan que exista una humedad suficiente en los suelos para asegurar que las semillas puedan germinar. Así crecen las plantas verdes, frutas, granos o tubérculos y maduran para poder cosecharlas. La sequía puede darse en cualquier etapa del proceso de crecimiento y puede causar la pérdida completa de los cultivos o significar serias reducciones del rendimiento.
 
¿Progreso debido a la modificación genética?
Los voceros de la industria de la biotecnología sugieren que los cultivos resistentes a las sequías están por salir. A pesar de ello, las plantas de ingeniería genética tolerantes a la sequía están muy lejos de los avances alcanzados hasta hoy en lo que se refiere a cultivos transgénicos.  Se ha encontrado que la primera y segunda generación de cultivos transgénicos (tolerantes a los herbicidas y resistentes a los insectos (Bt)) sí funcionan. A pesar de ello, una vez en el campo, la resistencia a las malas hierbas y los insectos pueden no ser sustentables.  
La tolerancia a las sequías parece involucrar algunos genes que controlan el paso del agua a través de plantas normales y por ello parece un objetivo mucho más difícil de alcanzar y puede mostrar complicaciones inesperadas. El sacar el agua del suelo y hacia afuera del estoma en las hojas es lo que las plantas hacen normalmente. La mayoría de las plantas pueden aguantar una cierta cantidad de stress con relación al agua si tienen un buen sistema de raíces, pero esto puede limitar su crecimiento o retrasarlo. Una propuesta es cerrar los estomas a través de la transgénesis. Esto puede tener un impacto en el intercambio de gases vitales por ejemplo: dióxido de carbono y oxígeno que entra y sale de la planta mediante los estomas abiertos. Tanto el agua como el dióxido de carbono son necesarios para producir los azúcares que las plantas necesitan para crecer y producir cultivos, y por eso el cambio de la apertura de los estomas puede tener consecuencias significativas para la biología de la planta.  
Otra vía posible de modificar genéticamente las plantas es cambiar su fisiología básica a través de la ingeniería genética convirtiéndolas de plantas con metabolismo carbón 3 (C3) a carbón 4 (C4). Las plantas C4 pueden mantener la fotosíntesis aun con sus estomas cerrados y de esta manera ahorran agua.  Una vez más este es un salto fisiológico muy significante para las plantas y puede tener consecuencias inesperadas. La mayoría de los cultivos y árboles son plantas C3 y una minoría incluyendo al maíz, la caña de azúcar, el mijo y el sorgo son C4. A pesar de ello el maíz y la caña de azúcar (en áreas secas) alrededor del mundo son muy dependientes de la irrigación para producir un rendimiento viable, demostrando que hasta una planta C4 transgénica puede requerir una significante cantidad de agua.  
Aunque la modificación genética pueda superar estas grandes dificultades - y no está claro que lo logre - tomará años y será muy costoso. Mientras tanto, ya existen otras técnicas no transgénicas y tecnologías que son asequibles y son mucho más baratas.
 
Minimizar el Impacto de la Sequía
Los campesinos hoy en día tienen algunas vías no transgénicas disponibles para ayudar a los cultivos a sobrevivir y florecer en condiciones de sequía.
 
Incrementando la materia orgánica en el suelo
El incrementar el contenido de materia orgánica en el suelo incrementa grandemente las posibilidades de que los cultivos tengan suficiente agua para que puedan crecer: "Para minimizar el impacto de la sequía, el suelo necesita capturar el agua de lluvia que cae sobre ella, guardar la mayor cantidad de agua posible para que la planta la utilice en un futuro y permita a las raíces penetrar y proliferar. Estas condiciones pueden alcanzarse a través del manejo de la materia orgánica que puede incrementar el almacenamiento de agua en 16,000 galones por acre pie por cada 1% de materia orgánica. La materia orgánica también incrementa la habilidad del suelo para tomar agua durante la lluvia asegurando que más agua será almacenada. El recubrimiento del suelo también incrementa la tasa de infiltración de agua mientras baja la evaporación de agua del suelo." iX
La clave entonces consiste en cuidar el suelo en primera instancia. Esto significa:
- practicar la rotación de cultivos, incluyendo los cultivos de leguminosas para mejorar la estructura del suelo;
- evadir los monocultivos;
- evadir el cultivo excesivo;
- evadir el uso excesivo de fertilizantes, que reducen los ciclos naturales de los nutrientes;
- reciclar la materia orgánica (como el estiércol animal y los desechos de los cultivos) de nuevo al suelo;
- evadir el uso excesivo de irrigación, porque causa la acumulación de agua en la capa superior del suelo.
 
Cosechando agua
Existen algunas técnicas para cosechar las lluvias temporales y tener agua para las épocas de sequía. Por ejemplo las represas pequeñas contienen el flujo del agua en los canales de los ríos en los periodos de lluvias frecuentes y permiten que el agua se dirija hacia el suelo, por lo tanto recargan los acuíferos subterráneos donde ésta se almacena hasta que se la necesita para irrigación. Las represas pequeñas también previenen la erosión del suelo y permiten que el limo fértil se acumule. Los reservorios pequeños para almacenamiento temporal de agua pueden ayudar a conservar el agua para comunidades enteras. En Sudán se conocen como "hafirs".  
El arar la tierra en los contornos de una tierra en declive en lugar de a través de ella reduce la escorrentía y la erosión de los suelos y permite que la lluvia filtre en el suelo y los acuíferos. Se pueden construir micro atrapadores utilizando a la vegetación para dirigir a la lluvia hacia lugares de almacenamiento para utilizarlos a futuro.
 
Agroforestería
La agroforestería es un nombre común para los sistemas de uso de la tierra y prácticas donde los árboles perennes se combinan con cultivos y/o animales de la misma unidad de manejo de tierra" xi. En muchas áreas del mundo que tienen extremos ambientales como lluvia intermitente y variable esta técnica puede proveer una forma más sustentable de manejo de la tierra que los monocultivos a gran escala. Una vez plantados los árboles pueden ser una fuente de alimento (frutas, nueces y hojas para la gente y los animales) materias primas (madera o caucho), combustible (leña) y fuentes de almacenamiento de carbono. Algunas especies de árboles también fijan el nitrógeno y por lo tanto mejoran la calidad de nutrientes de los suelos. Y ya que tienen raíces más profundas que los cultivos superficiales proveen de minerales esenciales a la superficie y permiten que estén disponibles para otras plantas. Además protegen el suelo de la erosión debido al agua y el viento.
Las plantaciones de agroforestería pueden proteger al agua de la contaminación con químicos o los suelos erosionados. Los cultivos anuales o perennes pueden ubicarse entre las áreas forestadas. La agroforestería no se debe confundir con la forestería a gran escala de una sola especie comercial o plantaciones para la producción de pulpa de madera, caucho o aceite de palma que puede causar serios trastornos en las comunidades locales y causar daños ambientales como pérdida de la biodiversidad o bajar la accesibilidad al agua subterránea de las áreas contiguas.
 
Reproducción Tradicional de Plantas
Como lo hemos mencionado anteriormente, el agua en cantidad suficiente y calidad adecuada es esencial para que los cultivos crezcan. Los reproductores tradicionales de plantas han desarrollado cultivos que toleran de mejor forma las sequías. Esto significa que pueden utilizar de una mejor forma la humedad disponible para pasar de semilla a cultivo cosechable antes de que se acabe el agua. En África el mijo y el sorgo (plantas C4) se desempeñan mejor en las regiones áridas:  
"Se probó que las variedades de estos cultivos que maduran tempranamente eran muy buenas para ayudar a las comunidades con tierra seca a superar las "temporadas de hambre". Las "temporadas de hambre" son los períodos previos a la cosecha, cuando las existencias de los granos se han terminado. La variedad de mijo "Okashana", por ejemplo que se seleccionó de campesinos en Namibia madura de 4 a 6 semanas antes que las variedades tradicionales. Esta variedad se esparció en pocos años a mediados de los 90's y cubrió la mitad del área destinada al mijo del país. Se calculó que los 3 millones de dólares de inversión que se necesitaron para desarrollar y diseminar esta variedad en 1998 estaba dando un rendimiento anual de 1.5 millones. Casi al mismo tiempo en Chad del sur, una variedad mejorada de sorgo que mostraba un rendimiento del 50% más comparado con otros cultivos locales, se esparció rápidamente y generó beneficios por casi 4 millones de dólares anuales. " xii xiii
Los reproductores tradicionales de plantas han realizado progresos con cultivos como el maíz (que es un cultivo que necesita mucha agua y nutrientes) xiv, la cebada xv; el arroz xvi; el mijo y el sorgo.
 
Conclusión
El cultivar plantas sin agua es imposible. Cada planta necesita una cierta cantidad de agua para completar su ciclo de crecimiento y producir un buen rendimiento para los campesinos. Los reproductores tradicionales de plantas han producido variedades que ya han demostrado tener un buen desempeño en condiciones secas y algunos cultivos como el mijo y el sorgo han evolucionado en condiciones más secas.  
La modificación genética hasta el momento no ha producido una variedad comercial tolerante a la sequía en ningún tipo de cultivo. Los cambios genéticos requeridos alterarán seriamente la fisiología de las plantas. Estos cambios pueden acarrear impactos en otras funciones de las plantas lo que puede ser perjudicial. Puede tomar años el encontrar una solución transgénica viable - si es que se prueba que es posible - sin embargo la modificación genética no se enfrentará los retos impuestos a los campesinos por el cambio climático. En efecto, la modificación genética puede desviar los fondos para la investigación y el desarrollo de  soluciones más sustentables a largo plazo basadas en un manejo adecuado del agua y el suelo y la reproducción tradicional de las plantas.
 
NOTAS:
i Taverne, D, “The Real GM Scandal”, Prospect Magazine, November 2007.
ii Gillam, C, “Biotech Companies Race for drought-tolerant crops”, Reuters UK, 14 Jan 2008.
http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN1149367520080114?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 <http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN1149367520080114?pageNumber=1&amp;virtualBrandChannel=0>  <http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN1149367520080114?pageNumber=1&amp;virtualBrandChannel=0 <http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN1149367520080114?pageNumber=1&amp;amp;virtualBrandChannel=0> >
iii
http://www.biotechinforma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=407 <http://www.biotechinforma.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=407>  <http://www.biotechinforma.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=407 <http://www.biotechinforma.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;task=view&amp;amp;id=407> >
iv
http://www.fao.org/biotech/logs/C14/280307.htm <http://www.fao.org/biotech/logs/C14/280307.htm>  <http://www.fao.org/biotech/logs/C14/280307.htm <http://www.fao.org/biotech/logs/C14/280307.htm> >
v IPCC, 2008, Technical Paper on Climate Change and Water.
http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session28/executive_summary.pdf <http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session28/executive_summary.pdf>  <http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session28/executive_summary.pdf <http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session28/executive_summary.pdf> >
vi
http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2006/09/France092806/ <http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2006/09/France092806/>  <http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2006/09/France092806/ <http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2006/09/France092806/> >
vii Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2006, Drought Update: Australian Crop and Livestock Report.
http://www.abareconomics.com/publications_html/crops/crops_06/cr_drought_06.pdf <http://www.abareconomics.com/publications_html/crops/crops_06/cr_drought_06.pdf>  <http://www.abareconomics.com/publications_html/crops/crops_06/cr_drought_06.pdf <http://www.abareconomics.com/publications_html/crops/crops_06/cr_drought_06.pdf> >
viii
http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm <http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm>  <http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm <http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm> >

ix Sullivan P, 2002,

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INGENIERÍA GENÉTICA – UN CULTIVO DE HIPÉRBOLA

por Doug Gurian-Sherman
Junio 18, 2008

La crisis alimentaria sale frecuentemente en las noticias. Está además en las mentes de la ind
ustria de la biotectonología que utiliza las cada vez mayores preocupaciones para sugerir – contra la evidencia – que se necesitan los cultivos modificados genéticamente para alimentar al mundo. El alza reciente de los precios de la comida se debe a un incremento de la demanda, las sequías y las políticas comerciales mas no a una inadecuada producción global. Pero la población mundial sigue creciendo, por ello es importante considerar el rol de la ingeniería genética en lo referente a asegurar alimentos de una manera adecuada, asequible y sustentable para el futuro. Luego de 20 años de investigación en ingeniería genética y 13 años de comercialización, los cultivos transgénicos ya han hecho historia y por ello podemos evaluar su impacto a futuro. Además hasta el momento no han demostrado un gran progreso en cuanto a una mayor producción de alimento, como por ejemplo un mayor rendimiento intrínseco, tolerancia al stress y mejoramiento de la sustentabilidad. Su débil desempeño nos hace preguntarnos cuánto más de nuestros escasos dólares para la investigación deben invertirse en esta tecnología controversial. Más aún las regulaciones débiles tanto de la seguridad ambiental como de los riesgos ambientales de los transgénicos aún no se han tratado, especialmente en países en desarrollo que a menudo no tienen una estructura regulatoria que pueda evaluar los cultivos transgénicos.  
Más relevante aún en cuanto a la suficiencia alimentaria son las propiedades como el rendimiento – producir más en la tierra disponible – y mejor uso de los recursos especialmente en un escenario de cambio climático.  La agricultura toma alrededor de 70% del agua entonces el utilizar menos agua para cultivar es cada vez más importante. Y debido a que la actual agricultura industrial degrada el suelo y contamina con los fertilizantes, pesticidas y gases que producen el cambio climático, necesitamos encontrar mejores formas de producir alimentos sin degradar el ambiente. Seamos claros. Hasta este año no existen plantas transgénicas comercializadas que inherentemente incrementen el rendimiento. Igualmente no existen plantas MG en el mercado que fueron modificadas genéticamente para resistir a las sequías, reducir la contaminación de los fertilizantes o mejorar el suelo. Ni una sola. 
El rendimiento del cultivo transgénicos más expandido de los Estados Unidos, los granos de soya tolerantes a los herbicidas, no ha incrementado comparado al de los cultivos convencionales no transgénicos de esta planta, según los datos y numerosos estudios de campo del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Los cultivos resistentes a los insectos algunas veces han mejorado indirectamente los rendimientos al reducir el daño que producen los insectos - en las llamadas operaciones rendimiento. Pero estos incrementos en el rendimiento han sido modestos y estudios recientes sugieren que la mayor parte de los mejoramientos aparentes pueden ser debido a otras causas como la reproducción convencional. Las innovaciones recientes utilizando nuevos conocimientos de la genética de los cultivos están mejorando la versatilidad y la velocidad de estas técnicas de reproducción sin utilizar MG.  
¿ Y los beneficios ambientales? Estos también han sido muy pocos.
La ingeniería genética no ha disminuido el uso total de pesticidas (herbicidas, insecticidas y fungicidas). A pesar de que han habido algunas reducciones iniciales, los datos recientes de Estados Unidos sugieren que el uso de herbicidas en los cultivos MG es ahora significativamente mayor que lo que era previa a su introducción. Las malas hierbas han desarrollado resistencia a los herbicidas utilizados en los cultivos MG y ahora infestan algunos millones de acres, forzando a los campesinos a utilizar más herbicidas. De cierta forma los cultivos resistentes a los insectos han reducido el uso total de insecticidas pero en general los cultivos MG no han reducido nuestra dependencia a los pesticidas.  
La erosión del suelo y la degradación pueden reducirse mediante la reducción de labranza. Y la reducción de labranza a menudo se logra con los cultivos MG tolerantes a los herbicidas. Pero los métodos de reducción de la labranza ya estaban creciendo antes de adoptar los cultivos transgénicos. El Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos reportó en el 2002 que la ingeniería genética no fue un factor importante en la disminución de la labranza. En muchos casos se pueden obtener los mismos o mejores resultados con menos costos aplicando la ciencia de la agroecología. El uso de insecticidas puede reducirse al alternar los cultivos en lugar de sólo cultivar maíz o sólo soya. La erosión puede ser eliminada con las prácticas orgánicas comunes del uso de cultivos adecuados entre las temporadas. Estas y otras prácticas mejoran el suelo que a su vez retiene más agua y ayuda a los cultivos durante la sequía. Los mejoramientos en el uso del agua pueden lograrse mediante tecnologías como la irrigación por goteo en lugar de métodos de gasto utilizados comúnmente hoy en día. Muchos de estos problemas se discuten en un informe reciente publicado por el Asesoramiento Internacional de Conocimiento Agrícola, Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, auspiciado por el Banco Mundial y las Naciones Unidas, que concluyen que el rol de la ingeniería genética para mejorar la seguridad alimentaria en los países en desarrollo debe ser secundario y se debe dar prioridad a otras propuestas.  
Finalmente, la ingeniería genética debería ser regulada adecuadamente para asegurar la seguridad alimenticia y proteger el ambiente. Desafortunadamente, los Estados Unidos con el apoyo de la industria ha negado la regulación de cultivos de ingeniería genética. El Ministerio de Alimentos y Fármacos no aprueba la seguridad de los productos transgénicos; simplemente los pone en el mercado. Este Ministerio solo tiene pruebas de seguridad voluntarias y les permite a las compañías determinar las pruebas que ellas mismas conducen. El Departamento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos fue criticado en el 2002 por la Academia Nacional de las Ciencias debido al insuficiente rigor científico en los asesoramientos de seguridad ambiental y recientemente perdido varios casos en las cortes federales por sus débiles regulaciones. El propio inspector general criticó duramente su aparato regulatorio en el 2005. El Departamento de Agricultura está revisando sus regulaciones, pero los borradores actuales no toman en cuenta adecuadamente las criticas previas.  
El reto de cultivar y distribuir alimentos para un mundo con hambre merece una atención seria. Hasta ahora los supuestos méritos de la industria de la biotecnología no están basados en evidencia científica pero su retórica optimista obscurece nuestras posibilidades de escoger. Esto puede limitarnos de invertir en herramientas como la reproducción convencional y agroecología que basándonos en su record positivo de contribuciones deberían liderar las iniciativas para que el mundo pueda alimentarse a si mismo.
 
Nota:
Gurian-Sherman es un científico importante de la Unión de Científicos Preocupados en Washington, D.C.
 
Fuente:
THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE
  
http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080618/news_lz1e18gurian.html

 

 

 

 


DECLARACIÓN PRESENTADA A LA ACADEMIA AMERICANA DE MEDICINA AMBIENTAL – AAEM
SOBRE ALIMENTOS GENÉTICAMENTE MODIFICADOS

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, los Organismos Genéticamente Modificados (OGM) son "los organismos cuyo material genético (ADN) ha sido modificado de tal manera que no se produce naturalmente." (1) Esta tecnología es también conocida como "ingeniería genética" , "biotecnología" o "tecnología de ADN recombinante" y consiste en la inserción al azar de fragmentos genéticos de ADN, de un organismo a otro, generalmente de una especie diferente. Por ejemplo, una combinación de genes artificiales que incluye un gen para producir la proteína Cry1Ab de plaguicidas (comúnmente conocida como la toxina Bt), que originalmente se encuentra en la bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, se inserta en el ADN del maíz al azar. Tanto la ubicación de las secuencia de genes transferidos en el maíz  como las consecuencias de la incersión va a diferir en cada evento de inserción. Las células vegetales que han sido transformadas por los genes insertados, son llevadas a un laboratorio y se las hace crecer en un cultivo de tejidos o en otros medios nutritivos donde se desarrollan las plantas que son luego utilizadas para el desarrollo de alimenticios genéticamente modificados (2). 
Durante los últimos mil años se han utilizado procesos de mejoramiento natural de plantas con seguridad. En cambio, "la tecnología de cultivos transgénicos deroga los procesos naturales de reproducción, pues la selección se produce a nivel de una célula única, el procedimiento es altamente mutagénico y rutinariamente rompe barreras entre géneros, y la técnica sólo se ha utilizado comercialmente durante 10 años" (3). A pesar de estas diferencias, la evaluación de la seguridad de los alimentos transgénicos se ha basado en la idea de "equivalencia sustancial" de tal manera que "si un alimento nuevo es sustancialmente equivalente en su composición y características nutricionales con otros alimentos existentes, estos nuevo alimentos son considerados tan seguro como los alimentos convencionales" (4). Sin embargo, varios estudios hechos en animales indican que hay graves riesgos en la salud asociados con el consumo de alimentos transgénicos incluyendo infertilidad, desregulación inmunológica, envejecimiento acelerado, desregulación de los genes asociados con la síntesis de colesterol, la regulación de insulina, las células de señalización y la formación de proteínas; cambios en el hígado, los riñones, el bazo y el sistema gastrointestinal. Hay algo más que una relación causal entre los alimentos modificados genéticamente y efectos adversos en la salud. Existe la causalidad, tal como se define por los Criterios de Hill en los ámbitos de la fuerza de la asociación, la coherencia, especificidad, gradiente biológico, y la plausibidad biológica (5). La fuerza de asociación y la coherencia entre los alimentos modificados genéticamente y las enfermedades se confirmó en varios estudios hechos con animales  (2, 6, 7,8,9,10,11).  
Otro aspecto que apoya la causalidad es la asociación entre los alimentos modificados genéticamente y procesos patológicos específicos. Múltiples estudios hecho con animales muestran importantes desregulaciones inmunológicas, incluyendo la desregulación de citoquinas asociadas con el asma, alergias e inflamaciones (6,11). Los estudios en animales muestran también alteraciones en la estructura y funcionamiento del hígado, incluyendo alteración en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos y lípidos, así como cambios celulares que podrían conducir a la aceleración del envejecimiento, y a la acumulación de especies reactivas de Oxígeno (ROS) (7,8,10). Se han documentado también cambios en el riñón, páncreas y bazo (6,8,10). En un reciente estudio del 2008 se encontró vínculos entre la infertilidad con el consumo de maíz modificado genéticamente, que muestra una disminución significativa en la descendencia a través del tiempo y así como un significativo menor peso de la camada en ratones alimentados con maíz transgénico (8).  Este estudio también encontró más de 400 genes que se expresaban en forma diferente en los ratones alimentados con maíz transgénico. Estos genes están relacionados con el control de la síntesis de proteínas y la modificación, la señalización celular, la síntesis de colesterol, la insulina y la regulación. Los estudios también muestran daños intestinales en los animales alimentados con alimentos modificados genéticamente, incluyendo los genes del crecimiento de la proliferación celular (9) y los trastornos en el sistema inmunológico intestinal (6).
En cuanto al gradiente biológico, en un estudio realizado por Kroghsbo y sus colegas con ratas alimentadas con arroz Bt, se demostró que hay una respuesta inmunológica a IgA (Inmunoglobulina A) específica para Bt, diferenciada de acuerdo a dosis a las que las ratas estuvieron expuestas (11). Si se hace una extrapolación de los datos encontrados en animales, es biológicamente posible que los alimentos modificados genéticamente pueden causar efectos adversos a la salud de los seres humanos.
 A pesar de estos riesgos, la industria biotecnológica afirma que los alimentos modificados genéticamente pueden alimentar al mundo porque los cultivos transgénicos producen mayores rendimientos. Sin embargo, un informe reciente de la Union of Concerned Scientists (12) en el que hicieron una revisión de estudios académicos publicados sobre el tema, demuestran otra cosa: "Los varios miles de ensayos de campo hechos durante los últimos 20 años para evaluar genes destinados a aumentar el rendimiento operativo o intrínseco (de los cultivos), indican que se ha hecho un esfuerzo significativo en este campo. Sin embargo, ninguno de estos ensayos sobre el terreno ha resultado en un incremento en el rendimiento de ninguno de los principales cultivos utilizados a nivel comercial en la producción de alimentos o de piensos, con excepción del maíz Bt" (12) Sin embargo, se señaló que el incremento en el rendimiento del maíz Bt se debe a que se usaron semillas que había sido desarrolladas principalmente por mejora tradicional. 
Por lo tanto, dado que los alimentos genéticamente modificados significan un riesgo grave para la salud en las áreas de la toxicología, las alergias y la función inmune, la salud reproductiva, la salud metabólica, fisiológica y genética y estos no generan beneficios agronómicos tampoco; la AAEM cree que es imprescindible adoptar el principio de precaución, que es uno de los principales instrumentos reguladores en el campo de la salud y el ambiente de la Unión Europea y sirve de base para varios acuerdos internacionales (13). La definición más utilizada es a partir de la Declaración de Río de 1992 que dice: "Con el fin de proteger el medio ambiente, los Estados deberán aplicar ampliamente el criterio de precaución conforme a sus capacidades. Cuando haya peligro de daño grave o irreversible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces en función de los costos para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente" (13). Otra definición utilizada a menudo se originó en una reunión sobre medio ambiente en los Estados Unidos en 1998, en la que declaró: "Cuando una actividad plantea amenazas para el medio ambiente o la salud humana, se deben tomar medidas cautelares, aunque algunas relaciones de causa y efecto no están plenamente establecidas científicamente. En este contexto, el proponente de una actividad, y no el público, debe llevar la carga de la prueba (de la seguridad de la actividad)" (13). 
Tomando en cuenta el principio de precaución, y dado que los alimentos modificados genéticamente no han sido adecuadamente evaluados para el consumo humano, y porque hay abundantes pruebas de los probables daños, AAEM pide: 
* A los médicos que eduquen a sus pacientes, la comunidad médica y al público para que estos eviten los alimentos transgénicos cuando sea posible,  y  que proporcionen materiales educativos en relación con los alimentos modificados genéticamente y sus riesgos a la salud.
* Que los médicos consideren el posible papel de los alimentos modificados genéticamente en los procesos patológicos de los pacientes que ellos tratan, y que documenten los cambios en la salud de sus pacientes cuando ellos dejan de consumir alimentos modificados genéticamente por alimentos no transgénicos.
* A nuestros miembros, la comunidad médica, y la comunidad científica independiente les pedimos que recopilen estudios de casos potencialmente relacionados con el consumo de alimentos transgénicos y sus efectos en la salud; que inicien investigaciones epidemiológicas para investigar el papel de los alimentos modificados genéticamente en la salud humana, y que lleven a cabo métodos seguros para determinar el efecto de los alimentos modificados genéticamente en la salud humana.
* Llamamos a una moratoria inmediata a los alimentos modificados genéticamente, la aplicación inmediata de una evaluación de seguridad, el etiquetado de los alimentos transgénicos, que es necesario para la salud y seguridad de los consumidores.
Esta declaración fue recibida y aprobada por el Comité Ejecutivo de la Academia Americana de Medicina Ambiental el 8 de mayo del 2009.
 
Presentado por  Amy Dean, D.O. and Jennifer Armstrong, M.D.
 
Bibliografía: Genetically Modified Foods Position Paper AAEM
1. World Health Organization. (Internet).(2002). Foods derived from modern technology: 20 questions on genetically modified foods. Available from:
http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.html
2. Smith, JM. Genetic Roulette. Fairfield: Yes Books.2007. p.10
3. Freese W, Schubert D. Safety testing and regulation of genetically engineered foods. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. Nov 2004. 21.
4. Society of Toxicology. The safety of genetically modified foods produced through biotechnology. Toxicol. Sci. 2003; 71:2-8.
5. Hill, AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965; 58:295-300.
6. Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON 810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Agric. Food Chem. 2008; 56(23):11533-11539.
7. Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, et al. A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean:effects on liver ageing. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008; 130:967-977.
8. Velimirov A, Binter C, Zentek J. Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Report-Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth. 2008.
9. Ewen S, Pustzai A. Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine.Lancet. 354:1353-1354.
10. Kilic A, Aday M. A three generational study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008; 46(3):1164-1170.
11. Kroghsbo S, Madsen C, Poulsen M, et al. Immunotoxicological studies of genetically modified rice expression PHA-E lectin or Bt toxin in Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2008; 245:24-34.
12. Gurain-Sherman,D. 2009. Failure to yield: evaluating the performance of genetically engineered crops. Cambridge (MA): Union of Concerned Scientists.
13. Lofstedt R. The precautionary principle: risk, regulation and politics. Merton College, Oxford. 2002.
14. Eggen, D. Obama targets food safety: president announces new leaders, groups to upgrade laws. Washington Post. March 15, 2009. p. A02.

 




 


1 of 1 File(s)


#194 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Jun 11, 2009 7:25 pm
Subject: Desde Bolivia: Apoyo a nuestra campaa contra transgnicos - Proyecto de ley 202
aburridoguay...
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Nos llega esta comunicacin hoy desde Bolivia. Georgina fue junto conmigo coautora del libro "Amrica Latina: La Transgnesis de un Continente".  Y cmo le explico a ella que hasta el da de hoy ninguna organizacin puertorriquea se ha unido al llamado del Proyecto de Bioseguridad de PR en contra del proyecto del senado #202 que promociona los transgnicos en nuestro pas? 
Para ms informacin:
http://bioseguridad.blogspot.com/search/label/P202


-CARMELO RUIZ
 

----- Forwarded Message ----
From: Georgina Catacora V. <g.catacora@...>
To: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>; Carmelo Ruiz <ruizcarmelo@...>
Sent: Thursday, June 11, 2009 3:14:04 PM
Subject: Apoyo a la oposicin de cultivos y alimentos GM - Proyecto de ley 202

Estimado Carmelo,

Por medio de la presente, a nombre de la Fundacin Tierra Viva de Bolivia, nos unimos al llamado de rechazar el Proyecto de Ley 202 de PR que permimte la promocin de la biotecnologa.

Te pido nos avises cmo podemos apoyar de forma ms concreta en caso que sea requerido.

Te mandar una nota similar a esta desde el correo e- ed Tierra Viva a fin que puedas tener registrado nuestra direccin.

Estamos en contacto y xitos con la campaa!

Georgina




#193 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Tue Apr 14, 2009 1:43 am
Subject: Movilizaciones en España contra transgenicos
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http://carmeloruiz.blogspot.com/
http://bioseguridad.blogspot.com/


----- Forwarded Message ----
From: sgeral <sgeral@...>



¡LOS TRANSGÉNICOS SECUESTRAN NUESTRO FUTURO!

 “ ALGUNAS RAZONES PARA MANIFESTARNOS EN ZARAGOZA ”

 

Jerónimo Aguado Martínez, Campesino y Presidente de Plataforma Rural

 

Nos esperan en Zaragoza, la Capital de Aragón acogerá una gran manifestación popular para defender el derecho a producir y a consumir alimentos cien por cien libres de organismos modificados genéticamente. El 18 de abril será un día importante para todos los que creemos que la alimentación es un derecho de los seres humanos y no un negocio. Nos manifestamos un día después del DIA INTERNACIONAL DE LA LUCHA CAMPESINA, sumándonos así a todas las movilizaciones  que se desarrollarán en todo el mundo en favor del derecho a seguir siendo campesinos y campesinas, unido al anhelo ciudadano de la SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA para todos los pueblos.

 

Movilizarnos el día 18 de abril significa parar la imposición de una  tecnología que se vuelve contra nosotros y nosotras, acelerando los procesos de más expulsión de agricultores y agricultoras de nuestros campos. Los transgénicos son la continuación de la revolución verde y del modelo agroindustrial que ha provocado en el Estado Español la desaparición silenciosa de más del 50% de los profesionales agrícolas en los últimos 25 años.

 

Desde la perspectiva de la defensa de una agricultura con agricultores y agricultoras no nos queda ya ninguna duda, para qué ciertas tecnologías si son las causantes del abandono de nuestras formas de vida?? .  El declive de nuestros pueblos, expresado en el abandono y la despoblación,  ha tenido como causa fundamental la implantación forzosa de un modelo agroalimentario que se olvidó de las personas, aquellas que durante siglos supieron compatibilizar la producción de alimentos sanos y nutritivos con la gestión de los ecosistemas donde éstos intervenían.

 

El desarrollo de la biotecnología y en los próximos años el de la NANOTECNOLOGÍA es la culminación de un proceso  de industrialización del campo en manos de muy pocas empresas, apoyadas sistemáticamente por las políticas de los organismos multilaterales (BM, FMI, OMC ) y con el beneplácito de la mayoría de los Estados, a costa del empobrecimiento de millones de campesinos y campesinas de todo el mundo y de la provocación forzosa del éxodo del campo a las grandes urbes.

 

El desarrollo de los CULTIVOS TRANSGÉNICOS seguirá fortaleciendo la misma dinámica, generando cada vez más situación de dependencia tecnológica del productor/ra hacia la transnacional propietaria del avance tecnológico, incluida la dependencia para poder sembrar nuestros campos a través de semillas manipuladas y patentadas. Es decir, nos presionan sistemáticamente para pasar de ser productores de alimentos a consumidores de tecnología que produce materias primas para mercados especulativos.

 

Pero además, las semillas transgénicas abren el camino hacia el monopolio absoluto de la biodiversidad agrícola y a su vez también el de los alimentos por las mismas empresas que cierran el ciclo: el control de la tecnología para producir y el de los mercados de alimentos para especular.

 

Los impactos medioambientales están asegurados, suelos, agua y biodiversidad han entrado en un deterioro alarmante como abuso de un sistema productivo del que sólo se piensa en la extracción de materia sin devolverle nada a la tierra.. Los alimentos que nos obligan a producir son de dudosa calidad a pesar de todo el control sanitario que se intenta ejercer desde las instituciones para asegurar la trazabilidad de los mismos.. Los riesgos para la salud de las personas se multiplican, el crecimiento de alergias y tumores cancerígenos son algunos de los resultados de una tecnología que pone de cobayas a las personas y los entornos donde vivimos.

 

Podemos dar más razones para comprender que el 18 de abril tenemos que movilizarnos contra la ingieneria genética en la Ciudad de Zaragoza, pero al menos existe una que elimina cualquier duda ante las múltiples preguntas que se hace la población:  la industria agroalimentaria que impone dicha tecnología avanza sin rubor alguno hacia la privatización de la tierra, el agua,  las semillas y los alimentos, convirtiendo derechos ciudadanos en su propiedad privada; y, si no, que se lo pregunten a los mil millones de seres humanos a los que se les niega el pan y la palabra.

 

En síntesis, los transgénicos privatizan la vida, no producen más, no ayudan a los agricultores y agricultoras, no sirven para mantener vivos los ecosistemas, incrementan el riesgo de la salud de las personas, socavan la soberanía alimentaria de los Pueblos, aumentan la geografía del hambre en el mundo, y SECUESTRAN NUESTRO FUTURO.

 

Y por eso, sencillamente, no los queremos!!.

 

ABRIL 2009


Cristina Sancho Esteban
Secretaría Técnica de Platafomra Rural
Pza. Iglesia s/n
34429 Amayuelas de Abajo, Palencia
Tfno: 979 15 42 19
Email: plataformarural@...
www.nodo50.org/plataformarural
 
ESTAMOS POR LA VÍA CAMPESINA
www.viacampesina.org



#192 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Apr 8, 2009 9:32 pm
Subject: FDA Promotes Unsafe Milk Due to Industry Pressure
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From: Jeffrey Smith <jeffrey@...>


The following is the second part of a series called Get Our Milk Off Drugs, written in response to pending legislation that would interfere with dairies who want to label their products as free from genetically engineered bovine growth hormone (rbGH or rbST). Although the bill was passed in the Kansas legislature, it would effect the labeling of every product sold in the state, including all national brands. Therefore, we ask everyone to email Governor Sebelius before April 16, urging her to veto the bill. Furthermore, since Governor Sebelius is expected to become the new Secretary of Health and Human Services, the email asks her to use her new appointment to ban this dangerous drug once and for all.

The material for this series, which appears on the Huffington Post, is drawn from my books Genetic Roulette and Seeds of Deception, and my 18-minute online film Your Milk on Drugs—Just Say No!.

FDA Promotes Unsafe Milk Due to Industry Pressure

By Jeffrey M. Smith

Get Our Milk off Drugs, Part 2

(See part 1 for the link between bovine growth hormone (rbGH) and cancer.)

“The whole rbGH thing represents fundamental flaws in the regulatory process. . . . It was bad science and bad regulation.”

This was the conclusion of former FDA veterinarian Richard Burroughs, who was a lead reviewer in the approval process of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) for nearly five years. The drug “was approved prematurely without adequate information,” says Burroughs, whose life and career became a casualty in a perfect storm of industry manipulation and political collusion.

As the only member of the FDA team who had dairy herd experience, Burroughs wrote the original protocols for evaluating the safety of rbGH on cows. The FDA didn’t conduct the tests themselves. It was always the drug’s maker who performed the studies and reported the results. But according to Burroughs, they “would come in and try to negotiate the protocols to water them down.” And when they ultimately presented their findings, Burroughs was shocked to discover, “They just went out and skewed the data.”

The drug’s maker Monsanto, for example, claimed that only a handful of cows developed udder infections, but documents later revealed the actual number to be 9,500. Furthermore, infected cows were often dropped from company studies altogether. And in tests designed to show that rbGH injections did not interfere with fertility, leaked FDA documents showed how researchers added cows to the study that were pregnant prior to injection.

According to Burroughs, even FDA officials “suppressed and manipulated data to cover up their own ignorance and incompetence.” He said that since the science behind the rbGH studies was well outside the expertise of agency employees, rather than admit they were in over their heads, “the Center decided to cover up inappropriate studies and decisions.”

One of the problems they faced was that Monsanto flooded them with huge amounts of irrelevant information, making it hard for them to properly analyze what was important. “We were overwhelmed by the magnitude of the research,” says Burroughs. At one point, the Human Safety Division reviewed forty volumes of submissions in just two weeks.

Burroughs refused to accept compromises on safety and demanded more tests. But in late 1989, he was fired and some of his tests canceled. He says, “I was told that I was slowing down the approval process,”

At a trial that later reinstated him at the FDA, his former boss admitted that Burroughs had been set up. When he rejoined the agency, officials never let him see any rbGH data again and made his life miserable. He soon quit.

Rigging the numbers

Although some FDA scientists vehemently defended rbGH, their claims don’t hold up. They said, for example, that bovine growth hormone does not increase substantially in milk from treated cows. The study they cited, however, shows a 26% increase of the hormone. Furthermore, the cows used for that study had received a substitute rbGH formulation, at only 2% of the normal injected dosage.

The FDA scientists claimed that 90% of the bovine growth hormone in the milk was destroyed during pasteurization, so it wouldn’t matter even if there had been a substantial increase. But they failed to mention that the researchers pasteurized the milk 120 times longer than normal, and even then only destroyed 19% of the hormone. So they spiked the milk with powdered hormone—146 times the naturally occurring levels—heated that mixture 120 times longer than normal, and under those artificial conditions were able to destroy 90% of the hormone.

Canadian Government Scientists Say FDA Evaluation was a Façade

Years after the drug was on the market, Canadian government scientists analyzed the FDA’s approval process and wrote a lengthy and scathing report. It recounted omissions, contradictions, weaknesses, and gaps in the FDA’s approval process. Known as the Gaps Analysis Report, it concluded that the FDA’s “1990 evaluation was largely a theoretical review taking the manufacturer’s conclusions at face value. No details of the studies nor a critical analysis of the quality of the data was provided.”

According to the report, since rbGH was a hormone, “its chemistry should have prompted more exhaustive and longer toxicological studies in laboratory animals.” These are “usually required . . . to ascertain human safety.” Because they weren’t conducted, “such possibilities and potential as sterility, infertility, birth defects, cancer and immunological derangements were not addressed.”

Studies normally used to determine whether a drug is carcinogenic will test two different species for about two years—the lifetime of mice or rats. But Monsanto tested rbGH on rats for 28 or 90 days. FDA official John Scheid later admitted to the Associated Press that the agency had never actually examined the raw data from Monsanto’s rat feeding study; rather they based their conclusions on a summary provided by Monsanto. According to Rachel’s Environment and Health Weekly, “relying on a summary of a study, rather than on detailed data from the study, would violate FDA’s published procedures.”

The Gaps report showed that the FDA “improperly reported” data from the feeding study, arriving at false and unsupported conclusions of safety. When the Canadians pointed out that 20 to 30 percent of the rats fed rbGH developed antibody responses, the FDA was forced to admit that they had accidentally overlooked the antibody study entirely. Furthermore, the Canadian report showed that some male rats which were fed the hormone developed cysts on their thyroid and changes in their prostate gland, which should have prompted further investigation.

The Canadian report also pointed out that injected cows suffer from “numerous adverse effects” and that the milk and meat from sick cows may make us sick. Hormone-treated cows can develop birth defects, reproductive disorders, udder infection, foot and leg injuries, metabolic disorders, uterine infections, indigestion, bloat, diarrhea, lesions, and shortened lives. Cows on the drug for only eight months had much larger hearts, livers, kidneys, ovaries, and adrenal glands. The Canadians wrote that although the significant changes in the health of cows “may have had an impact on human health,” this was not taken into consideration by the FDA when they approved the drug.

Monsanto Hijacks Regulators

Bovine growth hormone was the first genetically engineered animal drug reviewed by the FDA, and there was a lot of pressure to get it approved quickly. Both the first Bush and Clinton White Houses had ordered the agency to promote biotechnology and the agency was apparently doing whatever it took to follow orders.

Disgruntled FDA employees wrote an anonymous letter to Congressmen, claiming that the whole rbGH evaluation process was embroiled in fraud and conflict of interest. For example, they complained of the role of Dr. Margaret Miller.

“[Miller] wrote the FDA’s opinion on why milk from [rbGH]-treated cows should not be labeled. However, before coming to FDA, Dr. Margaret Miller was working for the Monsanto company as a researcher on [rbGH]. At the time she wrote the FDA opinion on labeling, she was still publishing papers with Monsanto scientists on [rbGH]. It appears to us that this is a direct conflict of interest to have in any way Dr. Miller working on [rbGH].”

On April 15, 1994, three Congressmen responded to the letter’s allegations by asking the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) to investigate. The congressmen wrote, “The entire FDA review of rbGH seemingly has been characterized by misinformation and questionable actions on the part of both FDA and the Monsanto Company officials.” The letter also describes the previous attempt by the GAO to investigate the rbGH approval process, which they “had to abandon . . . because of the Monsanto Company’s refusal to make available to them all pertinent clinical and related data.” The letter directed the GAO to look into potential conflicts of interest not only for Margaret Miller, but also for Michael Taylor and Susan Sechen.

Sechen formerly conducted Monsanto-sponsored research on rbGH, and then joined the FDA to become the lead reviewer for the drug. Taylor used to be Monsanto’s outside attorney, working with them, according to the Congressmen’s letter, “regarding food labeling and regulatory issues.” The FDA created a new position for Taylor, as Deputy Commissioner for Policy. He was in charge of overseeing the formation of the agency’s policy on rbGH, which ultimately allowed rbGH on the market without adequate testing, and without mandatory labeling.

Taylor even wrote a paper expressing an opinion that if a dairy was to label its milk as rbGH-free, it should also include a bold disclaimer stating, “The FDA has determined that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbGH-supplemented and non-rbGH-supplemented cows.” This was a suggestion, not a requirement. But the Kansas legislature passed a law on April 3, 2009 making it a requirement for products sold in the state—including all national dairy brands. (Ask Governor Sebelius to veto that bill.)

Taylor also oversaw the FDA’s dangerous hands-off policy on genetically modified foods, which also benefited Monsanto at the expense of public health. He eventually left the FDA for the USDA, where he worked on GMO issues. Taylor then took the position of vice president for Monsanto. He now works closely with the Obama administration on food safety.

Milk Controversy Spills into Canada

In 1998, six Canadian government scientists, including those who wrote the Gaps Analysis Report, testified before the Senate that they were being pressured by superiors to approve rbGH, even though they were convinced it was unsafe. They also testified that documents were stolen from a locked file cabinet in a government office, and that Monsanto offered them a bribe of $1-2 million to approve the drug without further tests. (A Monsanto representative told national Canadian television that the scientists had obviously misunderstood an offer for research money. US court documents later revealed that at the same time Canadian officials accused them of attempted bribery, Monsanto was actively offering bribes to about 140 government officials in Indonesia, trying to gain approval for their genetically modified seeds.)

In words reminiscent of Burroughs’ experience at the FDA years earlier, the Canadian scientists told the Senate committee, “pharmaceutical manufacturers have far too much influence in the drug approval process.” Scientists “often feel that their careers are threatened if they stand in the way of a drug they don’t believe is safe.” And “managers without scientific experience regularly overrule their decisions.”

One of the whistle-blowing scientists to testify, Shiv Chopra, revealed that the policy in the department is to “serve the client.” The client, however, is no longer defined as the public: “The client is now the industry.”

“We have been pressured and coerced to pass drugs of questionable safety, including [rbGH],” Chopra said. He “testified that one of his managers threatened to ship him and his colleagues to other departments where they would ‘never be heard of again’ if they didn’t hurry favorable evaluations of rbGH.”

Soon after testifying, Chopra was suspended by his department for five days without pay. The cause, he later told another Senate committee, was retaliation for his testimony.

In spite of blatant efforts within the government to approve rbGH, Canada ultimately banned it. Nonetheless, the health of Canadians is still impacted, as much of their imported milk is from drugged cows US.

The time for banning rbGH in the US is long overdue. Ask Governor Sebelius, who plans to be our next Secretary of Health and Human Services, to do so as her first act.

Read part 1, and soon part 3 of this series at Huffington Post.

Watch the 18-minute documentary Your Milk on Drugs—Just Say No!. Be sure to stock up on rbGH-free dairy brands.

 




#191 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Mon Mar 30, 2009 5:52 pm
Subject: Monsanto on twitter, blogging
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Jeffrey Tomich, St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Planting Cyber Seeds: Monsanto Works to Join the Online Conversation About GMO Crops

St. Louis Post-Dispatch -- March 29, 2009 -- Earlier this month, a blogger named Brad fired a virtual salvo at Jeffrey Smith, the author of "Seeds of Deception" and one of the most vocal crusaders against genetically modified foods.

In a 600-word post, Brad questioned the credibility of an online petition on Smith's website, urging the administration of President Barack Obama to require labeling of biotech foods. He called the petition "sheer political theater" and prodded the activist for purportedly being a yogic flying instructor.

More than 30 comments followed in the next few weeks. On one level, the exchange was just another online debate about GMOs. But this one was notable because of who initiated and hosted it: Monsanto Co.

For years, environmental and food activists have made good use of YouTube video and Facebook to skewer Monsanto in the blogosphere. Now, the biotech giant is turning the tables.

The company's blog, Monsanto According to Monsanto, made its debut Feb. 10, and it is the company's latest tool to engage critics on hot-button issues such as food labeling. The title spoofs a documentary by French journalist Marie-Monique Robin that has been viewed more than 47,000 times on YouTube.

Beside the blog, Monsanto has hired a full-time social media specialist, Kathleen Manning. It has almost 600 followers on the Web-based short messaging system Twitter, started a YouTube channel and launched a Facebook page. The company is also developing a version of its website for cell phones and Blackberries and is creating MonsantoTV.

Glynn Young, a Monsanto manager in his second stint with the company, is heading the effort. Before rejoining the company in 2004, Young, 57, worked for St. Louis Public Schools, where he had a trial by fire in crisis management earlier this decade after the district slashed its budget, cut staff and closed schools.

Monsanto's presence on the Web has evolved during the last few years. But only last year did the company decide to delve into social media as it witnessed the upheaval of traditional media and realized that its existing outreach vehicle -- news releases -- wasn't enough.

"We asked ourselves, 'Is this a space we should be participating in?' The answer was 'yes,'" Young said.

While some consumer companies have used blogs and Twitter to promote their products, Monsanto views social media as a forum to discuss key issues with critics, investors and customers.

"There was this big conversation going on (on the Internet), and we weren't a part of it," said John Combest, a manager in public affairs at Monsanto and one of the bloggers.

There was one particular instance that opened the company's eyes to the power of social media. It happened at last summer's Farm Progress Show in Boone, Iowa, when the company learned, much to its surprise, that some Wall Street analysts had been following an agronomist's blog that chronicled the progress of Monsanto's "Golden Acre" plot, which showcases some of its crops under development.

But just Google the company's name and it quickly becomes obvious that blogs and social media haven't been kind to Monsanto, based in Creve Coeur.

Monsanto has been in the cross hairs of social activists for decades, going back to its days as a maker of Agent Orange and PCBs. That didn't change with the company's new focus on biotech and agriculture.

A decade ago, activists expressed themselves by torching fields of genetically modified crops and throwing tofu cream pies at Monsanto's chairman. These days, activists are challenging the company through the use of YouTube videos and countless blogs that demonize GMOs.

Facebook, the social networking site, is full of anti-Monsanto groups, including one, Millions Against Monsanto, with more than 22,000 members. Another group's avatar depicts CEO Hugh Grant with a handful of soybeans. Below the words: "No Food Shall Be Grown That We Don't Own." It seems there's a way to revile the company in any language.

Nora Ganim Barnes has studied corporate use of social media at the Center for Marketing Research at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, and urges companies to not let online criticism go unchallenged.

"We advise companies to listen to what's being said about them in social media and get into social media to reply," she said.

One example of a company that effectively did that is PC maker Dell Corp. Dell-bashing escalated a few years ago, giving rise to the term "Dell Hell." When the company finally started its own blog, it became the forum of choice for critics.

Monsanto similarly appears to be trying to steer discussion about critical issues to its blog so it's easier to influence the debate, Barnes said.

"Now they're controlling the posts, they're answering the questions, they're directing them to different places within Monsanto and maybe another site," she said. "They've taken control of the situation."

The company and its critics agreed on one thing: Food is an emotional issue. Knowing that, Monsanto hopes using social media will help put a human face on the company and connect with people who might perceive it as a monolith trying to dominate global agriculture.

Bonnie Azab Powell, a food politics journalist in California and co-founder and editor of The Ethicurian (www.ethicurean.com), a three-year-old blog about food, sees that as a challenge.

"I admire their effort and I'm sure they have a lot of money to spend," she said. But "the hostility toward the company is very real, and it's not going to be corrected by investing heavily in social media."

There are six dedicated bloggers at Monsanto. But any employee is allowed -- even encouraged -- to participate. A frequent contributor is Daniel Goldstein, a pediatrician who works as Monsanto's senior scientist in residence.

The "official" bloggers go by their first names and are represented by personalized South Park avatars. That decision, Young said, "engendered a lot of discussion at levels above me."

Comments on the blog (blog.monsantoblog.com) are patrolled and answered, but they'll be permitted to stand unless they contain profanity or personal attacks. That's true even if they criticize the company, Young said.

"As long as it's trying to engage in a civil way, that's fine," he said. "But we're not going to let unsubstantiated vitriol go unchallenged."

Bloggers also watch what is said about the company on other agriculture and biotech-themed blogs, such as Biofortified.org.

Just last week, Monsanto made a splash at OpEdNews.com. The company cross-posted three of its blog posts on the liberal website. Also last week, the site's editor and publisher, Robb Kall, posted a poll for readers asking them if the company should be allowed to cross-post its blog entries.

"One could argue that getting them into a conversation is a good thing," he wrote. "Or one can argue that they have billions to promote their message and OEN should not help them sell their propaganda." As of Friday, 420 readers had responded; 236 of them voted against letting Monsanto post articles on the site.

To be sure, Monsanto acknowledges it is still feeling its way around in the world of Web 2.0. "It's a sea change for us," Young said. "We're kind of going at this in baby steps."

In the end, the company knows it might not win over its critics. But it will continue to engage them.

"We're not asking people to love us," Young said. "And we don't mind critics, but we'd like more informed critics."

Author: Jeffrey Tomich, St. Louis Post-Dispatch





#190 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Mar 18, 2009 11:29 pm
Subject: The Golden Rice Scandal Unfolds
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http://www.i-sis.org.uk/goldenRiceScandal.php

Golden Rice, an exercise in how not to do science

Golden Rice, genetically modified to make pro-vitamin A in the endosperm (the grain remaining after polishing), was announced with great fanfare in 2000 as a cure for widespread vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.

The project had already cost US$100 million, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the European Community Biotech Programme and the Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, and could cost as much again to develop. It was tied up in at least 70 patent claims on genes, DNA sequences and constructs, a problem only partly solved in the “ground-breaking deal” worked out by Dubock.

Condemnation was swift and widespread, not least because it was absurd to offer Golden Rice as the cure for vitamin A deficiency when there are plenty of alternative, infinitely cheaper sources of vitamin A or pro-Vitamin A, such as green vegetables and unpolished coloured rice (especially black and purple varieties [11], which would be rich in other essential vitamins and minerals, and hence much more nutritious. The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) started a project in 1985 to deal with vitamin A deficiency using a combination of food fortification, food supplements and general improvements in diets by encouraging people to grow and eat a variety of green leafy vegetables. One main discovery from the project was that the absorption of pro-vitamin A depends on the overall nutritional status, which in turn depends on the diversity of the food consumed [12].

The main cause of hunger and malnutrition in the Third World is the industrial monocultures of the Green Revolution, which obliterated agricultural biodiversity and soil fertility, resulting in ever-worsening mineral and micronutrient deficiencies in our food. Golden Rice, like other GM crops, is industrial monoculture only worse, and will exacerbate this trend, as well as the destruction of agricultural land, and the impoverishment of family farmers that also accompanied the Green Revolution [13] (see Beware the New "Doubly Green Revolution", SiS 37).

GR1 was made with the standard ‘first generation’ genetic modification techniques, using GM constructs that cause uncontrollable mutations and other collateral damage to the host plant genome, with many unintended, uncharacterized effects [14]. In addition, the viral and bacterial sequences, including antibiotic resistance marker genes, in the construct and in the vectors created for gene transfer enhance horizontal gene transfer and recombination, the main route to creating new pathogens and spreading antibiotic resistance.

GR2 represents an improvement in so far as antibiotic resistance markers were no longer used, but still includes a medley combination of sequences from plant pathogens Agrobacterium (used in a binary vector system) and Erwinia uredovor, and from E. coli, inhabitant of the human gut, which also contains pathogenic strains. We have highlighted the special hazards of the Agrobacterium vector system since 2003 [15] (Agrobacterium & Morgellons Disease, A GM Connection?, SiS 38) (see below).

The main reason for Golden Rice was revealed in the unusually long news feature article [16] accompanying the scientific publication [8] which stated: “One can only hope that this application of plant genetic engineering to ameliorate human misery without regard to short-term profit will restore this technology to political acceptability.”

A detailed audit on the project [14] (The 'Golden Rice', An Exercise in How Not to Do Science, ISIS Report) uncovered “fundamental deficiencies” from the scientific and social rationale to the science and technology involved. It was being promoted “to salvage a morally as well as financially bankrupt agricultural biotech industry.”  The situation has changed little since.

The phase II clinical trials of uncharacterized, unapproved, experimental GR2 events on children, some of whom may indeed be suffering from vitamin A deficiency, is morally inexcusable. GR2 has not been assessed for safety, and there are reasons to suspect it is unsafe.


 
******





#189 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Fri Mar 13, 2009 1:53 pm
Subject: Nature Biotechnology: Biotech under Barack
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---------- Forwarded message ----------


Biotech under Barack


 - Jeffrey L Fox, Nature Biotechnology 27, 237 - 244 (2009)

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n3/full/nbt0309-237.html


   The Obama administration looks to be a welcome shot in the arm for the scientific endeavor, but the current economic crisis is likely to keep several issues of key interest to biotech firmly on the back burner.

   "With this president, a lot of policies are going to change, and a number of them are likely to be exciting for us," says Willy De Greef, secretary general of EuropaBio (Brussels). He points to USDA Secretary Vilsack as but one example of Obama appointments that look positive for biotech. The new USDA secretary "understands what biotech crops can do and has a deep interest in putting agriculture in play, including for energy independence and biofuels," De Greef says. Although no details are available, he adds, Vilsack's attitudes toward and familiarity with biotech-related agriculture issues "are very good for our sector."

   The appointment of Vilsack is "nothing but positive for biotechnology," says Val Giddings, a Washington-based industry consultant and former USDA official. "There's not been an ag [USDA] secretary who comes in so familiar with biotech issues and who doesn't have to be briefed for the first time, but is favorably disposed to biotech for farmers. Plus, he respects data and evidence." As for Energy Secretary Chu, Giddings says, "He can't help but advance the [DOE] biotech portfolio. There will be greater openness, and it's nothing but positive."


   "On the food side, I expect biotechnology to be a fairly unimportant issue for the next couple of years," says Conko of the Competitive Enterprise Institute. Instead, he and others recognize that conventional safety issues, with the salmonella-laced peanut butter problem the most recent example, will be predominant. One exception directly involving biotech could be a move to reinstate a premarket notification rule for genetically engineered plants, a move that was blocked by Bush but could be brought back by the Obama administration. "There is no reason to think the [Obama] administration would go toward more deregulation, much to my chagrin," he says.


   What happens with biofuel development ties in with developments and policies affecting agriculture and, here again, Obama's selection of Tom Vilsack for USDA secretary is drawing praise from biotech analysts. "Agbiotech is regarded as important, but let's have no illusions," says Washington-based consultant Giddings. "The economy and Middle East are first-tier issues, and Vilsack won't get Obama's attention for quite a while. And, even if they [administration officials] could be specific about agbiotech, they wouldn't because they will set it on the shelf and get to it once they deal with other stuff."   


   In terms of regulatory policies affecting genetically modified crops, little is expected to change anytime soon during the Obama presidency, except perhaps for a greater emphasis on transparency. "It is likely that the Obama administration will be more open than Bush's to a wide range of stakeholders," says Gregory Jaffe, who directs the Biotechnology Project at the Washington-based Center for Science in the Public Interest. More generally, the new administration is more likely to seek additional regulatory authority or even to ask Congress to amend laws in cases where rule-making becomes too much of a stretch for those already on the books. However, he adds, with so many other pressing food-safety issues to face having to do with microbially or chemically contaminated products, "I don't think biotech foods will be high on Obama's agenda."


   "Expect more scrutiny of new varieties and more disclosures and transparency about biotechnology in food and agriculture," agrees Mark Mansour, an attorney with Bryan Cave (Washington, DC, USA). He, too, does not anticipate "much change" from recent policies in the near term, except for "some concessions to watchdog groups. But this will take a while, and will be expressed in due course."

   One area where agricultural policy might change course is internationally, particularly with Secretary of State Clinton revitalizing international outreach programs, according to Mansour. This could take shape as an "aggressive engagement of USDA and USAID [Agency for International Development] with developing countries in Africa and other parts of the world, using agriculture as a means of engagement," he says. Unlike the Bush administration, for which such programs were, at best, "an adjunct to security, this [Obama] administration could see agricultural biotechnology as a constructive tool." Of course, "there will be obstacles to overcome, but a lot of opposition to biotechnology could melt with a prolonged recession."

   

   "We're spending about $22 billion per year for the region [Africa], and candidate Obama called for doubling resources, and to put agricultural resources among the top ten," says Robert Paarlberg of Wellesley College (Wellesley, MA, USA), and author of Starved for Science: How Biotechnology is Being Kept out of Africa. "Science-based assistance does seem to have a voice." However, biotech will not soon make inroads into African agriculture because so many countries there remain dominated by Europe through custom and because Europe provides them much more assistance than does the United States, he adds. Thus, although USAID "has tried to throw its weight around, that doesn't work in Africa."


   "The EU approach has helped keep African countries from adopting GM [genetically modified] crops," agrees De Greef of EuropaBio. "We hope if the EU and US become less adversarial, it could remove pressure from Africa, which feels forced to choose between US or EU regulations."

   In terms of global agbiotech disputes, there are "tricky dossiers" to be faced, De Greef says. Even though the US won a round against the EU in a long-standing World Trade Organization (Geneva) case about genetically modified organism imports, "no official appeal" from the EU has been filed yet, he says. "If EU does not appeal or comply, the US, Argentina and Canada can take unilateral measures, but the US probably will prefer to negotiate, which seems more Obama's style. I'd like to see agreements rather than litigation, and a real victory would be to have science-based regulations."

 




#188 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Mon Mar 2, 2009 4:54 pm
Subject: Hungary and Austria uphold GMO bans
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---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Brian Tokar <briant@...>


Right to national GMO bans upheld: European Commission defeated

Friends of the Earth Europe press release, 2 March 2009.

Brussels - Today, the European Commission was defeated in its latest attempt to force two countries to drop bans on controversial genetically modified maize [1]. It was the second and third time that Hungary and Austria respectively had come under attack by the European Commission for refusing to grow GM maize. Friends of the Earth has welcomed the vote.

Helen Holder, European GMO campaign coordinator at Friends of the Earth Europe said:

"The European Commission has once again failed to force countries to lift their national GMO bans. Today's vote is a clear message that European countries will not be bullied into taking unsound decisions regarding their environment, their farming and their citizens' health."

"The Commission must now abandon its unpopular proposals once and for all and get down to the real work of improving GMO risk assessments in the EU, as Ministers have requested."

Under EU GMO laws, countries are allowed to ban individual GM crops for environmental and health reasons [2]. There are a number of reasons why these bans should not be lifted:

•  The effects of Monsanto's genetically modified maize MON 810, which is engineered to produce a toxin to kill insects, are uncertain and controversial [3]

•  European Environment Ministers [4] concluded last December that GMO risk assessment in the EU is not fulfilling legal requirements, that long term impacts are not been assessed, and that crops such as those being voted on today should also be assessed under EU pesticide laws because of the toxin they release. The European Commission's proposal to lift the bans completely disregarded this recent agreement.

•  MON810 is currently being re-assessed at EU level as required under EU law. No national bans should be lifted under a full, independent and good quality review [5]

Pressure has been building in the EU for GM crops to be grown. Biotech companies launched legal action in order to get more GM crops put to the vote in the EU for cultivation [6], whilst the pro-GMO commission president, JosÈ Manuel Barroso set up a high level group on GMOs last summer to push member states to vote in favour of GM crops [7].

Contact:

Helen Holder, Coordinator of tthe Friends of the Earth Europe GMOs campaign:
Tel: +32 2542 6182 and +32 474 857638 (Belgian mobile), helen.holder@...

Notes:

[1] The GM crops banned in the two countries are Monsanto's genetically modified maize MON810. Austria has also banned Bayer Crops Science maize T25. It is the third time that the Commission has tried to force Austria to drop its bans, and the second time for Hungary In practice, only Monsanto's GM maize MON810 is authorised for cultivation in the EU. The other maize, T25 that Austria has also banned is no longer authorised for cultivation. Bayer CropScience have a new request for cultivation in the EU pipeline which is why the ban is still "on the table"

[2] Called the "Safeguard Clause" under Directive 2001/18

[3] Peer reviewed research has demonstrated negative effects on non-target organisms, on soil health and on aquatic ecosystems in rivers. 'Bt crops' also cause insect resistance to the toxin they produce thus potentially posing problems for farmers.

       

References:

Baumgarte, S. & Tebbe, C.C. 2005. Field studies on the environmental fate of the Cry1Ab Bt-toxin produced by transgenic maize (MON810) and its effect on bacterial communities in the maize rhizosphere. Molecular Ecology 14: 2539-2551.

Stotzky, G. 2004. Persistence and biological activity in soil of the insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, especially from transgenic plants. Plant and Soil 266: 77-89.

Zwahlen, C. Hilbeck, A. Gugerli, P. & Nentwig, W. 2003. Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn tissue in the field. Molecular Ecology 12: 765-775.

Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Tank, J.L., Royer, T.V., Whiles, M.R., Evans-White, M., Chambers, C., Griffiths, N.A., Pokelsek, J. & Stephen, M.L. 2007. Toxins in transgenic crop byproducts may affect headwater stream ecosystems. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of the USA 41: 16204-16208.

B¯hn, T., Primicerio, R., Hessen, D.O. & Traavik, T. 2008. Reduced fitness of Daphnia magna fed a Bt-transgenic maize variety. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology DOI 10.1007/s00244-008-9150-5.

Prasifka, P.L., Hellmich, R.L., Prasifka, J.R. & Lewis, L.C. 2007. Effects of Cry1Ab-expressing corn anthers on the movement of monarch butterfly larvae. Environmental Entomology 36:228-233.

Andow, D.A. and A. Hilbeck. 2004. Science-based risk assessment for non-target effects of transgenic crops. Bioscience 54: 637-649.

Obrist, L.B., Dutton, A., Romeis, J. & Bigler, F. 2006. Biological activity of Cry1Ab toxin expressed by Bt maize following ingestion by herbivorous arthropods and exposure of the predator Chrysoperla carnea. BioControl 51: 31-48.

[4] Council Conclusions on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), 2912th Environment Council meeting, Brussels, 4 December 2008 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/envir/104509.pdf

[5] Under EU GMO laws, after a GMO has been on the market for 10 years, a re-approval must be carried out in order to re-assess environmental and health impacts.

[6] Legal action has been brought against the Commission by Pioneer which produced genetically modified maize 1507 that it wants to be grown in the EU, and by BASF that produces a GM potato that it also wants to get grown in the EU

[7] http://www.foeeurope.org/GMOs/GMOs_highlevel_discussion.html and http://www.foeeurope.org/GMOs/sherpas/Sherpa_meeting_10oct_conclusions.pdf


----------------------------------------------
Brian Tokar
Institute for Social Ecology
P.O. Box 93
Plainfield, VT 05667

* See our brand new website at social-ecology.org!






#187 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Feb 18, 2009 1:35 pm
Subject: Report from GM-Free Brazil
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http://carmeloruiz.blogspot.com/
http://bioseguridad.blogspot.com/

###########################
Update from the GM-Free Brazil Campaign
###########################

Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, February 17, 2009

GM maize starts to flood the market; local seeds each time more strategic

The mainstream Brazilian press has enthusiastically reported that transgenic maize, released by the CTNBio (National Technical Biosafety Committee / Ministry of Science and Technology) in 2008, is due to arrive big time in this year's crop. Specialized supplements in the major newspapers have been announcing repeatedly that more and more 'options' of GM maize varieties are starting to become available to farmers on the market.

AS-PTA analyzed the list of varieties registered at the Ministry of Agriculture in 2008 and 2009 and observed that the stage is set for a flood of transgenic maize seeds into the country.

Of the 261 new varieties registered since 2008, 146 are transgenic - in other words, already in the first year since the release of GM technology for maize, 56% of the seeds set to enter the market are transgenic!

In fact, the cause of this phenomenon is that the commercial seed market in Brazil has undergone an incredible process of concentration and transnationalization over the last decade. Today a small group of multinational companies -- most of which also work in the agrochemical sector -- dominate the market.

The analysis of the varieties indicated by the Climate Risk Agricultural Zoning gives an idea of the concentration of this market. The Zoning is a technological package for climate risk management, developed and published by the Ministry of Agriculture, which each year indicates the varieties adapted to the various regions of the country and that possess certified seeds. It provides guidelines for official agricultural loans and for private and public rural insurance policies.

In the Agricultural Zoning for the 2007/08 harvest, the Ministry of Agriculture included the indication of 310 maize varieties. Of these, 181 came from just 5 multinational companies. In other words, in the Agricultural Zoning alone, 58% of maize seeds belonged to large multinationals.

It should be emphasized, however, that the real market concentration must be significantly higher than that depicted by the Zoning. For example, although Monsanto owned 20% of the maize cultigens indicated in the Zoning for the 2007/08 harvest, company press releases in July 2008 indicated that its share of the market had risen to 40% following its purchase of the Brazilian company Agroeste. On the other hand, it is estimated that the maize cultigens developed by Embrapa and commercialized by a group of small national companies (Unimilho) amounts to no more than 5% of the national market, although the institution accounted for 14% of the maize cultigens in the 2007/08 Zoning.

The consequences of this scenario are also fairly obvious. If the aggressive attempts by these companies to flood the market with transgenic varieties of maize seeds continue unabated, in a short time Brazilian farmers will have an extremely limited range of non-GM seeds from which to select. This has been the pattern in other countries. Indeed this is the way in which this disastrous technology has spread across the world.

The companies boast that GM crops are a success with farmers and that their widespread adoption in the countries in which they have been authorized attests to their advantages. But this omits the fact that this adoption has been forced through and that farmers disappointed with the poor performance of the crops and the unfulfilled promises of the companies find it difficult to return to the conventional planting system due to the lack of alternative seeds on the market.

Another expected result of this phenomenon is the rise in prices of seeds and other inputs associated with their cultivation. Since the release of GM soybeans in Brazil, the price of glyphosate (the main active component of the Roundup herbicide, used with the Roundup Ready transgenic crops) has increased by almost 100%.

Farmers are doubly trapped: not only forced to buy GM seeds due to the lack of other options on the market, but also required to pay increasingly higher prices for inputs, lowering their profit margins.

There is a solution, though. This depends on the resistance and organization of the people who live from agriculture. Concentrated and collective action is needed to preserve the traditional seeds of local farmers, which have been cultivated, improved and conserved over many generations, adapted to the systems of cultivation and soil and climate regions of the country's different regions.

Collective action is needed to prevent the local varieties from becoming contaminated by the transgenes, including the promotion of exchange networks and the multiplication and diffusion of these seeds.

Brazilian farmers will only be autonomous if they can produce their own quality seeds, and this autonomy depends on the food security and sovereignty of the country's people.


========================================================
GM-FREE BRAZIL - Published by AS-PTA Assessoria e Servios a Projetos em Agricultura Alternativa. The GM-Free Brazil Campaign is a collective of Brazilian NGOs, social movements and individuals.

AS-PTA an independent, not-for-profit Brazilian organisation dedicated to promoting the sustainable rural development. Head office: Rua da Candelria, 9/6 andar/ CEP: 20.091-020, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Phone: 0055-21-2253-8317 Fax: 0055-21-2233-363

This article can be found on the AS-PTA website at http://www.aspta.org.br/por-um-brasil-livre-de-transgenicos/updates
  


#186 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Mon Jan 19, 2009 2:07 pm
Subject: Analyses Cast Doubts on Safety of Bt Brinjal
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----- Forwarded Message ----
From: TWN Biosafety Info <news@...> 


Contents:

 

THIRD WORLD NETWORK BIOSAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE

 

 

Dear Friends and colleagues,

 

RE: Analyses Cast Doubts on Safety of Bt Brinjal

 

As the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), India's regulatory body for GE crops and foods, meets to look at the results of the two-year large scale trials of Bt Brinjal across the country, new analyses of the data have emerged that cast doubts on the safety of the GM crop.

 

Professor Gilles-Eric Seralini of the the France-based Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN) analysed Mahyco’s Bt brinjal biosafety data (the full study is available at: http://www.criigen.org/images/stories/Actualites/ActusOGM/btbrinjal-ges_%200109.pdf) and points out that Bt brinjal had not been properly tested from the safety and environmental point of view, observing that in feeding trials significant differences were noted in animals fed with Bt brinjal compared to those fed non-Bt controls. He therefore concludes that "Clear significant differences were seen that raise food safety concerns and warrant further investigation. The GM Bt brinjal cannot be considered as safe as its non GM counterpart. Indeed, it should be considered as unsuitable for human and animal consumption."

 

Meanwhile, another analysis from Dr Judy Carman of the Institute of Health & Environmental Research, New Zealand, also concluded that the studies presented byMahyco cannot be used to show that GM brinjal is safe to eat, particularly when population health issues are taken into account. In particular it found that the studies presented byMahyco are simply inadequate to determine important matters concerning toxicology, allergy, and reproductive health.

 

In light of the two analyses, a network of medical experts from across the country called "Doctors for Food & Bio-Safety" has called for a moratorium on all open air trials of GM crops in  India .

 

The doctors were concerned that the incorporation of antibiotic resistant markers in Bt Brinjal is likely to have disastrous implications for developing countries like  India  which are struggling with communicable diseases burdens.

 

They further observed that the decreased calorific content (15% lesser) in Bt Brinjal and altered consumption in different studies will mean impact on nutrition which an already malnourished public could avoid. Others, such as scientists, researchers, health professionals and environmentalists have also raised their voice against the introduction of the Bt Brinjal crop in view of its potentially negative effects on human beings and animals. 

 

 

With best wishes,

 

 

Third World  Network

131 Jalan Macalister,

10400  Penang ,

Malaysia

Email: twnet@...

Website: www.biosafety-info.net and www.twnside.org.sg

 

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Item 1

 

 EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT  OF TRANSGENIC (OR GM) BT BRINJAL 

 

by Pr. Gilles-Eric SERALINI, University of Caen, France (January 2009)



SUMMARY  

 

 

The dossiers submitted by Mahyco in support of their application for commercialisation of genetically modified (GM) Bt brinjal raise serious concerns. Most of these are not signed by researchers that have performed the tests on pages where they should be (signature frames empty), and could be considered as non valid. Bt brinjal has been modified to produce an unknown chimeric insecticide toxin containing Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac modified sequences. In the toxicity tests on target and non-target insects, this chimeric toxin has not been used but instead, an improper Cry1Ac toxin was used because this control was easier. This could also make these tests not valid. Moreover, Bt brinjal produces into the vegetable cells a protein inducing resistance towards at least kanamycin, a well known antibiotic. This is typical of the first generation of GMOs which have been made without consideration of the problem. Antibiotic resistance is recognized to be a major health problem because of the growing development in the environment and bodies of antibiotic resistance genes. It is very inappropriate to consider commercialising a food containing an antibiotic resistance gene since several modern biotechnology companies have already developed transgenic plants without this kind of marker genes. It is possible that Mahyco has bought an old unused GMO technology to Monsanto Company. Bt brinjal has not been properly tested at a safety or an environmental point of view. However in feeding trials, numerous significant differences were noted compared to the best corresponding non-Bt controls: Bt brinjal appears to contain 15% less kcal/100 g, have a different alkaloïd content, and 16-17 mg/kg Bt insecticide toxin poorly characterized for side effects, and produced by the plant genetically modified for this. Parameters affected in animals fed with this GMO are in blood cells or chemistry, but in different manners according to the period of measurement during the study or the sex: in goats prothrombin time is modified, and biochemical parameters such as total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase are also changed, as well as feed consumption and weight gain. For rabbits less consumption was noted and also prothrombin time modification, higher bilirubin in some instances, albumin, lactose dehydrogenase and the hepatic markers alanine and aspartate aminotransferases. Sodium levels were also modified, as well as glucose, platelet count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value. In cows milk production and composition were 10-14% changed. There was more milk and more roughage dry matter intake like if the animals were treated by a hormone. Rats GM-fed had diarrhoea, higher water consumption, liver weight decrease as well as relative liver to body weight ratio decrease. Feed intake was modified in broiler chickens as well as glucose in some instances. Average feed conversion and efficiency ratios are changed in GM-fed fishes. All that makes a very coherent picture of Bt brinjal that is potentially unsafe for human consumption. It will be also potentially unsafe to eat animals with these problems, having eaten GMOs. These differences are most often not reported in the summaries of the different experiments but are in the raw data. These differences were, when discussed, disregarded, often on the grounds that they were within the range of a wide “reference” group (really larger than the real closest control group). This reference group represents a wide range of brinjal types and is not a strict comparison. Other reasons for disregarding the differences were that they did not show linear dose response or time response, or that they were only present in either males or females, but not both. Such declarations that the differences seen are not of biological relevance are not substantiated by the data presented from the feeding trials. Clear significant differences were seen that raise food safety concerns and warrant further investigation. The GM Bt brinjal cannot be considered as safe as its non GM counterpart. Indeed, it should be considered as unsuitable for human and animal consumption. In addition, the longest toxicity tests which are for only 90 days do not assess long-term effects like the development of tumours or cancers. 

 

It is almost impossible through measurements of toxicity to a few species of non-target organisms to get a sufficient view of possible harm to complicated ecosystems, which, moreover vary substantially from place to place in India. The experiments on the potential toxicity of GM Bt brinjal to non target organisms (such as butterflies and moths), to beneficial insects and to long-term soil health are woefully inadequate and give no assurances for the environmental safety of growing GM Bt brinjal. Indeed, in many cases the experiments were considered irrelevant (e.g. do not take indirect effects, such as effects up the food chain into account). The gene flow studies assess but not extensively and not in an adequate manner the possibility of GM contaminations, in particular to neighbouring brinjal crops. This neglects other routes of contamination (e.g. by mixing seeds). 

 

Based on these tests, Bt brinjal cannot be considered as safe. It is known anyway that natural Bt toxins have never been authorized as such for mammalian consumption. Artificial ones should not be either, before a more serious assessment. Significant effects in comparison to controls are also noticed with other GMOs tolerant to Roundup, and in total with at least four GMOs for which these kinds of tests have been done. These resemble classical side effects of pesticides in toxicology; and these have also been observed for MON810 maize producing a related insecticide which is present in part in the Bt brinjal, Cry1Ab.  

 

Brinjal is known to have existed in India for 4000 years. Given that India is also a functional Centre of Origin of brinjal, any release of  Bt Brinjal into the environment, poses a significant risk of contamination to sexually compatible wild species and consequent  harm to the environment in addition to the contamination of Non-GM varieties. The commercialisation of Bt Brinjal will exacerbate that risk. The release of Bt brinjal for these reasons as well would be a problem.  

 

The agreement for Bt brinjal release into the environment, for food, feed or cultures, may present a serious risk for human and animal health and the release should be forbidden. 

 

 

 

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Item 2

 

A review of Mahyco's GM Brinjal food safety studies

 

Dr Judy Carman BSc (Hons) PhD  MPH MPHAA

January 2009

 

Introduction

 

This document has been written in response to Mahyco's dossier in the public domain and a request for an appraisal of the data by lead Petitioner in the Supreme Court of India,Aruna Rodrigues.

 

Review

 

This review concentrates on the food safety evaluation done by Mahyco as reported in Chapter 7 of Volume 1 of their submission and critiques that section.

 

Compositional comparisons

 

One of the greatest concerns about the process of genetic engineering is that the actual process of inserting the gene may cause the plant to up-regulate or down-regulate the normal genetic expression of the plant and hence to produce more of something harmful to human health, or less of something beneficial to human health. An associated concern is that the insertion process may cause the plant to produce a novel substance for that plant. There are certainly examples of all of these effects appearing as a result of genetic engineering. Yet, the compositional analyses presented to the Indian Government by Mahycodo not assess these known likelihoods.

 

For example, the compositional comparisons concentrate on measuring moisture, protein, oil, ash, carbohydrates, calories for fruit tissue, nitrogen, ash and crude fibre. These are

extremely crude measures of the nutritional components of brinjal. A full protein analysis would have gone some way to determine if the plant was producing more, or less, ofsomething, or a completely new substance. Yet it was not done.

 

Moreover, according to page 104 of Mahyco's document, a sample size of only three Bt brinjal and three non-BT brinjal were used to determine the differences in compositionbetween the GM and non-GM brinjal. This is woefully inadequate to determine compositional differences between two crops. The composition of the two crops (the 'clinical' difference) would have to be profoundly different to be able to be picked up as a

statistical difference using such a tiny sample size. Also, the only real way of comparing the composition in this manner is to grow the GM and non-GM parent brinjal from which the GM brinjal was developed, side-by-side in the same field, under the same conditions of soil type, fertilizer, herbicides, insecticides, water, sunshine, etc, and then to use samples from these plants in the comparison studies. Only then can any differences between the GM and non-GM crops be determined to be due to the genetic insert and not due to confounders such as soil type, fertilizer, herbicides, insecticides, water, sunshine, etc. Yet Mahyco do not describe if their samples were obtained in this manner or not.

 

The analyses presented also do not take into account compositional differences found under different growing conditions in different areas of  India. For example, no work seems to have been done on whether the concentration of harmful components of Bt brinjal increase under different climatic conditions, eg heat or water stress. In order to do this, the comparative growing study described above, where GM and non-GM parent brinjal are grown in the same field under identical conditions, would need to be repeated in various places in  India under different climatic and soil conditions. These do not appear to have been done.

 

In addition, as woefully inadequate as simple amino acid and fatty acid profiles are, even these do not appear to have been done by Mahyco. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, while fatty acids are the components of fats.)

 

Moreover, information about the chemical composition and alkaloid content measurements did not provide the following standard and required statistical information: the mean and standard deviation of each group, the nature of the statistical test done and the p-value resulting from the statistical test. Furthermore, the analysis of alkaloid content in GM brinjal does not even provide information as to how many brinjal were tested in each group. For the Cry1Ac protein estimation in brinjal after cooking, no cooking temperatures or samples sizes were given. Mahyco also appears not to have undertaken any studies to determine if the GM  DNA in GM brinjal can degrade upon cooking.

 

GM crops are deemed to be substantially equivalent to non-GM crops until they fail some type of substantial equivalence test. Yet no decision has been made as to what this test should be; how compositionally different a GM crop needs to be from a non-GM crop to be regarded as different. To elaborate, if there had been a decision made that a GM crop is judged to be compositionally different if say 10% of its amino acids are statistically significantly different when fruit from 50 different brinjal plants are measured, or that a full protein analysis needs to be done and the GM brinjal needs to have all proteins within 10% of the levels present in non-GM brinjal, then there would be a clear hurdle that GM brinjal would need to clear to be deemed to be substantially equivalent. But there is no such hurdle. Instead, there is a bland statement by the producers of GM brinjal that their crop is substantially equivalent without even describing the scientific criteria they have used to determine substantial equivalence or any pass/fail level they may have within these criteria.

 

Many of the errors described constitute errors of research methodology which can only be corrected by conducting appropriately-planned and executed research. Until this work is done, it cannot be stated that the composition of Bt brinjal is similar to ordinary brinjal.



In summary, the information submitted by Mahyco is completely inadequate to determine if the composition of Bt brinjal is similar or different to ordinary brinjal. Moreover, the

information presented do not meet accepted scientific standards of reporting.

 

Allergy assessments

 

To determine allergenicity of the Bt brinjal, Mahyco first did a paper-based analysis. It artificially split the GM protein that it expected to be produced (not any unexpected proteins) into smaller segments and compared the segments to certain databases of known allergens. It should be remembered that not all allergens are known, even in peanuts, and that, even for the known allergens, not all are represented in these databases.

 

Mahyco also reported a skin irritation test on rabbits and a mucous membrane test using vaginal tissue in rabbits on pages 113-116 of volume 1. For both studies, only three female rabbits were used for each treatment group and the animals followed for only 72 hours after exposure. The studies cannot be regarded as allergy tests as the test substance was only applied once. Allergies generally require repeated exposure to a substance before an allergy can be developed. Then, the more often the exposure, the worse the allergic reaction tends to get. Although clinical signs of matters such as toxicity and skin reaction were measured in this test, there is no description as to exactly what these involved and what would constitute an adverse finding. Moreover, no matter what measurements were taken, calculations indicate that even if all rabbits treated with the GM material showed a severe adverse clinical effect compared to no rabbits suffering this effect in the non-GM-treated rabbits, the appropriate statistical test would be completely unable to find statistical significance due to the small number of animals used.

 

The methodology of the allergy study undertaken in Brown Norway rats does not meet the standards of allergy testing employed by other researchers that have found allergic reactions due to consumption of GM crops (1) and the full results were not given in the text.

 

Reproductive studies

 

Mahyco did not provide any reproductive studies and it therefore appears not to have done any, eventhough adverse reproductive effects have been found from eating other GM crops (2), (3). These results strongly indicate that reproductive studies should be required before any GM crop could be assessed as safe to eat.

 

Digestive studies

 

Digestive studies used an in vitro (in glass) method of determining how quickly the protein that is expected to be produced will break down in the intestine. No data appear to have been given for the digestibility of GM  DNA. Such studies are notorious for providing false assurances about the digestibility of GM  DNA and proteins. For example, such studies often use unrealistically high levels of stomach acid and digestive enzymes. The level of acid in a human stomach moves towards neutral once food enters it. The only real way to determine how quickly GM  DNA and protein are digested is to do experiments in animals or humans.

 

Several of these in vivo studies have shown that GM  DNA can and does survive digestion and can be found in tissues of the body. A recent study in  Italy found that GM  DNA present in the feed of cows could even be found in milk on supermarket shelves (4).

 

Acute toxicity studies on animals

 

The results of these studies cannot be used to determine the safety of GM brinjal, as described below.

 

Acute toxicology test on mice

 

This test was not done using the GM proteins as expressed in the GM plant that people will be eating. Instead, Mahyco used proteins that were produced by GM bacteria that were engineered to produce the GM proteins. Mahyco appears not to have determined if the proteins are exactly similar in structure and function as those found in the plant, even though it is known that the expression of the same  DNA in different organisms can produce proteins with different physiological effects1. Moreover, the study on the Cry1Ac protein used only 10 mice per group, a seriously insufficient number to determine the true clinical outcomes of these mice, while the number of mice used to test the NPTII protein is not given. It appears that body weight and food consumption were the only real measurements taken for the Cry1Ac protein study because, while tissue samples were taken, they appear to only have been kept and not analysed. Furthermore, while pathological changes were seen in the 'gross necroscopy' in some mice, neither the nature of the necroscopy nor the nature of the changes were described. Nor were the nature of the statistical tests, the means, standard deviations and p-values of the analyses given.

 

Oral toxicity study on rats

 

This study used only 5 male and female rats per group, which is an completely inadequate number to determine the true toxicological effects of GM brinjal on these rats. To give just one example of how inadequate this is, the concentration of a key liver function enzyme in the blood, AST, gives a measure of the health of the liver. Male rats fed GM brinjal had a concentration of AST that was 48% and 63% higher than feeding rats non-GM brinjal. Yet, this clinically significant finding was not found to be statistically significant. Calculations indicate that adding just a single extra rat to each group to bring the number of rats to a still tiny 6 per group, would have made this difference statistically significant, which would in turn have indicated that feeding GM brinjal to male rats could cause liver damage.

 

It appears that only one dose per rat was given and then the rats were followed for only 14 days. Food consumption, and only some haematology and biochemistry measurements were taken. It is normal to take 18-20 clinical biochemical measurements on blood from animals and humans to determine health. Yet only eight standard biochemical results are shown in the tables associated with this study. Only overwhelmingly adverse effects could be picked up this way using this number of animals for this time period and the study is simply inadequate to predict the effect of feeding this GM crop to 1.15 billion Indians for generations. Moreover, the company rarely reports the nature of the tests undertaken, the means, standard deviations, statistical tests undertaken or the p-values of the statistical analyses.

 

Animal feeding studies

 

Several animal feeding studies are presented in an effort to show that Bt brinjal is safe to eat. They include studies on fish, chickens, goats, rabbits, cows and rats. Most of these species are most unusual to use for human health studies, and many of the measurements taken on these animals are also unusual measures of human health. For example, chickens and fish are not even mammals. Chickens fly, lay eggs and do not suckle their offspring, swallow stones and grit to help grind their food, do not have human-like lungs or digestive systems and have kidneys that do not even produce urine. As chickens are clearly very different from humans, they therefore cannot be used as a model for human health. Using fish is worse. Besides the obvious differences in physiology involving things such as scales, lungs (humans cannot breathe underwater), and kidneys (fish kidneys do not produce urine), they are not even warm-blooded animals. Many of these studies use death as an end-point. Death is not a measure of health. Most people know people who are alive but not healthy because they have serious illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, liver disease or infectious diseases.

 

Realistically, these studies are more useful to reassure primary producers that if they feed their fish, chickens, goats, rabbits and cows the GM brinjal, their animals will grow large enough and survive for long enough for the animal to get a good price at market. Further evidence for this is given by the emphasis on measures such as death rate, weight gain, growth rates, feed conversion ratios, milk production and carcass yield in these studies.

 

Furthermore, there was no full description of the diets fed to the animals in any of these studies. There was no list of the macro-nutrients used such as carbohydrate, fat, protein (and the components of these, such as the nature of the amount and type of saturated and unsaturated fats and which plants or animals they came from). Nor were the micro-nutrients given, such as the levels of the various vitamins and minerals in the diet. Nor was there a full description as to the source of the components of the diet such as which grains were used and in what proportions. So there is no understanding as to the nutritional adequacy of the diets.

 

Furthermore, there is no understanding as to whether the diets were heat-treated before they were fed and how much heat may have been used. Heat can destroy proteins and antinutrients which might otherwise affect health. In addition, it does not appear that the various diets were analysed for other GM ingredients. Corn and particularly soy are often ingredients in laboratory diets and soy is certainly present in the fish and cow diets used by Mahyco.

 

Much of the soy produced in the world comes from the  US and  South America and much of this is GM. The presence of GM products such as GM soy is therefore a confounder in these studies and needs to be measured. It is possible that any effects due to eating GM brinjal could be swamped by the effects of animals eating GM soy.

 

The number of animals used in each of these experiments is also too small to be able to find statistical significance for anything but overwhelming clinical findings. Often there are only five or six animals per group. To use a simple example of how inadequate this is, if the death rate is compared between two groups and six animals are used in each of those groups, two thirds (67%) of animals have to die in one group and nil in the other before a statistical difference can be found. If only five animals are used per group, the situation becomes even worse. Now 80% of animals have to die in one group and nil in the other before statistical significance can be found. There is also no statement as to whether the animals used were inbred or outbred animals. The use of outbred animals generally requires more animals in each dietary group for most measures to obtain statistical significance compared to using inbred animals. It is unlikely that Mahyco could source inbred laboratory fish, chickens, goats or cows.

 

While Mahyco's studies often report that measurements such as clinical chemistry were taken on blood, the results are rarely given. And even when they are given, it is unlikely that statistical significance could be found, given the low number of animals in each group.

 

Organs may be weighed and perhaps expressed as a percentage of the body weight, but a diseased organ can weigh much the same as a healthy one. Histology, where the organ is sectioned, stained and looked at under a microscope is the appropriate method of determining if an organ is healthy. Yet this seems to have been rarely done.

 

The only real health study that could be used by Mahyco to support its application for safety is a single rat study, which is why the company submitted the raw data associated with this study to the Indian government. In this instance, 10 rats per gender were used, the highest number of animals per group in any experiment. Again, studying this number of rats for only a few weeks is clearly woefully inadequate to determine the long-term health effects of 1.15 billion Indians eating GM brinjal for generations. An example of the inadequacy of the study's statistical power to find anything is shown by considering two matters. First, calculations indicate that if the number of female rats per group was increased to just 13, the 67% higher white blood cell count in the GM brinjal-fed group compared to a non-GM-fed group could reach statistical significance. Second, if the number of rats were increased to just 16 per group, GM brinjal could be found to cause a significant difference (increase) in AST in blood. This result supports the previous finding from the rat toxicological study where if 6 rats per group had been used, male rats could have been found to have a significantly higher level of this liver enzyme. Put together, the results of the two rat experiments indicate that if more animals had been used, male rats may have been shown to have evidence of liver damage from eating GM brinjal.

 

The raw data of this study indicate that the rats were highly variable at the beginning of the study. The body weights of some groups varied by as much as 31% within a group at the start of the study. This is an unusually high amount of within-group variability for body weight, and with a sample size of only 10 per group, could have masked any between-group effects. Essentially, statistics is about finding a signal amongst the noise. If there is too much noise, the signal cannot be found even if it is strongly present. Having this much variability within each group adds noise, making it very hard to find any signal.

 

The blood biochemistry and haematology data are also quite limited. For example, it is normal to take 18-20 biochemical measurement in blood to determine the health of an animal. This study takes only seven.

 

Moreover, while Mahyco presented a lot of raw data for some studies, with its interpretation of that data, it left-out most of the data that would be required in a peer-reviewed scientific journal for most of its studies and when data was actually given, Mahyco often omitted a key part of the analysis, such as the actual statistical results, eg p-values. That is, Mahyco omitted much of the results of the research from the report. It is also clear that the researchers were not blinded as to which group was fed GM and which was fed non-GM diets, which could bias the results. Moreover, the environmental conditions under which the animals were kept appear to be unusually variable and the GM status of the feed was determined using an inaccurate protein method instead of a far more accurate  DNA method.



It appears that none of these studies has been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. This may be because the studies were not of a sufficient standard to be published.

 

Summary

 

While it appears the Mahyco has conducted a number of studies to show that Bt brinjal is safe to eat, in fact none of the studies are of any real use, for the following main reasons:

 

1. The type of studies undertaken are insufficient to be able to determine if GM brinjal is safe to eat. For example, there have been no reproductive studies and the studies that have been done often use animals and/or measurements that are inappropriate or insufficient measures of human health.

 

2. Of those studies undertaken, the methodology and results are often insufficiently reported to be able to determine what the studies were actually measuring or how various variables were measured. Included in this, the statistical results have not been reported to a suitable standard. For example, means, standard deviations, and pvalues, which would be required for any peer-reviewed scientific journal, are usually omitted.

 

3. The sample sizes are insufficient to be able to find statistical difference for many measurements even if real clinical differences are occurring between groups. Indeed, much of the research presented by Mahyco could be regarded as being burdened with Type II error. This type of statistical error occurs when sample sizes are so low that the study cannot realistically be expected to find a difference between groups of animals even if clinical differences are occurring.

 

Consequently, the studies presented by Mahyco cannot be used to show that GM brinjal is safe to eat, particularly when population health issues are taken into account. That is, if this GM brinjal comes into the Indian food supply, then every Indian will be eating it, resulting in 1.15 billion Indians exposed to the GM brinjal. Some of those exposed will be children or the elderly. Some of those exposed will already be ill with cancer, autoimmune problems, heart disease, diabetes, or infectious diseases. Because of the number of people exposed, if GM brinjal is later found to cause illness, it could cause significant economic and social problems for  India. For example, if only 1 in 1,000 of exposed people later gets ill, or has an underlying illness made worse, then over a thousand million Indians would be ill and requiring treatment. This would result in a huge cost to the Indian government and community. It is therefore important to ensure that the safety assessment of GM brinal is sound and thoroughly covers all the major concerns of toxicology, allergy, and reproductive health. The studies presented by Mahyco are simply inadequate to determine these matters.

 

References

 

1. Prescott, VE, Campbell PM, Moore A, Mattes J, Rothenberg ME, Foster PS, Higgins TJV, Hogan SP (2005). Transgenic expression of bean α-amylase inhibitor in peas results in altered structure and immunogenicity. J Agric Food Chem, 53:9023-9030.

 

2. Velimirov A, Binter C, Zentek J (2008). Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Department/Universitätsklinik für Nutztiere und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen in der Veterinärmedizin Institut für Ernährung, ViennaAustria.

 

3. Vecchio L, Cisterna B, Malatesta M, Martin TE, Biggiogera M (2004). Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. European Journal of Histochemistry, 48:449-454.

 

4. Agodi A, Barchitta M, Grillo A, Sciacca S (2006). Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market. Int J Hyg Environ-Health 209 :81– 88.

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Item 3

 

Doctors for Food & Bio-Safety call for a moratorium on GM crops/foods

Press Release,  January 14 2009

 

New Delhi: As the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) sits down today for a 'discussion on Bt Brinjal proposal under large scale trials' in the Ministry of Environment & Forests, eminent medical experts from across the country from a network called "Doctors for Food & Bio-Safety" called for a moratorium on all open air trials of GM crops in India. These experts, after perusing through the first independent analysis of Mahyco's biosafety data of Bt Brinjal by  France 's CRIIGEN, sent a resolution to the GEAC to this effect.

 

They pointed out that the French analysis of Mahyco's data adequately addresses and questions the validity of the so called bio-safety data of Bt Brinjal in terms of: validity of biological/ animal experiments carried out by the applicant incl. study design; Adequacy of bio-safety testing protocols used; Validity of statistical analyses carried out including sampling procedures; Glossing over/unscientific basis of overlooking important findings.

 

The doctors pointed out that the obsolete technology used in Bt Brinjal incorporating antibiotic resistant markers is likely to have disastrous implications for developing countries like  India  which are struggling with communicable diseases burden. This may jeopardize National Health Programmes for control of Tuberculosis (already struggling with  MDR / XDR tuberculosis), diarrhoeal diseases, sexually transmitted diseases etc.

 

They further observed that the decreased calorific content (15% lesser) in Bt Brinjal and altered consumption in different studies will mean impact on nutrition which an already malnourished public could avoid.

 

The changes in bilirubin indicate effect on hepatic functions. Study with lactating cows showed increased milk production indicating hormonal effects. If this is so, what are the implications on pregnancy, foetal health, reproductive functions etc. There is an obvious requirement for longer term studies especially on reproductive health. Absence of these aspects in Mahyco's dossiers is not acceptable, the doctors said. 

 

In Ayurveda and Siddha, herbs are used according to the taste (Rasa), medicinal property of phyto-chemical (Guna), strength (Veerya), the end taste after digestion (VipaakaRasa) and synergistic medicinal property (Prabhaava). Any intrusion in the basic component of a drug may cause major change in the constitution of the drug, leading to unknown impacts. The difference in solamargine and solasonine is the clear evidence of loss of synergy and imbalance in the phytomolecules, which may largely affect the therapeutic and nutritive benefit of brinjal. There is no study as part of the impact assessment done to study related aspects, they pointed out. 

 

The doctors endorsed Dr Pushpa Bhargava's comments on the regulators compromising objectivity by basing their approval processes based on data submitted by the applicant itself and emphasized the need for mandatory independent research by mandatory elaborate protocols including for long term research.

 

Meanwhile, another independent analysis from Institute of Health & Environmental Research, New Zealand (led by Dr Judy Carman) to be submitted to the Supreme Court soon, also concluded that the studies presented by Mahyco cannot be used to show that GM brinjal is safe to eat, particularly when population health issues are taken into account. This analysis points to insufficiency of the type of studies taken up for the safety assessment, that statistical results have not been reported to a suitable standard in addition to sample sizes being insufficient (type II errors). 

 

For more information, contact: Dr G P I Singh at [0] 98-155-42987

 





#185 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Mon Dec 8, 2008 3:46 pm
Subject: Petition to Obama for MEANINGFUL GMO labeling
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******

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Jeffrey Smith <jeffrey@...>  

  



 

 

 




Action Alert - Petition to Obama for MEANINGFUL GMO labeling

President Obama promised that genetically modified foods will require labels. Please sign the petition demanding comprehensive and meaningful GMO labeling; and thank him for giving us what we want, and deserve.

***************************************************

President Obama is finally going to get genetically modified (GM) foods labeledsomething 270 million Americans have wanted for a long time. The Bush, Clinton, and Bush I administrations denied it to us, ignoring 9 out of 10 citizens in order to support the economic interests of the 5 Ag biotech companies that make GMOs.

Former FDA man Henry Miller admitted, "In this area, the US government agencies have done exactly what big agribusiness has asked them to do and told them to do."

Why don't the biotech companies want us to know that their products are in our food? Because we wouldn't eat them. According to a CBS/New York Times poll, most of us (53%) would avoid brands with genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Close labeling loopholes

Outside the US and Canada, nearly all industrialized countries require GMOs to be labeled. But clear, comprehensive, and consumer-friendly criteria remain elusive.

Japan's laws allow food with a whopping 5% GMO contamination to go unlabeled. In Australia and New Zealand, loopholes exempt about 90% of their GM foods from labeling. Their law says that GM ingredients must be detectable in the final processed food in order to require labels. Thus, oil made from 100% GM soybeans, corn, cottonseed or canola (the four major GM crops) is unlabeled.

These loose labeling regimes have consistently angered citizens and there is momentum for tightening standards. In the EU, for example, they used to exempt undetectable GMOs but now insist on labels if any ingredient is DERIVED BY GMOs. Thus, they require traceability of ingredients to their GMO or Non-GMO origins.

The EU has another loophole that upsets citizens there (which we must avoid here in the US). Milk, meat, and eggs from animals fed GMOs don't have to be labeled. Many groups are working hard to change this EU law. In the meantime several European food companies publicly committed not to use GMO animal feed.

In the US, corporations have traditionally had the upper hand when it comes to negotiating details of regulations. We don't want that to happen with labeling.

President Obama is going to give us labelinghe promised us that. But will it be the citizens' labeling plan or Monsanto's?

Sign the petition today demanding comprehensive and meaningful GMO labeling, and thank President Obama for giving us what we want, and deserve.

But don't wait for labeling to avoid GMOs. Download our Non-GMO Shopping Guide, which gives tips and brands to help you choose healthier non-GMO food.

Healthy Eating!

Jeffrey M.Smith
Executive Director
www.responsibletechnology.org
Author, Genetic Roulette and Seeds of Deception

 







#184 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Dec 4, 2008 4:25 pm
Subject: Genetically Modified Crops Grow as EU Debates Safety
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----- Forwarded Message ----
From: Julia Tier <jtier@...>
Subject: Genetically Modified Crops Grow as EU Debates Safety

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Thursday, December 4, 2008

 

Contact: Julia Tier

(+1) 202.452.1992 x594

jtier@...

 

Genetically Modified Crops Reach 9 Percent of Global Primary Crop Production, as European Union Braces for Decision

 

Washington, D.C.Genetically modified crops reached 9 percent of global primary crop production in 2007, bringing the total GM land area up to 114.3 million hectares, according to Worldwatch Institute estimates published in the latest Vital Signs Update. The United States continues to be the global leader in production, accounting for half of all GM crop area.

 

GM production has been on the rise since the crops were first introduced more than a decade ago, and it now includes 23 countries. But controversy over the benefits of genetic modification continues, including questions about the technologys ability to deliver on promises of enhanced yields and nutrition. 

 

GM crops are definitely not a silver bullet, said Alice McKeown, a researcher for the Worldwatch Institute. They sound good on paper, but we have yet to see glowing results.

 

Even as GM crop area expands, tensions are building. The European Union is expected to offer new guidance on the crops by the end of the year.  Meanwhile, a new scientific study funded by the Austrian government suggests that a popular variety of GM corn reduces fertility in mice, raising questions about the technologys safety.

 

There are still many unanswered questions about GM crops, said McKeown. But the good news is that we have solutions to food security and other problems available today that we know work and are safe for humans and the environment, including organic farming.

 

END

 

Note to Editors: 

 

To obtain the text of the Update, visit http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5950. For the full Update with references, or to interview Alice McKeown, please contact Julia Tier at jtier@... or (+1) 202.452.1999 x594.

 

Worldwatch E-mail list: If you would like to receive Worldwatch press advisories regularly or wish to be removed from this mailing list, please send your request to Julia Tier at jtier@... or call (+1) 202.452.1992 x594.

 

About the Worldwatch Institute: Worldwatch Institute delivers the insights and ideas that empower decision makers to create an environmentally sustainable society that meets human needs. Worldwatch focuses on the 21st century challenges of climate change, resource degradation, population growth, and poverty by developing and disseminating solid data and innovative strategies for achieving a sustainable society. For more information, visit www.worldwatch.org.

 

 

 

Julia Tier

Communications Associate

Worldwatch Institute

jtier@...

+1 202.452.1992 x594

1776 Massachusetts Ave, NW Suite 800

Washington DC 20036 USA

www.worldwatch.org

 

 

 



#183 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Nov 20, 2008 6:19 pm
Subject: GM Maize Reduces Fertility & Deregulates Genes in Mice
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http://www.i-sis.org.uk/GmMaizeReducesMiceFertility.php

GM Maize Reduces Fertility & Deregulates Genes in Mice

Comprehensive long term studies commissioned by the Austrian government reveal that mice fed GM maize produced fewer and smaller litters with many genes affected compared to controls. Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

Food Futures Now , *Organic *Sustainable *Fossil Fuel Free, How organic agriculture and localised food, and energy systems can potentially compensate for all greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities and free us from fossil fuels Austrian scientists carried out long term studies that showed GM maize fed to mice significantly reduced their fertility over three to four breeding cycles within one generation [1]. Similar effects were found in mice fed GM maize and bred over four generations; although the results did not reach statistical significance in any one generation, the trend was unmistakable, more pups lost and smaller litters in the GM-fed mice.

The studies are by far the most meticulous and comprehensive feeding trials to-date, and confirm deleterious reproductive and health impacts obtained by scientists independent of the biotech industry and farmers observations in the field. For a recent review, see [2] GM is Dangerous and Futile (SiS 40).

The new research results are a landmark in the safety assessment of GM food. Most feeding trials were short-term and restricted to a single generation or a single breeding cycle. The multi-generational study widely cited as evidence of no long term adverse impacts from GM feed is highly misleading as the experiment did not involve trans-generational feeding, but merely breeding mice that were not GM fed for three generations, and carrying out a separate experiment with GM feed for each generation [3] (Letter to Nature Biotechnology: Systematic bias in favour of no adverse impacts from GM feed, SiS 37). There were other serious flaws in that experiment, not least the failure to ascertain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that the processed GM feed used actually contained GM soya.


 
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#182 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Nov 19, 2008 11:02 pm
Subject: Monsanto man joins Obama's transition team
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http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/11/19/6373/9820

Obama and the USDA

Monsanto's man in the Clinton admin joins the transition team

by Tom Philpott 

19 Nov 2008


EDITED


Whither Obama's food/ag policy?


The transition named its "team members" looking at energy and natural resources agencies, which includes USDA. The list includes Michael R. Taylor, a man who spent his career bouncing between the employ of GMO-seed giant Monsanto and Bill Clinton's FDA and USDA. Taylor is widely credited with ushering Monsanto's recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) through the FDA regulatory process and into the milk supply. He was particularly useful in the effort to prevent abstaining dairies from advertising their milk as rBGH-free.

 



#181 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Fri Nov 14, 2008 1:36 pm
Subject: Austrian study - CFS press release
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---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: BILL FREESE <billfreese@...>


Center for Food Safety

 

Contact:         

Bill Freese, Science Policy Analyst, Center for Food Safety, 202-547-9359

Andrew Kimbrell, Exec. Director, Center for Food Safety, 415-826-2770

Heath Fradkoff, Goodman Media, 212-576-2700

 

AUSTRIAN STUDY FINDS EATING GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CORN MAY REDUCE FERTILITY

 

Center for Food Safety Calls for Moratorium on Genetically Engineered Foods

Pending Thorough Safety Studies

 

Vienna, Austria, November 13, 2008 The Center for Food Safety cited results of an important study[1] released Monday by the Austrian government as cause for great concern over the long-term consumption of genetically engineered crops.  The study found that mice fed a type of genetically engineered corn developed by the Monsanto Company produced fewer offspring than those fed conventional corn.

 

"This meticulous study suggests that a popular type of genetically engineered corn may harbor fertility-reducing substances," said Bill Freese, Science Policy Analyst at the Center for Food Safety and co-author of a peer-reviewed study on GE crop regulation. "It's no surprise to us that U.S. regulators did not catch this. None of our regulatory agencies require any long-term animal feeding trials before allowing genetically engineered crops on the market."

 

The study was sponsored by the Austrian Ministry of Health, Families, and Youth, and led by Dr. Jrgen Zentek, Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Vienna.  For 20 weeks, Zentek and his team fed mice diets consisting of either 33% genetically engineered (GE) corn, or 33% of a closely related non-GE variety.  The diets were otherwise nutritionally equivalent.

 

Mice fed the GE corn diet had fewer litters, fewer total offspring, and more females with no offspring, than mice feed the conventional corn.  The effects were particularly pronounced in the third and fourth litters, after the mice had consumed the GE corn for a longer period of time.  The authors attributed the reduced fertility to the GE corn feed, and said it might be related to unintended effects of the genetic modification process.  Dr. Zentek said that further studies are "urgently needed" to corroborate his team's findings.

 

"This study should serve as a wake-up call to governments around the world that genetically engineered foods could cause long-term health damage," said Andrew Kimbrell, Executive Director of the Center for Food Safety.  "The Center calls upon national and international authorities to place a moratorium on the distribution of GE products for human consumption unless or until their safety can be undeniably established."

 

"We hope this study will finally persuade the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to completely overhaul its 'rubber-stamp' regulatory process," added Freese.  "The FDA must stop letting biotech companies self-certify their GE crops as safe, and instead establish strict, mandatory testing requirements, including long-term animal feeding trials, for every GE crop," he added.

 

The Center notes that the GE corn used in the study (NK603 x MON810) was developed by the Monsanto Company, and is sold under the brand names YieldGard (Plus)/Roundup Ready.  Monsanto's figures show that U.S. plantings of this GE corn have exploded in recent years, from just 2.2 million acres in 2002 to 38.2 million acres in 2008[2].  The corn is a so-called "stacked" variety with two traits: the Roundup Ready trait allows the corn to survive direct spraying with Roundup herbicide, while a built-in insecticide kills certain above-ground insect pests.

 

The Center further notes that U.S. regulators allow biotech companies to cross GE crops at will to develop "stacked" crops with virtually any combination of traits without any regulatory oversight, despite expert warnings that stacked crops may pose special risks.

 

The Center for Food Safety is national, non-profit, membership organization founded in 1997 to protect human health and the environment by curbing the use of harmful food production technologies and by promoting organic and other forms of sustainable agriculture. On the web at: http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org

 

#   #   #

 

Notes:

 

[1]       For the full study, in English, see:

            http://bmgfj.cms.apa.at/cms/site/attachments/3/2/9/CH0810/CMS1226492832306/forschungsbericht_3-2008_letztfassung.pdf.

 

[2]       NK603 is Roundup Ready corn, approved for commercial use by USDA in 2000.  MON810 is YieldGard corn, approved in 1996.  See http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/not_reg.html, under "Transformation Event or Line."  For acreage figures, add US figures for YieldGard/Roundup Ready and YieldGard Plus/Roundup Ready at:

            http://www.monsanto.com/pdf/investors/2008/q4_biotech_acres.pdf. 

            YieldGard Plus contains the two traits noted above plus a third trait (an additional insecticide to kill root pests).

 




#180 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Nov 13, 2008 2:29 pm
Subject: Transgnicos: una amenaza para la fertilidad
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 12 de noviembre de 2008

* *

*Alimentos transgnicos: una amenaza para la fertilidad*


* *

*Un estudio revela que un maz modificado genticamente afecta a la
reproduccin en ratones*

Un estudio hecho pblico por el Gobierno de Austria identifica graves
amenazas para la salud por consumo de organismos modificados
genticamente. Este estudio es uno de los escasos realizados a largo
plazo de los efectos de los transgnicos en la alimentacin. Concluye
que la fertilidad de los ratones alimentados con maz modificado
genticamente se vio seriamente daada, con una descendencia menor que
los ratones alimentados con maz convencional. Este maz est aprobado
para alimentacin humana y animal en la Unin Europea y se ha cultivado
de forma experimental en ms de 30 municipios espaoles. Considerando la
gravedad de esta potencial amenaza para la salud y reproduccin humana,
Amigos de la Tierra y Greenpeace exigen la retirada de los cultivos
transgnicos actualmente en el mercado.

El estudio, patrocinado por los Ministerios de Agricultura y Sanidad de
Austria, fue presentado ayer en un seminario cientfico en Viena. El Dr.
Jrgen Zentek, Profesor de Medicina Veterinaria en la Universidad de
Viena y coordinador del estudio resumi los hallazgos: los ratones
alimentados con maz transgnico tuvieron menos descendencia en la
tercera y cuarta generacin, y estas diferencias fueron estadsticamente
significativas. Los ratones alimentados con maz no transgnico se
reprodujeron de forma ms eficiente. Este efecto se puede atribuir a las
diferencias en la alimentacin.

"Los alimentos transgnicos parecen actuar como un agente de control de
la natalidad, conduciendo de forma potencial a la infertilidad. Si este
motivo no es suficiente para plantear la retirada de los cultivos
transgnicos actualmente en el mercado, no se a que tipo de catstrofes
estamos esperando" afirm Juan Felipe Carrasco, responsable de la
campaa contra los transgnicos de Greenpeace "Experimentar
genticamente con nuestros alimentos es como jugar a la ruleta rusa con
los consumidores y con la salud pblica".

Los investigadores austriacos llevaron a cabo varios ensayos de
alimentacin a largo plazo con ratones durante 20 semanas. Uno de estos
estudios consisti en una Evaluacin de la Reproduccin mediante Cra
Continua (RACB en sus siglas en ingls), en el que la misma generacin
de padres tuvo varias camadas de ratones. Los progenitores fueron
alimentados o bien con una dieta que inclua un 33% de una variedad de
maz transgnico (NK 603 x MON 810), o bien a base de un maz parecido,
pero no transgnico. Se encontr que la reduccin en el tamao de la
camada y su peso eran estadsticamente significativos en la tercera y
cuarta camada en los ratones alimentados con transgnicos en comparacin
con el grupo control.

Esta variedad de maz transgnico, propiedad de la multinacional
Monsanto es tolerante a un herbicida y resistente a algunos insectos. Ha
sido aprobada para su cultivo en varios pases, como EE.UU. o Argentina
y en la Unin Europea [1] est aprobado para uso en alimentacin humana
y animal. En Espaa, este maz ha sido adems cultivado de forma
experimental al aire libre en ms de 30 municipios los ltimos tres aos
[2]. Estos ensayos tienen el grave riesgo de contaminar los cultivos de
maz destinados a la alimentacin. La variedad NK 603 x MON 810 es un
hbrido de dos variedades transgnicas. Una de ellas, MON 810, se
cultiva de forma comercial en Espaa, con ms de 80.000 hectreas
sembradas en 2008.

"Este estudio es un ejemplo ms de que no se puede garantizar la
seguridad de los cultivos transgnicos. La toxicidad para la
reproduccin que presenta este maz transgnico es un resultado
totalmente inesperado. Pero las autoridades europeas lo declararon tan
seguro como el maz convencional, un error con una consecuencias
potenciales extremadamente graves" aadi David Snchez, responsable de
Agricultura y Alimentacin de Amigos de la Tierra.

*Para ms informacin:*

Teresa Rodrguez, Prensa de Amigos de la Tierra: 91 306 99 00 - 680 936 327

Marta San Romn, Prensa de Greenpeace: 91 444 14 00 - 680 400 645

David Snchez Carpio, Responsable del rea de Agricultura y Alimentacin
de Amigos de la Tierra, 91 306 99 21 -- 691 471 389

Juan-Felipe Carrasco, Responsable campaa de Transgnicos de Greenpeace,
91 444 14 00

*Notas:*

[1] En 2005, la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA en sus
siglas en ingls) dio luz verde a este maz. Sin realizar ningn estudio
independiente, basndose solo en los datos de Monsanto, la EFSA afirm
"se considera improbable que el maz NK603 x MON810 tenga ningn efecto
adverso en la salud humana y animal". Esto es un claro ejemplo de que el
modelo de evaluacin de riesgos de los cultivos transgnicos es
defectuoso y est mal diseado.

[2] El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente autoriz en 2008 a la empresa
Pioneer el cultivo experimental al aire libre de esta variedad en Dos
Hermanas, Los Palacios-Villafranca, Marchena y Hutor Tjar en
Andaluca; Gurrea de Gllego, Garrapinillos, Tauste, Puebla de Alfindn,
Villafranca de Ebro y Nuez de Ebro en Aragn; Tarazona de la Mancha,
Alpera y La Gineta en Castilla La Mancha; Rebollar de los Oteros, Llamas
de la Ribera, Toral de los Guzmanes, Ataquines, Pelabravo, Villarrab y
Olmos de Ojeda en Castilla y Len; Alcarrs en Catalua; Villanueva de
la Serena en Extremadura; San Martn de la Vega en Madrid y Santa Uxa
de Ribeira, Mesa, Villalba, Chantada en Galicia

Pioneer ha experimentado en estos y en otros municipios, al menos en
2008, 2007 y 2006.

 ******

"It is wholly a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to a diminished consumption. The very contrary is the truth."


WILLIAM STANLEY JEVONS, 1865





#179 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Oct 30, 2008 12:49 pm
Subject: New Research on Nanotechnology & Environment
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Environmental gains derived from the use of nanomaterials may be offset in part by the process used to manufacture them, according to research published in a special issue of the Journal of Industrial Ecology.

The Journal of Industrial Ecology is a peer-reviewed bimonthly owned by Yale University, headquartered at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and published by Wiley-Blackwell.

The special issue is available for free download at < www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/jie-nano>.
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special Issue of J. of Industrial Ecology:
Nanomaterials May Have Large Environmental Footprint

According to a paper by Hatice Sengl and colleagues at the University of Illinois at Chicago, strict material purity requirements, lower tolerances for defects and lower yields of manufacturing processes may lead to greater environmental burdens than those associated with conventional manufacturing. In a study of carbon nanofiber production, Vikas Khanna and colleagues at The Ohio State University found, for example, that the life cycle environmental impacts may be as much as 100 times greater per unit of weight than those of traditional materials, potentially offsetting some of the environmental benefits of the small size of nanomaterials.
 
Materials engineered at dimensions of 1 to 100 nanometers (1 to 100 billionths of a meter) exhibit novel physical, chemical and biological characteristics, opening possibilities for stunning innovations in medicine, manufacturing and a host of other sectors of the economy. Because small quantities of nanomaterials can accomplish the tasks of much larger amounts of conventional materials, the expectation has been that nanomaterials will lower energy and resource use and the pollution that accompanies them. The possibility of constructing miniature devices atom-by-atom has also given rise to expectations that precision in nanomanufacturing will lead to less waste and cleaner processes. Research described in this special issue suggests that these anticipated benefits remain to be realized.
 
Other topics explored in the special issue include: 
  • Approaches for identifying and reducing the life cycle hazards of nanomaterials
  • Quantified life cycle energy requirements and environmental impacts from nanomaterials
  • Tradeoffs between nanomanufacturing costs and occupational exposure to nanoparticles
  • Efficiency of techniques for nanomaterials synthesis
  • Improvement of the sustainability of bio-based products through nanotechnology
  • Industrial frameworks for responsible nanotechnology
  • Industrial and public perception about the risks and benefits of nanomaterials
  • Governance and regulation of nanotechnology
Industrial ecology is a field that examines the opportunities for sustainable production and consumption, emphasizing the importance of a systems view of environmental threats and remedies.
 
Roland Clift, Professor of Environmental Technology in the Centre for Environmental Strategy at the University of Surrey and Shannon Lloyd, Principal Research Engineer in the Sustainability & Process Engineering Directorate at Concurrent Technologies Corporation, served as guest editors. Support for this special issue was provided by the Educational Foundation of America, in Westport, Conn., and the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C.



 


#178 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Oct 29, 2008 8:47 pm
Subject: GM is Not the Way to Sustainability
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http://www.i-sis.org.uk/GMnotthewaytosustainbility.php

The evidence is clear: industrial agriculture is out; GM agriculture is worse and unsafe. Organic agriculture, on the other hand, can feed the world, and feed it well, as Catherine Badgley and colleagues in the University of Michigan have shown by a careful analysis of data already published [32], and as many other studies have confirmed in ISIS own report [33] (Food Futures Now *Organic *Sustainable *Fossil Fuel Free). Especially relevant is the project carried out by Sue Edwards and colleagues at the Ethiopian Institute of Sustainable Development in Tigray over a period of seven years, documenting how compost produced yields 30 per cent greater than chemical fertilisers. (Not surprisingly, crops treated with chemical fertiliser did better than those that were not treated at all, so if this had been a Green Revolution project it would be claimed as a great triumph for chemicals.)

A couple of years ago, some ordinary rice in the USA became contaminated with GM rice that was being trialled. This was not picked up by the Americans, which shows how feeble their testing is, but was noticed in Europe. The authorities were slow to act, the UK worst of all [34] (GM Rice Contamination How Regulators Tried to Sidestep the Law, SiS 32), but the consumers would not tolerate it. You can see just how strongly they objected from a packet of rice found in a London greengrocer. The original label described the contents as American Long Grain Rice, but this apparently referred to the variety of rice, not its origin. So the distributor had covered it with a new label, informing the consumer that this was Long Grain (Non USA Origin): Please Ignore All References to the USA.

Can GM be stopped? Yes, it can, if consumers refuse to buy it and if farmers refuse to grow it. That little package of rice reminds you what can happen when consumers will not buy something they dont trust and dont want. And if consumers dont want to buy GM, farmers have even less reason to grow it. Among the strongest critics of the lax US regulation and quality control that allowed contaminated rice to be exported were American rice farmers who saw their overseas markets disappear.

And when governments and industry give up devoting so much time, effort and resource to what even the IAASTD considers to be a side issue as far as feeding the world is concerned, we will be able to concentrate on measures that will really make a difference.


This article is based on lectures delivered at the International Conference on Climate Change, GMOs and Food Security, held on 1-2 October, 2008, in New Delhi. India, and the Forum on Genetically Modified Organisms: Have GMOs Delivered? held on 16 October 2008 in Manila, Philippines.






#177 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Oct 22, 2008 8:31 pm
Subject: Contaminacin transgnica en Chile
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CURSO DE CARMELO RUIZ "GESTION AMBIENTAL Y GLOBALIZACION"
27 de octubre al 8 de diciembre
http://carmeloruiz.blogspot.com/search/label/DECEP


----- Forwarded Message ----
From: Mara Isabel Manzur <mimanzur@...>


Estimados amigos,

Adjunto informacin que establece por primera vez contaminacin de transgnicos en el campo en Chile.

Saludos,

Maria Isabel Manzur



#176 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Oct 8, 2008 12:30 am
Subject: El Protocolo de Cartagena, por Carmelo Ruiz
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http://www.ircamericas.org/esp/5580

El Protocolo de Cartagena y el futuro de la bioseguridad

Carmelo Ruiz Marrero | 7 de octubre de 2008

Versin original: The Biosafety Protocol and the Future of Biosafety
Traduccin por: Carmelo Ruiz Marrero




Programa de las Amricas

Ms de una dcada despus de la introduccin comercial de cultivos y alimentos genticamente modificados (GM), o transgnicos, la controversia que les rodea slo parece crecer, como bien se ha documentado en informes recientes del Programa de las Amricas.1 Cuales son los impactos ambientales y socioeconmicos de estos cultivos? Son seguros para consumo?

Estas interrogantes son especialmente relevantes para Amrica Latina, pues es la regin productora y exportadora de transgnicos ms grande del mundo despus de Estados Unidos y Canad.2 Argentina y Brasil son, respectivamente, el segundo y el tercer mayor productor de cultivos transgnicos en el mundo, Paraguay es sptimo y Uruguay noveno. Argentina sola es responsable de 19% del rea sembrada de transgnicos del mundo.

genfood

Foto: nanofoods.blogspot.com

Qu herramientas metodolgicas existen para evaluar los riesgos de esta nueva tecnologa? Tales mtodos, procedimientos y lneas de investigacin han sido gradualmente desarrollados a lo largo de las ltimas dos dcadas y son colectivamente conocidos como "bioseguridad".

La bioseguridad es un nuevo y creciente campo dedicado especficamente a atender las preocupaciones en torno a la seguridad e inocuidad de la ingeniera gentica y los organismos transgnicos. Reconoce que los organismos transgnicos son esencialmente distintos de sus contrapartes no transgnicos y que por lo tanto presentan riesgos nicos y sin precedentes que requieren de una evaluacin de riesgo apropiada.

Estas preocupaciones son atendidas a nivel internacional por el Protocolo de Bioseguridad de las Naciones Unidas, conocido tambin como el Protocolo de Cartagena.3 "Por primera vez en el derecho internacional hay un reconocimiento implcito de que los organismos genticamente modificados (OGM) son inherentemente distintos de los organismos de origen natural, y traen riesgos y peligros especiales, y por lo tanto necesitan tener un instrumento legal con fuerza de ley", dice Lim Li Lin, coordinadora del Programa de Bioseguridad de la Red del Tercer Mundo.4 "El Protocolo reconoce que los OGM pueden tener impactos sobre la biodiversidad, la salud humana y de ndole socioeconmica, y que estos impactos deben ser objeto de evaluaciones de riesgo o tomados en consideracin a la hora de tomar decisiones sobre transgnicos."

El Protocolo, firmado por 147 pases para el verano de 2008, fue adoptado en 2000 tras aos de contenciosas negociaciones y entr en vigor en septiembre de 2003.5 Su ratificacin fue lograda gracias a los esfuerzos de las delegaciones de pases en vas de desarrollo, organizadas como el "Grupo de Igual Parecer".

En el bando opuesto, las delegaciones de pases que no queran un protocolo con fuerza de ley y que eran hostiles incluso al concepto mismo de bioseguridad, estaba el "Grupo de Miami". Este pequeo pero poderoso grupo fue dirigido por Estados Unidos e incluy a Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Ninguno de los miembros del Grupo de Miami ha firmado el Protocolo.6

Para firmar el Protocolo los pases deben tambin ser miembros de la Convencin de Biodiversidad de la ONU (CBD), un acuerdo internacional para la proteccin y uso sustentable de la biodiversidad firmado por 191 pases para el verano de 2008.7 La Convencin fue firmada inicialmente en la Conferencia de la ONU sobre Ambiente y Desarrollo, conocida tambin como la Cumbre de la Tierra, que tom lugar en Brasil en 1992. Estados Unidos se neg a firmar la CBD y el Protocolo, pero un nmero de productores de transgnicos lo firmaron, incluyendo Brasil.8

El Protocolo se negocia regularmente en sesiones conocidas como las reuniones de las partes (MOP, por sus siglas en ingls). Las MOP toman lugar justo antes de la reunin bi-anual de la CBD, conocida como la Conferencia de las Partes (COP, por sus siglas en ingls), por lo cual se les conoce conjuntamente como las COP-MOP. Las ltimas reuniones COP-MOP tomaron lugar en Curitiba, Brasil (2006), y Bonn, Alemania (2008). La prxima ser en Nagoya, Japn, en 2010.

El Protocolo y el campo de la bioseguridad se fundamentan sobre el principio precautorio, un concepto cientfico formulado para ayudar con la proteccin de la salud humana y el ambiente ante factores de riesgo e incertidumbre. El principio postula que cuando la sociedad balancea riesgos causados por actividades humanas (como por ejemplo la introduccin de nuevas tecnologas), la falta de certeza cientfica no deber ser usada como excusa para no tomar accin preventiva para proteger la salud humana y el ambiente.9 Hay referencias al principio en el Artculo 1 del Protocolo y en el Principio 15 de la Declaracin de Ro,10 un documento de consenso producido en la Cumbre de la Tierra.

El principio precautorio pone el peso de la duda en los promotores de nuevas tecnologas y no sobre aquellos que expresan reservas y advierten sobre peligros. "En el uso general de la tecnologa, aquellos que alegan la existencia de efectos no probados se han visto obligados a demostrar que la actividad en cuestin causa dao a la salud y el ambiente", dice Anne Ingeborg Myhr, del Instituto de Ecologa Gentica de Noruega.11 "Con el empleo del principio precautorio, la carga de la prueba se traslada al proponente, que ahora necesita demostrar que la actividad es necesaria y que no perjudicar la salud o el ambiente. Esto se refleja en el Protocolo de Cartagena."

Sin embargo, ni en la Declaracin de Ro ni en el Protocolo se mencionan las palabras "principio precautorio". En ambas instancias la delegacin estadounidense y sus aliados (en el caso del Protocolo, el Grupo Miami) lograron exitosamente impedir que se mencionara y que se sustituyera por el ambiguo trmino "acercamiento precautorio".

Es por esto que el Principio 15 de la Declaracin de Ro dice: "Con el fin de proteger el ambiente, el acercamiento precautorio ser ampliamente aplicado por los estados de acuerdo a sus capacidades. Donde hay amenazas de daos serios o irreversibles, la falta de completa certeza cientfica no ser usada como razn para posponer medidas costo-efectivas para prevenir la degradacin ambiental."

Adems, el Grupo Miami pudo eliminar cualquier referencia a organismos genticamente modificados y sustituirlas con el ambivalente trmino "organismos vivos modificados."

Los transgnicos, Son seguros o no?

A pesar de las aseguranzas de la industria de biotecnologa y la Administracin de Medicamentos y Alimentos de Estados Unidos (FDA por sus siglas en ingls), hasta el da de hoy no se ha demostrado que los alimentos GM sean seguros. La FDA no realiza sus propios estudios sobre productos transgnicos. Lo nico que hace es aceptar estudios hechos por las compaas de biotecnologa sobre sus productos GM. La mayora de estos estudios son informacin confidencial empresarial, y por lo tanto no estn sujetos a escrutinio pblico.

"El consultar la FDA sobre la seguridad de alimentos transgnicos es un ejercicio puramente voluntario, en el que la agencia recibe resmenes sin datos y conclusiones sin fundamento", dice el investigador Jeffrey Smith en su excelente libro Genetic Roulette (Ruleta Gentica). "Si la compaa alega que sus alimentos son seguros, la FDA no tiene ms preguntas. Por lo tanto, se aprueban para venta variedades transgnicas que nunca fueron alimentadas a animales en estudios de seguridad rigurosos y probablemente nunca a humanos tampoco."

La FDA "depende casi totalmente de la notificacin voluntaria de las compaas de biotecnologa de que llevaron a cabo su propia evaluacin de seguridad de los cultivos GM que quieren difundir comercialmente", segn los cientficos hngaros Arpad Pusztai y Susan Bardocz. "La FDA no tiene laboratorio propio y nunca subvenciona la seguridad de cultivos y alimentos transgnicos".

La agencia llev a cabo sus propias pruebas sobre alimentos GM slo una vez. Los documentos ahora desclasificados de esta investigacin muestran que los cientficos de la agencia estaban divididos en cuanto a la seguridad de estos productos y que algunos de ellos abiertamente expresaban reservas acerca de ellos. Sin embargo la FDA aprob los alimentos transgnicos para uso de consumidores.

La literatura cientfica publicada sobre las implicaciones de salud humana de alimentos GM consiste de apenas ms de 20 estudios, un nmero alarmantemente bajo. En un estudio publicado en Nutrition and Health, I.F. Pryme y R. Lembcke observan que los estudios sobre alimentos transgnicos que no son financiados por la industria tienden a encontrar problemas con serias implicaciones para la salud humana, mientras que los que son financiados por la industria nunca encuentran ningn problema. Un informe de William Freese y David Schubert titulado "Safety Testing and Regulation of Genetically Engineered Foods" (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 2004) concluye que el proceso de evaluacin de alimentos GM en Estados Unidos no es efectivo, ya que se basa en investigacin pobre y premisas errneas.

Las pocas instancias en las que pruebas de seguridad realizadas por la industria han salido a la luz pblica han dado bastante razn para uno preocuparse. Un informe interno de Monsanto filtrado en 2005 revel que ratas alimentadas con su maz transgnico Mon 863 tuvieron problemas de salud significativos, incluyendo conteos de clulas blancas sanguneas anormalmente altos, necrosis del hgado, reduccin en el peso de los riones y altos niveles de azcar en la sangre.

El tema de la ingeniera gentica se complica ms an debido a que sus productos son organismos vivos, que puedena diferencia de los productos de otras tecnologasreproducirse y esparcirse. Este proceso se conoce como contaminacin gentica. En las palabras de la biloga agrcola suiza Angelika Hilbeck, "la difusin de organismos biolgicos capaces de reproduccin es potencialmente irreversible y aade una dimensin de complejidad a introducciones tecnolgicas previas."

El GMO Contamination Register, un servicio informativo establecido por Greenpeace Internacional y Genewatch UK, ha reportado 142 instancias de contaminacin gentica alrededor del mundo desde 1996. Brasil es uno de nueve pases que ha reportado ms de cinco incidentes de contaminacin.

La presencia furtiva de maz transgnico en Mxico, donde est prohibido por ley, fue reportada por primera vez por los cientficos de la Universidad de California Ignacio Chapela y David Quist en la revista Nature en 2001. Cientficos y institutos pro-industria llevaron a cabo una campaa de gran envergadura para desacreditar los hallazgos de Chapela y Quist, pero en 2002 un estudio comisionado por el gobierno mexicano encontr que 95% de los campos de maz en los estados de Oaxaca y Puebla tenan contaminacin gentica.

El prembulo del Protocolo dice: "En concordancia con el acercamiento precautorio contenido en el Principio 15 de la Declaracin de Ro sobre Ambiente y Desarrollo, el objetivo de este Protocolo es contribuir a asegurar un nivel adecuado de proteccin en el mbito de la transferencia, manejo y uso seguros de organismos vivos modificados resultantes de la biotecnologa moderna que puedan tener efectos adversos sobre la conservacin y uso sustentable de la diversidad biolgica, teniendo tambin en cuenta riesgos a la salud humana y especficamente enfatizando los movimientos transfronterizos."



 
=====




#175 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Thu Oct 2, 2008 4:52 pm
Subject: Biotecnologa: Posicin del Partido Independentista Puertorriqueo
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Ingeniera gentica y biotecnologa

  1. Establecer, como principio de Poltica Pblica, que el desarrollo de la biotecnologa ser exclusivamente para el beneficio de la humanidad; cualquier beneficio econmico que se derive de la investigacin o implantacin de la biotecnologa y la ingeniera gentica estar subordinada a este principio.

  2. Legislar para prohibir el que se trastoquen genes en fetos y adultos humanos con el fin exclusivo de conseguir ciertas caractersticas hereditarias alegadamente deseables.

  3. Prohibir que se utilice la informacin gentica de una persona con el fin de determinar sus habilidades, debilidades, tendencias, aptitudes y cualquier otra condicin o rasgo que permita la posibilidad de discriminar contra o a favor de esa persona.

  4. Dada la existencia de empresas en Puerto Rico que experimentan con la constitucin gentica y la siembra de distintos cultivos alterados genticamente, proponemos que a travs de legislacin se mantenga un conocimiento a nivel gubernamental y pblico, de todo proceso y resultados de alteracin gentica en plantas, animales o microorganismos, incluyendo las caractersticas especficas buscadas o encontradas; cualquier desarrollo, investigacin e implantacin de procesos tcnicos, comerciales e industriales en lo sucesivo, se tendr que autorizar por entidades gubernamentales capacitadas y competentes en la materia, luego de revisar y aceptar los resultados de estudios sobre los beneficios y desventajas del proceso.

  5. Asegurar, a travs de legislacin, que todo organismo vivo, alterado genticamente no pueda ser liberado a propsito o accidentalmente a la vida silvestre en la medida que no se conozca los efectos a corto y largo plazo de dicha accin.

  6. Obligar la admisin en la etiqueta de todo producto alimentario o para cualquier tipo de consumo humano o animal que haya sido alterado genticamente o que uno de sus componentes haya sido alterado de esta forma, para que el consumidor pueda tener la opcin de consumirlo o rechazarlo conscientemente.

  7. Estimular a nivel pblico y privado la investigacin sobre la utilizacin de la biotecnologa para necesidades nacionales. Por ejemplo, la produccin de microorganismos que puedan metabolizar contaminantes persistentes


http://independencia.net/programa.html
http://docs.google.com/View?docid=ddzh5ggw_942sq3hwg6
 
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DE LA FINCA A TU CASA: http://carmeloruiz.blogspot.com/search/label/agroboricua



#174 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Wed Sep 17, 2008 11:56 pm
Subject: GM Foods to be Labelled in South Africa
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From: Beth Burrows <beb@...>


PRESS RELEASE from SAFeAGE

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:
 

CONSUMER RIGHTS RECOGNISED: GM FOODS WILL BE LABELLED IN SOUTH AFRICA


 

Wednesday 17 September 2008

Cape Town: History was made yesterday when the Department of Trade and
Industry handed down a ruling for mandatory labelling of genetically
modified foods.

 

The decision came after a clause to this effect, which had been removed
from the draft Consumer Protection Bill last year, was
reinstated.National Co-ordinator of SAFeAGE, a consumer GMO watchdog
that has been lobbying for two years to have this clause reinstated
said, "The GMO Act does not protect consumers, it is rather a
permitting system that welcomes untested, unlabelled and irresponsible
genetic modification to run rife in our country. Consumers will finally
have the right to choose once this Bill is implemented".

 

Parliament's Trade and Industry committee also withdrew a clause from
the original Bill that rendered GMOs exempt from liability for damage
caused by them. "Why should food that has been spliced with virus,
anti-biotic resistant and herbicide genes be exempt from liability,"
questioned Treherne."These foods should be subject to more stringent
labelling, not exemption."



The Department of Trade and Industry's labelling laws have not gone
unopposed. Both the Department of Agriculture and Department of Health
have opposed mandatory labelling saying it would send out a confusing
signal to consumers. However, spokesperson for the Safe Food Coalition,
Andrew Taynton said that "the Department of Trade and Industry should
be congratulated for this bold move. Current GM labelling laws in South
Africa are so flawed that they do not label any of the GM foods
currently on the market."

Mariam Mayet of the African Centre for Biosafety (ACB) commented that
"government has embarked upon the first step towards regulating
agribusiness involved with GMOs. Not only have consumers been given a
choice to reject GM foods, now, GM food can  also be tracked from farm
to fork in order to hold Monsanto and others liable when we discover
that something has gone wrong."

Treherne was however concerned that the Department of Agriculture would
still be responsible for determining the thresholds and technical
requirements of these new regulations, saying, "We hope this does not
undermine the excellent work done by Parliament and the Department of
Trade and Industry on the Consumer Protection Bill.

 

ENDS

For more information contact:

Charmaine Treherne, National Coordinator, SAFeAGE

Phone 021-4478445or072-450-8229

Email safeage@...

www.safeage.org

 

Andrew Taynton, spokesperson for the Safe Food Coalition,

Phone 083 662 0411,

Email taynton@... <mailto:taynton@...>

 

Notes for editors:

-Clause 61 was removed from the Draft Bill, which read ..........

-Approximately 60% of our maize crop is GM, 70% of our soya crop, and
90% of our cotton crop is now genetically modified.South Africa also
imports GM canola oil used in vegetable oils and margarine. Rice,
beans, wheat, fresh fruit and vegetables are still non-GM

-SAFeAGE recently released the results of random tests conducted on a
number of food products, including breakfast cereals, baby foods and
staple foods. Some breakfast cereals include a high content of
genetically modified organisms (GMO's) while one of the baby products
contained a staggering 97.49%.

-The GMO Executive Council is currently assessing an application to
bring a new GM food crop onto the market, potatoes. Potato SA is
opposing the application.




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http://bioseguridad.blogspot.com/


#173 From: Carmelo Ruiz <carmelo_ruiz@...>
Date: Mon Sep 15, 2008 5:37 pm
Subject: African heritage crops threatened by South African GMO decision
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African heritage crops threatened by South African GMO decision

For Immediate Release: African Centre for Biosafety and GRAIN

Friday, 12 September 2008

Johannesburg - An Appeal Board established by the Minister of Land Affairs and Agriculture has overturned a landmark decision by a South African GMO authority on 15 June 2006, to refuse the experimentation of sorghum, a prized African heritage crop. The Council for Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR), has now been given the go-ahead to proceed with the development of 'Super Sorghum' in a containment level three facility. The research is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's African Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) project. The Gates Foundation is also heavily funding the 'New Green Revolution for Africa', aimed at industrialising African agriculture.

The African Centre for Biosafety (ACB), which objected to the initial application by the CSIR, has condemned the decision, stating that experimentation with GM sorghum will inevitably result in the contamination of Africa's prized sorghum heritage. Haidee Swanby of the African Centre for Biosafety, comments: 'Sorghum is a key staple crop for over 500 million people on the continent. The risks posed by GM sorghum to wild and weedy relatives cannot be tolerated at all and the granting of this permit is tantamount to a licence to taint Africa's heritage.'

The ACB points out that the ABS project is being developed for commercial release and the CSIR will be seeking permission for field trials soon. The original objection of the GMO authority of 15 June 2006 was based on concerns regarding contamination of Africa's biodiversity. Containment in a level three facility will not negate these concerns for field trails, and the risks to African varieties remain.

Elfrieda Pschorn-Strauss, programme officer for GRAIN Africa, an organisation that promotes the sustainable management and use of agricultural biodiversity, concludes, 'It is not for the South African government to decide, on behalf of the rest of Africa, that they may approve an industrial project which will result in the inevitable contamination of Africa's astounding genetic diversity in sorghum. This crop has been developed and cared for by farmers for over 5 000 years.'

-- ENDS --

For more information contact:

Haidee Swanby, African Centre for Biosafety, Researcher and Outreach Officer
+27 (0) 82 459 8548
haidee@...
www.biosafetyafrica.net

Elfrieda Pschorn-Strauss, GRAIN Africa, Programme Officer
+27 (0) 82 413 0502
elfrieda@...
www.grain.org

African Centre for Biosafety (ACB) is a non-profit organisation, working to protect Africa's biodiversity, traditional knowledge, food production systems, culture and diversity, from the threats posed by genetic engineering, biopiracy, agrofuels and generally, industrial agriculture.

GRAIN is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) which promotes the sustainable management and use of agricultural biodiversity based on people's control over genetic resources and local knowledge.

 
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