yo' tolong ke kampus sekarang ( markas ) aku mau minta
tolong ...please...

edix

--- In itcrew@y..., Dian <dian@m...> wrote:
Hello,

> Gini lo Mas ... saya pernah dengar... ada jaringan dengan Windows
NT
> yang spesifikasinya kira - kira adalah :

>  1. Workstation (W/S)tidak pake' HardDisk...
>  2. Komputer yang dipake' untuk W/S bisa menggunakan 486
>  3. Memory W/S 8 Mb
>  4. Server min Pentium II

Saya pernah mencobanya dan bahkan sampai sekarang masih dipakai di
tempat saya bekerja. Tapi tetap saya pakai hardisk kecil sebagai
temporary.
Servernya PIII 800 dengan RAM 1 GB dengan OS Windows NT 4.0 Terminal
Server.
Memang dengan Client Pentium 100 - 233 kecepatan processnya hampir
menyamai kecepatan server PIII

> yang ingin saya tanyakan adalah:
>    1. gimana sih sebenarnya model jaringan ini ? apakah prinsipnya
> kerjanya memang  mirip dengan Novel ?

Mungkin prinsip kerjanya sama dengan AS400 sebagai dump terminal.
Jadi client hanya sebagai media priview saja.

>    2. setting hardware dan software gimana ?
>    3. apakah butuh software pendukung

Software pendukung sudah builtin di Server.
Tapi kalau mau yang lebih asyik lagi bisa pakai Citrix Metaframe

> ini dulu saja mas... dan suwun sing akeh atas jawabannya ....

Sama-sama

--
Tuesday, March 20, 2001,
Salam,
-= Dian =-
--- End forwarded message ---

yang pengen mengetahui referensi/ informasi mengenai
network

http://www.slac.stanford.edu/comp/net/reference.html

__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

> PS: iki aku sing ngirim ndet, kirimanmu mbalik !!!

oke deh.... :b

Referensi Port-Port 'Menarik' - alpha

disusun dari berbagai sumber oleh BigDaddy (bigd@...)

(chrakerz = the cracking hax0rz! :)
Seringkali saat menjalankan suatu scanner, anda menjumpai port-port
terbuka
yang cukup familiar. Tabel dibawah berguna sebagai ceklis untuk UNIX
maupun
NT, sebab seringkali port-port berikut aktif (kadang secara default)
walaupun sebetulnya tidak begitu diperlukan (contoh: server khusus
web yang
secara tidak sengaja juga menjalankan server e-mail, etc). Berikut
adalah
daftar port, sedikit informasi, dan (jika ada) eksploit yang relevan,
tersedia di arsip Kecoak yang baru di-update (exploit search coming
soon!).
Gunakan informasi ini secara bijaksana :)

No. Protokol Label Port Nama Port Keterangan
19 tcp/udp chargen Character Generation Generator karakter ini
mengembalikan
deretan karakter-karakter. Walaupun sebagian besar layanan yang ada
sekarang
terbatas ke 512 byte, namun bisa dijumpai server yang mengirimkan
karakter
secara terus menerus sampai hubungan ke port ini diputuskan.
Seringkali di
server-server lama, jika jumlah klien yang membuka hubungan mencapai
nilai
ratusan secara sekaligus, CPU time akan terkonsumsi secara besar-
besaran,
mebuat sang server merangkak. Serangan tipe Denial of Service paling
sederhana adalah dengan me-redireksi keluaran port 19 ke port lain
(mentargetkan mesin-mesin Windows NT)
20/21 tcp ftp File Transfer Protocol Protokol untuk menangani
pentransferan
file(-file) dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya. Protokol ini
menggunakan
dua saluran, yang satu sebagai saluran untuk mengendalikan lalulintas
data,
sedangkan yang satunya lagi untuk dilintasi oleh data itu sendiri.
Proses
autentifikasi berdasar login/password. FTP adalah metode paling
sering
digunakan di situs-situs web untuk mengirim file (seringkali
akses 'ftp
only' diberikan kepada para pelanggan webhosting). Siapapun yang
berhasil
login akan diberikan hak yang sama berdasar id (jadi boleh menulis ke
direktori 'home' milik user tsb), atau bahkan di banyak server, boleh
membaca / tulis direktori milik pengguna lain. Eksploit-eksploit yang
beredar termasuk untuk program-program wu_ftpd, ncftpd, ftpbounce,
dll.
23 tcp telnet Telnet Metode login jarak jauh yang paling populer.
Walaupun
tidak seaman ssh (data yang melintasi tidak dienkripsi secara
otomatis),
masih terlalu banyak server-server yang mengizinkan login jarak jauh
langsung tipe ini (sebagian besar UNIX, beberapa VMS). Metode ini
pulalah
yang paling sering diserang oleh chracker-chracker, terkadang dengan
se-membabibuta mengetikkan root/daemon/dll, dan mencobakan password-
password
default. Seringkali mesin-mesin yang sebenarnya tidak berfungsi
melayanin
user (seperti dns, webserver, etc) menjalankan fungsi ini walaupun
sebetulnya, tidak begitu diperlukan.
25 tcp mail Simple Mail Transfer Protokol pentransferan pesan
sederhana,
adalah standar de facto untuk internet. Termasuk salah satu port yang
dijadikan sasaran eksploit-eksploit, yang  berjumlah sampai puluhan
saking
populernya. Karena protokol ini memerlukan akses berprivilese tinggi
(seringkali setara root/admin) supaya bisa menulis ke direktori milik
user
manapun juga. Sebaiknya dihilangkan bagi mesin-mesin yang tidak
begitu
memerlukannya.
48 tcp/udp auditd Digital Audit Daemon Digunakan oleh daemon audit
komputer-komputer Digital untuk menjalankan tugas-tugas administrasi.
Banyak
sniffer yang mentargetkan port ini.
53 tcp/udp dns Domain Name Server salah satu layanan yang cukup
vital,
dijalankan di server-server, berfungsi untuk memberikan informasi
berbentuk
alamat IP xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx untuk setiap permintaan penterjemahan dari
nama-nama domain. Eksploit nameserver bisa dicari di internet atau di
arsip
kecoak.
79 tcp finger Finger Daemon daemon yang bertugas memberikan informasi
mengenai pengguna-pengguna suatu sistem kepada sang peminta
(seringkali
siapa saja). Pada versi-versi lama Unix, perintah:
finger user@host1@host2@etc...(termasuk firewall)
menjadikan sang peminta lebih anonimus sebab user@host1 akan melihat
bahwa
peminta berasal dari host2 atau bahkan firewall.

80/
8000/
8080/
dll tcp http WWW,   HyperText Transfer Protocol Protokol
pentransferan data
berformat HTML (webpage-webpage) lainnya dari server kepada publik.
Port ini
sangat populer dijadikan sasaran para chracker (terutama ditargetkan
oleh
program-program pelacak kelemahan CGI), sebab banyak program CGI yang
bisa
dieksploit. Mesin-mesin yang menyediakan servis 'Frontpage
Extensions'
secara default terkenal berlobang besar, dan di-'patch'. Ada juga
serangan
dari pengunjung yang mencoba mengakses direktori-direktori yang
terlindung
password (contohnya di situs-situs porno) dengan cara mem-brute force
proses
otentifikasi (UserID dan Password), sebab serangan semacam ini tidak
direkam
oleh log server.
110 tcp/udp pop3 Post Office Protocol v3 Protokol standar pemeriksaan
email
jarak jauh. Biasanya user (atau program e-mail client user) melog-on
untuk
memeriksa dan mengambil pesan email yang diterima lewat mailbox
server.
Hilangkan jika anda tidak membutuhkan layanan ini pada suatu server.
Protokol ini mengizinkan siapapun untuk memasukkan kombinasi (lewat
skrip)
user+password secara 'brute force' tanpa mencatat log.
111 tcp/udp sunrpc Sun Remote Procedure Call  Beberapa portscanner
mentargetkan port ini, dan terdapat beberapa program yang
mengeksploit port
ini (mesin-mesin Sun/Solaris).
139 tcp/udp netbios-ssn NetBIOS Session Service Port inilah yang
biasanya
digunakan sebagai sarana komunikasi dengan atau antara mesin-mesin
Microsoft
(NT/95/98). Penyerang seringkali mentargetkan 'shared device' yang
bisa
diakses lewat internet. Juga terdapat banyak program 'nuker' yang
men-denial-of-service-kan mesin-mesin Windows via port 139. Selain di
mesin-mesin NT, mesin-mesin Unix juga menjalankan servis di port ini,
yaitu
Samba, yang memberikan kemudahan bernetwork antara mesin platform
Unix
dengan mesin Windows. Jalankan ADMSMB scan atau eksploit untuk
memeriksa
vulnerabilitas.
143 tcp/udp imap2 Interactive Mail Access Protocol Protokol
pengaksesan
e-mail lainnya. Seringkali berjalan tanpa diperlukan. Mesin-mesin
UNIX
(terutama Linux) yang menjalankan imap instalasi default terbuka
terhadap
serangan yang bisa berakibat pemberian privilese root kepada sang
chracker.
443 tcp https Hypertext Transfer Protocol-Secure Daemon penerima
permintaan
tipe http yang berjalan diatas 'secure layer' (terenkripsi). Lihat
keterangan untuk port 80 diatas.
512 tcp exec Remote Process Execution Mengizinkan eksekusi proses
jarak jauh
dengan sistem autentifikasi berdasar file /etc/passwd.
513 tcp rlogin Remote Login Protocol Port inilah yang digunakan jika
anda
melakukan 'rlogin' ke suatu host. Dengan rlogin, user di host A tidak
perlu
melewati proses login lewat telnet ke host B seperti biasa, namun
bisa
langsung masuk ke home directorynya di host B (tanpa password). Jika
seorang
chracker berhasil menjebol root di salah satu host, rlogin adalah
sarana
paling cocok untuk digunakan 'meloncat' ke host lain dalam network
yang sama
dan mengambil alih kontrol.



PS: iki aku sing ngirim ndet, kirimanmu mbalik !!!

Konsep Dasar TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

Oleh: Phayzer <phayzer@...>

TCP/IP merupakan dasar dari segalanya, tanpa
mempelajari TCP/PI
kemungkinan kita tidak dapat melakah maju di dunia
pehackingan. Dengan
kata lain, TCP/IP merupakan awal dari segalanya.
Banyak orang yg
menyepelekan pentingnya mempelajari TCP/IP, mereka
mengaku dirinya
"hacker" tetapi tidak mengerti sama sekali apa itu
TCP/IP. Merasa hacker
hanya apabila bisa mencrash ataupun menjebol server,
tetapi sebetulnya
bukan itulah maksud dari segala itu. Hacker itu adalah
orang yg haus
akan pengetahuan, bukan haus akan penghancuran. Untuk
menjadi hacker
dibutuhkan kerja keras, semangat, motivasi yg tinggi
serta pemahaman
seluk-beluk internet itu sendiri, tanpa hal-hal
tersebut mustahil anda
dapat menjadi seorang hacker yang tangguh.

Tulisan ini didedikasikan terutama untuk member Kecoak
Elektronik dan
siapa saja yang ingin mempelajari TCP/IP, bukan untuk
mereka yang hanya
ingin mencari jalan pintas menjadi hacker sejati. Bagi
anda yg memang
udah profhacking mungkin tulisan ini tidak penting,
karena memang
tulisan ini hanyalah pengantar belaka dan bukan
merupakan referensi yg
sempurna (dan jauh dari sempurna) oleh karenanya hanya
dikhususkan bagi
mereka yg pendatang baru (newbies).

1. Apa itu TCP/IP ?
-------------------

TCP/IP adalah salah satu jenis protokol* yg
memungkinkan kumpulan
komputer untuk berkomunikasi dan bertukar data didalam
suatu  network
(jaringan).

************************************************************************
  Merupakan himpunan aturan yg memungkinkan komputer
untuk  berhubungan
  antara satu dengan yg lain, biasanya berupa bentuk /
waktu / barisan /
  pemeriksaan error saat transmisi data.
************************************************************************

2. Apa yg membuat TCP/IP menjadi penting ?
------------------------------------------

Karena TCP/IP merupakan protokol yg telah diterapkan
pada hampir semua
perangkat keras dan sistem operasi. Tidak ada
rangkaian protokol lain yg
tersedia pada semua sistem berikut ini :

a. Novel Netware.
b. Mainframe IBM.
c. Sistem digital VMS.
d. Server Microsoft Windows NT
e. Workstation UNIX, LinuX, FreeBSD
f. Personal komputer DOS.

3. Bagaimana awalnya keberadaan TCP/IP ?
----------------------------------------

Konsep TCP/IP berawal dari kebutuhan DoD (Departement
of Defense) AS
akan suatu komunikasi di antara berbagai variasi
komputer yg telah ada.
Komputer-komputer DoD ini seringkali harus berhubungan
antara satu
organisasi peneliti dg organisasi peneliti lainnya,
dan harus tetap
berhubungan sehingga pertahanan negara tetap berjalan
selama terjadi
bencana, seperti ledakan nuklir. Oleh karenanya pada
tahun 1969
dimulailah penelitian terhadap serangkaian protokol
TCP/IP. Di antara
tujuan-tujuan penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Terciptanya protokol-protokol umum, DoD memerlukan
suatu protokol yg
    dapat ditentukan untuk semua jaringan.
2. Meningkatkan efisiensi komunikasi data.
3. Dapat dipadukan dengan teknologi WAN (Wide Area
Network) yg telah
    ada.
4. Mudah dikonfigurasikan.

Tahun 1968 DoD ARPAnet (Advanced Reseach Project
Agency) memulai
penelitian yg kemudian menjadi cikal bakal packet
switching . Packet
switching  inilah yg memungkinkan komunikasi antara
lapisan network
(dibahas nanti) dimana data  dijalankan dan disalurkan
melalui jaringan
dalam bentuk unit-unit kecil yg disebut packet*.
Tiap-tiap packet ini
membawa informasi alamatnya masing-masing yg ditangani
dengan khusus
oleh jaringan tersebut dan tidak tergantung dengan
paket-paket lain.
Jaringan yg dikembangkan ini, yg menggunakan ARPAnet
sebagai tulang
punggungnya, menjadi terkenal sebagai internet.

Protokol-protokol TCP/IP dikembangkan lebih lanjut
pada awal 1980 dan
menjadi protokol-protokol standar untuk ARPAnet pada
tahun 1983.
Protokol-protokol ini mengalami peningkatan
popularitas di komunitas
pemakai ketika TCP/IP digabungkan menjadi versi 4.2
dari BSD (Berkeley
Standard Distribution) UNIX. Versi ini digunakan
secara luas pada
institusi penelitian dan pendidikan dan digunakan
sebagai dasar dari
beberapa penerapan UNIX komersial, termasuk SunOS dari
Sun dan Ultrix
dari Digital. Karena BSD UNIX mendirikan hubungan
antara TCP/IP dan
sistem operasi UNIX, banyak implementasi UNIX sekarang
menggabungkan
TCP/IP.

************************************************************************
  unit informasi yg mana jaringan berkomunikasi.
Tiap-tiap paket berisi
  identitas (header) station pengirim dan penerima,
informasi error-
  control, permintaan suatu layanan dalam lapisan
network, informasi
  bagaimana menangani permintaan dan sembarang data
penting yg harus
  ditransfer.
************************************************************************

4. Layanan apa saja yg diberikan oleh TCP/IP ?
----------------------------------------------

Berikut ini adalah layanan "tradisional" yg dilakukan
TCP/IP :

a. Pengiriman file (file transfer). File Transfer
Protokol (FTP)
    memungkinkan  pengguna komputer  yg satu untuk
dapat mengirim ataupun
    menerima file ke komputer jaringan. Karena masalah
keamanan data,
    maka FTP seringkali memerlukan nama pengguna (user
name) dan
    password, meskipun banyak juga FTP yg dapat diakses
melalui
    anonymous, alias tidak  berpassword. (lihat RFC 959
untuk spesifikasi
    FTP)

b. Remote login. Network terminal Protokol (telnet)
memungkinkan
    pengguna komputer dapat melakukan log in ke dalam
suatu komputer
    didalam suatu jaringan. Jadi hal ini berarti bahwa
pengguna
    menggunakan komputernya sebagai perpanjangan tangan
dari komputer
    jaringan tersebut.( lihat RFC 854 dan 855 untuk
spesifikasi telnet
    lebih lanjut)

c. Computer mail. Digunakan untuk menerapkan sistem
elektronik mail.
    (lihat RFC 821 dan 822)

d. Network File System (NFS). Pelayanan akses
file-file jarak jauh yg
    memungkinkan klien-klien untuk mengakses file-file
pada komputer
    jaringan jarak jauh walaupun file tersebut disimpan
secara lokal.
    (lihat RFC 1001 dan 1002 untuk keterangan lebih
lanjut)

e. remote execution. Memungkinkan pengguna komputer
untuk menjalankan
    suatu program didalam komputer yg berbeda. Biasanya
berguna jika
    pengguna menggunakan komputer yg terbatas,
sedangkan ia memerlukan
    sumber yg banyak dalam suatu system komputer. Ada
beberapa jenis
    remote execution, ada yg berupa perintah-perintah
dasar saja, yaitu
    yg dapat dijalankan dalam system komputer yg sama
dan ada pula yg
    menggunakan "prosedure remote call system", yg
memungkinkan program
    untuk memanggil subroutine yg akan dijalankan di
system komputer yg
    berbeda. (sebagai contoh dalam Berkeley UNIX ada
perintah "rsh" dan
    "rexec")

f. name servers. Nama database alamat yg digunakan
pada internet (lihat
    RFC 822 dan 823 yg menjelaskan mengenai penggunaan
protokol name
    server yg bertujuan untuk menentukan nama host di
internet.)

************************************************************************

  RFC (Request For Comments) adalah merupakan standar
yg digunakan dalam
  internet, meskipun ada juga isinya yg merupakan bahan
diskusi ataupun
  omong kosong belaka. Diterbitkan oleh IAB (Internet
Activities Board)
  yg merupakan komite independen para peneliti dan
profesional yg
  mengerti teknis, kondisi dan evolusi sistem internet.
Sebuah surat yg
  mengikuti nomor RFC menunjukan status RFC :

   S: standard, standar resmi bagi internet
  DS: Draft standard, protokol tahap akhir sebelum
disetujui sebagai
      standar
  PS: Proposed Standard, protokol pertimbangan untuk
standar masa depan
   I: Informational, berisikan bahan-bahan diskusi yg
sifatnya informasi
   E: Experimental, protokol dalam tahap percobaan
tetapi bukan pada jalur
      standar.
   H: Historic, protokol-protokol yg telah digantikan
atau tidak lagi
      dipertimbankan utk standarisasi.

************************************************************************

5. Bagaimanakah bentuk arsitektur dari TCP/IP itu ?
---------------------------------------------------

Dikarenakan TCP/IP adalah serangkaian protokol di mana
setiap protokol
melakukan sebagian dari keseluruhan tugas komunikasi
jaringan, maka
tentulah implementasinya tak lepas dari arsitektur
jaringan itu sendiri.
Arsitektur rangkaian protokol TCP/IP mendifinisikan
berbagai cara agar
TCP/IP dapat saling menyesuaikan.

Karena TCP/IP merupakan salah satu lapisan protokol
OSI * (Open System
Interconnections), berarti bahwa hierarki TCP/IP
merujuk kepada 7
lapisan OSI tersebut. Berikut adalah model referensi
OSI 7 lapisan, yg
mana setiap lapisan menyediakan tipe khusus pelayanan
jaringan :

		        Peer process
|Application layer |<----------------->|Application
layer |
|Presentation layer|<----------------->|Presentation
layer|
|Session layer     |<----------------->|Session layer
    |
|Transport layer   |<----------------->|Transport
layer   |
|Network layer     |<----------------->|Network layer
    |
|Data link layer   |<----------------->|Data link
layer   |
|Physical layer    |<----------------->|Physical layer
    |

Tiga lapisan teratas biasa dikenal sebagai "upper
lever protocol"
sedangkan empat lapisan terbawah dikenal sebagai
"lower level protocol".
Tiap lapisan berdiri sendiri tetapi fungsi dari
masing-masing lapisan
bergantung dari keberhasilan operasi layer sebelumnya.
Sebuah lapisan
pengirim hanya perlu berhubungan dengan lapisan yang
sama di penerima
(jadi misalnya lapisan data link penerima hanya
berhubungan dengan data
link pengirim) selain dengan satu layer di atas atau
dibawahnya
(misalnya lapisan network berhubungan dengan   lapisan
transport
diatasnya atau dengan lapisan data link dibawahnya).

Model dengan menggunakan lapisan ini merupakan sebuah
konsep yg penting
karena suatu fungsi yg rumit yg berkaitan dengan
komunikasi dapat
dipecahkan menjadi sejumlah unit yg lebih kecil. Tiap
lapisan bertugas
memberikan layanan tertentu pada lapisan diatasnya dan
juga melindungi
lapisan diatasnya dari rincian cara pemberian layanan
tersebut. Tiap
lapisan harus transparan sehingga modifikasi yg
dilakukan atasnya tidak
akan menyebabkan perubahan pada lapisan yang lain.
Lapisan menjalankan
perannya dalam pengalihan data dengan mengikuti
peraturan yang berlaku
untuknya dan hanya berkomunikasi dengan lapisan yang
setingkat.
Akibatnya sebuah layer pada satu sistem tertentu hanya
akan berhubungan
dengan lapisan yang sama dari sistem yang lain. Proses
ini dikenal
sebagai "Peer process". Dalam keadaan sebenarnya tidak
ada data yang
langsung dialihkan antar lapisan yang sama dari dua
sistem yang berbeda
ini. Lapisan atas akan memberikan data dan kendali ke
lapisan dibawahnya
sampai lapisan yang terendah dicapai. Antara dua
lapisan yang berdekatan
terdapat "interface" (antarmuka). Interface ini
mendifinisikan operasi
dan layanan yang diberikan olehnya ke lapisan lebih
atas. Tiap lapisan
harus melaksanakan sekumpulan fungsi khusus yang
dipahami dengan
sempurna. Himpunan lapisan dan protokol dikenal
sebagai "arsitektur
jaringan".

Pengendalian komunikasi dalam bentuk lapisan menambah
overhead karena
tiap lapisan berkomunikasi dengan lawannya melalui
"header". Walaupun
rumit tetapi fungsi tiap lapisan dapat dibuat dalam
bentuk modul
sehingga kerumitan dapat ditanggulangi dengan mudah.
Disini kita tidak akan membahas model OSI secara
mendalam secara
keseluruhannya, karena protokol TCP/IP tidak mengikuti
benar model
referensi OSI tersebut. Walaupun demikian, TCP/IP
model akan terlihat
seperti ini :

       =========================================
       |Application layer  |                   |
       |Presentation layer | Application layer |
       |Session layer      |                   |

       |===================|===================|

       |Transport layer    |  Transport layer/ |
       |                   |    Host to host   |
       |=======================================|
       |Network  layer     | Network layer/    |
       |                   | internet layer    |
       |===================|===================|
       |Data Link layer    | Network access    |
       |Physical layer     |                   |
       |===================|===================|
	    Model OSI         model internet

Sekarang mari kita bahas keempat lapisan tersebut.

a. Network Access
    Lapisan ini hanya menggambarkan bagaimana data
dikodekan menjadi sinyal-
    sinyal dan karakteristik antarmuka tambahan media.

b. Internet layer/ network layer
    Untuk mengirimkan pesan pada suatu internetwork
(suatu jaringan yang
    mengandung beberapa segmen jaringan), tiap jaringan
harus secara unik
    diidentifikasi oleh alamat jaringan. Ketika
jaringan menerima suatu
    pesan dari lapisan yang lebih atas, lapisan network
akan menambahkan
    header pada pesan yang termasuk alamat asal dan
tujuan jaringan.
    Kombinasi dari data dan lapisan network disebut
"paket". Informasi
    alamat jaringan digunakan untuk mengirimkan pesan
ke jaringan yang
    benar, setelah pesan tersebut sampai pada jaringan
yg benar, lapisan
    data link dapat menggunakan alamat node untuk
mengirimkan pesan ke node
    tertentu.
	       _____       _____
	      |=====|     |=====|   ################### end
nodes
	      \-----/     \-----/                    # #
	       |===|       |===|                     #  #
		 |           |                       #   #
	      ---|---------- |----   # routers       #    #
			     |      # #              #     #
			     |     #   #             #      #
			  |=---=| #     #            #       #
			  |=---=|        #           #        #
			     |            #        _____     _____
	     komputer     *******          #      |=====|
|=====|
	     Lainnya --- * token * -----|=---=|   \-----/
\-----/
			 * ring  *      |=---=|    |===|     |===|
			  *******          |         |         |
			     |            -|-------- |---------|---------
			   -----
			     |
			 Komputer
			 Lainnya

meneruskan paket ke jaringan yang benar disebut
"routing" dan peralatan
yang meneruskan paket adalah "routers". Suatu antar
jaringan mempunyai
dua tipe node :

- "End nodes", menyediakan pelayanan kepada pemakai.
End nodes
   menggunakan lapisan network utk menambah informasi
alamat jaringan
   kepada paket, tetapi tidak melakukan routing. End
nodes kadang-kadang
   disebut "end system" (istilah OSI) atau "host"
(istilah TCP/IP)

- Router memasukan mekanisme khusus untuk melakukan
routing. Karena
   routing merupakan tugas yg kompleks, router biasanya
merupakan peralatan
   tersendiri yg tidak menyediakan pelayanan kepada
pengguna akhir. Router
   kadang-kadang disebut "intermediate system" (istilah
OSI) atau "gateway"
   (istilah TCP/IP).

Selain itu juga lapisan ini bertanggung jawab untuk
pengiriman data
melalui antar jaringan. Protokol lapisan intenet yang
utama adalah
internet protokol, IP (RFC 791, lihat juga RFC 919,
922,950).
IP menggunakan protokol-protokol lain untuk
tugas-tugas khusus internet.
ICMP(dibahas nanti) digunakan untuk mengirimkan
pesan-pesan ke lapisan
host ke host. Adapun fungsi IP :

1. Pengalamatan
2. Fragmentasi datagram pada antar jaringan
3. Pengiriman datagram pada antar jaringan
c. Transport layer /host to host

Salah satu tanggung jawab lapisan transport adalah
membagi pesan-pesan
menjadi fragment-fragment yang cocok dengan pembatasan
ukuran yg
dibentuk oleh jaringan. Pada sisi penerima, lapisan
transport
menggabungkan kembali fragment untuk mengembalikan
pesan aslinya,
sehingga dapat diketahui bahwa lapisan transport
memerlukan proses
khusus pada satu komputer ke proses yg bersesuaian
pada komputer tujuan.
Hal ini dikenal sebagai Service Access Point (SAP) ID
kepada setiap
paket (berlaku pada model OSI, istilah TCP/IP untuk
SAP ini disebut port
*).

Mengenali pesan-pesan dari beberapa proses sedemikian
rupa sehingga
pesan tersebut dikirimkan melalui media jaringan yg
sama disebut
“multiplexing”. Prosedur mengembalikan pesan dan
mengarahkannya pada
proses yg benar disebut “demultiplexing”.
Tanggung javab lapisan transport yg paling berat dalam
hal pengiriman
pesan adalah mendeteksi kesalahan dalam pengiriman
data tersebut. Ada
dua kategori umum deteksi kesalahan dapat dilakukan
oleh lapisan
transport :

a. Reliable delivery, berarti kesalahan tidak dapat
terjadi, tetapi
    kesalahan akan dideteksi jika terjadi. Pemulihan
kesalahan dilakukan
    dengan jalan memberitahukan lapisan atas bahwa
kesalahan telah
    terjadi dan meminta pengirimna kembali paket yg
kesalahannya
    terdeteksi.
b. Unreliable delivery, bukan berarti kesalahan
mungkin terjadi, tetapi
    menunjukkan bahwa lapisan transport tidak memeriksa
kesalahan
    tersebut. Karena pemeriksaan kesalahan memerlukan
waktu dan
    mengurangi penampilan jaringan. Biasanya kategori
ini digunakan jika
    setiap paket mengandung pesan yg lengkap, sedangkan
reliable
    delivery, jika mengandung banyak paket. Unreliable
delivery, sering
    disebut “datagram delivery” dan paket-paket bebas
yg dikerimkan
    dengan cara ini sering disebut “datagram”.

Karena proses lapisan atas (application layer)
memiliki kebutuhan yg
bervariasi, terdapat dua protokol lapisan transport
/host to host, TCP
dan UDP. TCP adalah protokol yg handal. Protokol ini
berusaha secara
seksama untuk mengirimkan data ke tujuan, memeriksa
kesalahan,
mengirimkan data ulang bila diperlukan dan mengirimkan
error ke lapisan
ats hanya bila TCP tidak berhasil mengadakan
komunikasi (dibahas nanti).
Tetapi perlu dicatat bahwa kehandalan TCP tercapai
dengan mengorbankan
bandwidth jaringan yg besar.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) disisi lain adalah
protokol yg tidak
handal. Protokol ini hanya “semampunya” saja
mengirimkan data. UDP tidak
akan berusaha untuk  mengembalikan datagram yg hilang
dan proses pada
lapisan atas harus bertanggung jawab untuk mendeteksi
data yg hilang
atau rusak dan mengirimkan ulang data tersebut bila
dibutuhkan.
c. Application layer
Lapisan inilah biasa disebut lapisan akhir (front end)
atau bisa disebut
user program. Lapisan inilah yg menjadi alasan
keberadaan lapisan
sebelumnya. Lapisan sebelumnya hanya bertugas
mengirimkan pesan yg
ditujukan utk lapisan ini. Di lapisan ini dapat
ditemukan program yg
menyediakan pelayanan jaringan, seperti mail server
(email program),
file transfer server (FTP program),  remote terminal.

************************************************************************
Token Ring merupakan teknologi LAN  data link yg
didefinisikan oleh IEEE
802.4  dimana sistem dihubungkan satu sama lain dengan
menggunakan
segmen kabel twisted-pair point-to-point untuk
membentuk suatu struktur
ring. Sebuah sistem diijinkan untuk mengirim hanya
bila sistem tersebut
memiliki token (data unit khsusus yg digunakan
bersama-sama) yg akan
dilewarkan dari satu sistem ke sistem lain sekitar
ring.
========================================================================
komputer port adalah tempat adalah tempat dimana
informasi masuk dan
keluar. Di PC contohnya monitor sebagai keluaran
informasi, keyboard dan
mouse sebagai masukan informasi. Tetapi dalam istilah
internet, port
berbentuk virtual (software) bukan berbentuk fisik
seperti RS232 serial
port (utk koneksi modem).
************************************************************************

6. Bagaimana TCP dan IP bekerja ?
---------------------------------

Seperti yg telah dikemukakan diatas TCP/IP hanyalah
merupakan suatu
lapisan protokol(penghubung) antara satu komputer dg
yg lainnya dalam
network, meskipun ke dua komputer tersebut memiliki OS
yg berbeda. Untuk
mengerti lebih jauh marilah kita tinjau pengiriman
sebuah email.
Dalam pengiriman email ada beberapa prinsip dasar yg
harus dilakukan.
Pertama, mencakup hal-hal umum berupa siapa yg
mengirim email, siapa yg
menerima email tersebut serta isi dari email tersebut.
Kedua, bagaimana
cara agar email tersebut sampai pada tujuannya.Dari
konsep ini kita
dapat mengetahui bahwa pengirim email memerlukan
"perantara" yg
memungkinkan emailnya sampai ke tujuan (seperti
layaknya pak pos). Dan
ini adalah tugas dari TCP/IP. Antara TCP dan IP ada
pembagian tugas
masing-masing.

TCP merupakan  connection-oriented, yg berarti bahwa
kedua komputer yg
ikut serta dalam pertukaran data harus melakukan
hubungan terlebih dulu
sebelum pertukaran data ( dalam hal ini email)
berlangsung. Selain itu
TCP juga bertanggung jawab untuk menyakinkan bahwa
email tersebut sampai
ke tujuan, memeriksa kesalahan dan mengirimkan error
ke lapisan atas
hanya bila TCP tidak berhasil melakukan hubungan (hal
inilah yg membuat
TCP sukar untuk dikelabuhi). Jika isi email  tersebut
terlalu besar
untuk satu datagram * , TCP akan membaginya kedalam
beberapa datagram.
IP bertanggung jawab setelah hubungan berlangsung,
tugasnya adalah untuk
meroute data packet . didalam network. IP hanya
bertugas sebagai kurir
dari TCP dalam penyampaian datagram dan "tidak
bertanggung jawab" jika
data tersebut tidak sampai dengan utuh (hal ini
disebabkan IP tidak
memiliki informasi mengenai isi data yg dikirimkan)
maka IP akan
mengirimkan pesan kesalahan ICMP*. Jika hal ini
terjadi maka IP hanya
akan memberikan pesan kesalahan (error message)
kembali ke sumber data.
Karena IP "hanya" mengirimkan data "tanpa" mengetahui
mana data yg akan
disusun berikutnya menyebabkan IP mudah untuk
dimodifikasi daerah
"sumber dan tujuan" datagram. Hal inilah  penyebab
banyak paket hilang
sebelum sampai kembali ke sumber awalnya. (jelas !
sumber dan tujuannya
sudah dimodifikasi)

Kalimat Datagram dan paket sering dipertukarkan
penggunaanya. Secara
teknis, datagram adalah kalimat yg digunakan jika kita
hendak
menggambarkan TCP/IP. Datagram adalah unit dari data,
yg tercakup dalam
protokol.

************************************************************************
ICPM adalah kependekan dari Internet Control Message
Protocol yg
bertugas memberikan pesan dalam IP. Berikut adalah
beberapa pesan
potensial sering timbul (lengkapnya lihat RFC 792):

a. Destination unreachable, terjadi jika
host,jaringan,port atau protokol
    tertentu tidak dapat dijangkau.
b. Time exceded, dimana datagram tidak bisa dikirim
karena time to live
    habis.
c. Parameter problem, terjadi kesalahan parameter dan
letak oktert dimana
    kesalahan terdeteksi.
d. Source quench, terjadi karena router/host tujuan
membuang datagram
    karena batasan ruang buffer atau karena datagram
tidak dapat diproses.
e. Redirect, pesan ini memberi saran kepada host asal
datagram mengenai
    router yang lebih tepat untuk menerima datagram
tsb.
f. Echo request dan echo reply message, pesan ini
saling mempertukarkan
    data antara host.

Selain RFC 792 ada juga RFC 1256 yg isinya berupa ICMP
router discovery
message dan merupakan perluasan dari ICMP, terutama
membahas mengenai
kemampuan bagi host untuk menempatkan rute ke gateway.
************************************************************************

7. Bagaimanakah bentuk format header protokol
UDP,TCP,IP ?
----------------------------------------------------------

1. UDP
  ------

  UDP memberikan alternatif transport untuk proses yg
tidak membutuhkan
pengiriman yg handal. Seperti yg telah dibahas
sebelumnya, UDP merupakan
protokol yg tidak handal, karena tidak menjamin
pengiriman data atau
perlindungan duplikasi. UDP tidak mengurus masalah
penerimaan aliran
data dan pembuatan segmen yg sesuai untuk
IP.Akibatnya, UDP adalah
protokol sederhana yg berjalan dengan kemampuan jauh
dibawah TCP. Header
UDP tidak mengandung banyak informasi, berikut bentuk
headernya :

  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  + Source Port  +   Destination Port  +
  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  +    Length    +    Checksum         +
  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

  source port, adalah port asal dimana system
mengirimkan datagram.
  Destination port, adalah port tujuan pada host
penerima.
  Length, berisikan panjang datagram dan termasuk data.
  Checksum, bersifat optional yg berfungsi utk
meyakinkan bahwa data tidak
akan mengalami rusak (korup)

2. TCP
------

Seperti yg telah dibahas sebelumnya, TCP merupakan
protokol yg handal
dan bertanggung jawab untuk mengirimkan aliran data ke
tujuannya secara
handal dan berurutan. Untuk memastikan diterimanya
data, TCP menggunakan
nomor urutan segmen dan acknowlegement (jawaban).
Misalkan anda ingin
mengirim file berbentuk seperti berikut :
----------------------------------------------------------
TCP kemudian akan memecah pesan itu menjadi beberapa
datagram (untuk
melakukan hal ini, TCP tidak mengetahui berapa besar
datagram yg bisa
ditampung jaringan. Biasanya, TCP akan memberitahukan
besarnya datagram
yg bisa dibuat, kemudian mengambil nilai yg terkecil
darinya, untuk
memudahkan).
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
----
TCP kemudian akan meletakan header di depan setiap
datagram tersebut.
Header ini biasanya terdiri dari 20 oktet, tetapi yg
terpenting adalah
oktet ini berisikan sumber dan tujuan  “nomor port
(port number)” dan
“nomor urut (sequence number)”. Nomor port digunakan
untuk menjaga data
dari banyaknya data yg lalu lalang. Misalkan ada 3
orang yg mengirim
file. TCP anda akan mengalokasikan nomor port 1000,
1001, dan 1002 untuk
transfer file. Ketika datagram dikirim, nomor port ini
menjadi “sumber
port (source port)” number untuk masing-masing jenis
transfer.
Yg perlu diperhatikan yaitu bahwa TCP perlu mengetahui
juga port yg
dapat digunakan oleh tujuan (dilakukan diawal
hubungan). Port ini
diletakan pada daerah “tujuan port (destination
port)”. Tentu saja jika
ada datagram yg kembali, maka source dan destination
portnya akan
terbalik, dan sejak itu port anda menjadi destination
port dan port
tujuan menjadi source port.

Setiap datagram mempunyai nomor urut (sequence number)
masing-masing yg
berguna agar datagram tersebut dapat tersusun pada
urutan yg benar dan
agar tidak ada datagram yg hilang. TCP tidak memberi
“nomor” datagram,
tetapi pada oktetnya. Jadi jika ada 500 oktet data
dalam setiap
datagram, datagram yg pertama mungkin akan bernomor
urut 0, kedua 500,
ketiga 1000, selanjutnya 1500 dan eterusnya. Kemudian
semua susunan
oktet didalam datagram akan diperiksa keadaannya benar
atau salah, dan
biasa disebut dg “checksum”. Hasilnya kemudian
diletakan ke header TCP.
Yg perlu diperhatikan ialah bahwa checksum ini
dilakukan di kedua
komputer yg melakukan hubungan. Jika nilai keberadaan
susunan oktet
antara satu checksum dg checksum yg lain tidak sama,
maka sesuatu yg
tidak diinginkan akan terjadi pada datagram tersebut,
yaitu gagalnya
koneksi (lihat bahasan sebelumnya). Jadi inilah bentuk
datagram
tersebut:

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+     Source Port     +      Destination port  +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+                 Sequence number              +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+               Acknowledgment number          +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+  Data +         |U|A|P|R|S|F|                +
+ offset+ Reserved|R|C|S|S|Y|I|     Window     +
+       +         |G|K|H|T|N|N|                +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+    Checksum                 | Urgent pointer +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+  data anda ------ sampai 500 oktet berikut   +
+  ------------                                +

Jika kita misalkan TCP header sebagai “T”, maka
seluruh file akan
berbentuk sebagai berikut :
T---- T---- T---- T---- T---- T---- T---- T---- T----
T---- T----

Ada beberapa bagian dari header yg belum kita bahas.
Biasanya bagian
header  ini terlibat sewaktu hubungan berlangsung.

- Seperti 'acknowledgement number' misalnya, yg
bertugas untuk menunggu
   jawaban apakah datagram yg dikirim sudah sampai atau
belum. Jika tidak
   ada jawaban (acknowledgement) dalam batas waktu
tertentu, maka data akan
   dikirim lagi.

- Window berfungsi untuk mengontrol berapa banyak data
yg bisa singgah
   dalam satu waktu. Jika Window sudah terisi, ia akan
segera langsung
   mengirim data tersebut dan tidak akan menunggu data
yg terlambat, karena
   akan menyebabkan hubungan menjadi lambat.

- Urgent pointer menunjukan nomor urutan oktet
menyusul data  yg
   mendesak. Urgent pointer adalah bilangan positif
berisi posisi dari
   nomor urutan pada segmen.
   Reserved selalu berisi nol. Dicadangkan untuk
penggunaan mendatang.

- Control bit (disamping kanan reserved, baca dari
atas ke bawah). Ada
   enam kontrol bit :

a. URG, Saat di set 1 ruang urgent pointer memiliki
makna, set 0
    diabaikan.
b. ACK saat di set ruang acknowledgement number
memiliki arti.
c. PSH, memulai fungsi push.
d. RST, memaksa hubungan di reset.
e. SYN, melakukan sinkronisasi nomor urutan untuk
hubungan. Bila diset maka
    hubungan di buka.
f. FIN, hubungan tidak ada lagi.

3. IP
-----

TCP akan mengirim setiap datagram ke IP dan meminta IP
untuk
mengirimkannya ke tujuan(tentu saja dg cara
mengirimkan IP alamat
tujuan). Inilah tugas IP sebenarnya. IP tidak peduli
apa isi dari
datagram, atau isi dari TCP header. Tugas IP sangat
sederhana, yaitu
hanya mengantarkan datagram tersebut sampai tujuan
(lihat bahasan
sebelumnya). Jika IP melewati suatu gateway, maka ia
kemudian akan
menambahkan header miliknya. Hal yg penting dari
header ini adalah
“source address” dan “Destination address”, “protocol
number” dan
“checksum”.  “source address” adalah alamat asal
datagram. “Destination
address” adalah alamat tujuan datagram (ini penting
agar gateway
mengetahui ke mana datagram akan pergi). “Protocol
number” meminta IP
tujuan untuk mengirim datagram ke TCP. Karena meskipun
jalannya IP
menggunakan TCP, tetapi ada juga protokol tertentu yg
dapat menggunakan
IP, jadi kita harus memastikan IP menggunakan protokol
apa untuk
mengirim datagram tersebut. Akhirnya, “checksum” akan
meminta IP tujuan
untuk meyakinkan bahwa header tidak mengalami
kerusakan. Yang perlu
dicatat yaitu bahwa TCP dan IP menggunakan checksum
yang berbeda.
Berikut inilah tampilan header IP :

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ version + IHL + Type of Service +        Total
Length      +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+  identification                 + Flag +  Fragment
Offset  +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ Time to live  + Protocol        +     Header
Checksum      +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+                       Source Address
       +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+                    Destination Address
       +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ TCP header, kemudian data  -------
       +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Jika kita misalkan IP header sebagai “I”, maka file
sekarang akan
berbentuk :

IT----  IT----  IT----  IT-----  IT-----  IT-----
IT----- IT----

Selanjutnya berikut ringkasan mengenai bagian header
yg belum dibahas :
a. Total length, merupakan panjang keseluruhan
datagram dalam oktet,
    termasuk header dan data IP.
b. Identification, digunakan untuk membantu proses
penggabungan kembali
    pecahan-pecahan dari sebuah datagram.
c. Flag,berisi tiga kontrol flag.
    - bit 0, dicadangkan, harus 0.
    - Bit 1, tidak boleh pecah.
    - Bit 2, masih ada fragment lagi.
d. Fragment offset, menunjukan posisi fragment di
dalam datagram.
e. Time to live, menunjukan batas waktu maksimal bagi
sebuah datagram
    untuk berada pada jaringan.
f. Option, lihat RFC 791.



__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

============================================================
Bagaimana menghapus jejak
Script Kiddies Tutorial Bagian 2
(c) cbug aka CyberBug @ k-elektronik.org - Awal Maret
2000
============================================================

Pemberitahuan :
1. Artikel ini dimaksudkan untuk bahan pelajaran para
admin dan siapa
    saja yang ingin mengembangkan pengetahuan
networking/internet mereka.
2. Kecoak Elektronik tidak bertanggung jawab atas
penyalah gunaan artikel
    ini.
3. Kecoak Elektronik tetap menyertakan dan tidak
menghapus Nama Penulis
    eksploit/script dengan harapan pembaca juga tetap
menyertakan kredit
    untuk mereka, jangan mengganti nama2 penulis
artikel/eksploit/script
    dengan nama anda dengan harapan nanti dianggap
hacker.

A. Apa yang harus ada

1. Server yang berhasil di root
    Terserah mo pake apa, boljug pake contoh eksploit
pada artikel saya
    sebelumnya, pake remote eksploit juga boleh :P

2. Program penghapus Log
    Ada banyak dan bermacam-macam program penghapus
log, pilih apa yang
    menurut kamu bagus dan cocok buat kamu, untuk
langkah awal kamu bisa
    coba gunakan remove.c dari Simple Nomad.


B. Menghapus jejak

Nah ... kamu sudah dapat akses root, asyiiik ... tapi
eh nanti dulu,
gimana kalo adminnya tau?, gak ... dia gak bakalan
tau, kalau kamu pake
program penghapus log untuk menghilangkan jejak kamu.
Caranya? ... download remove.c dari site k-elektronik,
kemudian compile
di mesin sasaran kamu, baca dulu baik2 cara compile
nya di source remove.c
BTW ... remove harus di running sebagai root (untuk
latihan, bisa saja
kamu login root di mesin kamu sendiri).

a. Perlu diperhatikan bagian berikut ini :

#ifdef GENERIC  /* Should work with Linux, IRIX,
Digital Unix, BSDs, etc */
#define WTMP "/var/adm/wtmp"
#define UTMP "/var/adm/utmp"
#define LASTLOG "/var/adm/lastlog"
#endif

Harap diingat bahwa tidak selalu file2 wtmp utmp dan
lastlog berada pada
posisi yang sama, misalnya distro Slackware menaruh
file2 tsb diatas di:
#define WTMP "/var/log/wtmp"
#define UTMP "/var/run/utmp"
#define LASTLOG "/var/log/lastlog"

Jadi jangan lupa cek apakah posisi file2 wtmp utmp dan
lastlog sudah
sesuai dengan source remove.c

Kamu bisa gunakan perintah :
find / -name wtmp -print
find / -name utmp -print
find / -name lastlog -print
atau
whereis wtmp
whereis utmp
whereis lastlog
Kemudian ganti posisi file2 tersebut di remove.c
sesuai dengan hasil
diatas.

b. Kita compile sekarang? ... ayooooooooooooo.

kecoak:/home/cbug/tools# gcc remove.c -o remove
-DGENERIC
remove.c: In function `main':
remove.c:50: warning: return type of `main' is not
`int'
/tmp/ccZVzySI.o: In function `main':
/tmp/ccZVzySI.o(.text+0xb4): the `gets' function is
dangerous and should
not be used.

Waw ... ada warning message ... gak apa2, warning
bukan error :P


c. Cek last login nya user (cbug misalnya)

kecoak:/home/cbug/tools# lastlog | grep cbug
cbug             tty2                      Sat Mar 11
11:32:42 -0800 2000


d. Jalankan remove

kecoak:/home/cbug/tools# ./remove cbug

REMOVE by Simple Nomad
Nomad Mobile Research Centre (c) 1997

Found 549 record(s) for user cbug
Will attempt a lastlog cleanup by default.

#    - remove last # records from utmp/wtmp
a    - remove (a)ll records from utmp/wtmp
q    - (q)uit program

Enter selection ->


e. Hapus record terakhir (ketik #), atau boleh juga
semua (a) :P

Enter selection -> #
REMOVE cleaned up 0 record(s) from /var/log/wtmp
REMOVE cleaned up 0 record(s) from /var/run/utmp
REMOVE cleaned up /var/log/lastlog


f. Cek last log nya cbug

kecoak:/home/cbug/tools# lastlog | grep cbug
cbug                                       **Never
logged in**


g. Ini hasilnya kalo cbug login :

Selamat datang di sarang Kecoak Elektronik

kecoak login: cbug
Password:
Kecoak's K-Rad OS
No mail.

kecoak:~$


h. Biasanya kalo last log nya dicatat (belum/gak
dihapus) cbug bisa liat
    gini, (perhatikan bagian Last login nya) :

Selamat datang di sarang Kecoak Elektronik

kecoak login: cbug
Password:
Kecoak's K-Rad OS
Last login: Sat Mar 11 12:06:02 -0800 2000 on tty3.
No mail.

kecoak:~$

i. Gitu aja

--
Manado, Awal Maret 2000
cbug@...



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Hacker Society


By Gilbert Alaverdian

In the past, there have been many papers and articles
regarding 'Hackers'. Most of these have been written
by journalists based on secondary information and by
hackers to prove and distinguish themselves to other
hackers and the electronic underground.

Rarely does the media explain the ethics, codes, rules
and regulations that govern this mysterious society. A
society that exists known solely amongst underground.

A professional approach has not been taken in
analysing this mysterious sub culture. This paper is
written to give the corporate community and the media
an insight into who and what these people are, an
understanding of their culture, their codes, their
ethics and most of all an insight into what makes them
tick...

The media and general populace stereotype hackers as
malicious, evil and destructive. The true meaning of a
hacker is not one that mostpeople are familiar with.
Stereotyped as being a 15 year old teenager, sitting
behind a computer for hours a night, breaking into
systems and deleting or destroying whatever they can.
These "kids" are known as Crackers and are not to be
confused as Hackers.

These crackers are the ones you hear in the news,
defacing websites, deleting data, and causing general
chaos wherever they go.

In the electronic underground real names are never
used. People adopt aliases. This gives the anonymous
an identity, a recognised amongst the underground.
Popular names such as Emmanuel Goldstein, Silicon
Toad, Aleph One and others are known in this society.
An almost celebrity status is linked to popular
aliases.

According to http://www.whatis.com the definition of a
Cracker is:

Someone who breaks into someone else's computer
system, often on a network; bypasses passwords or
licenses in computer programs; or in other ways
intentionally breaches computer security. A cracker
can be doing this for profit, maliciously, for some
altruistic purpose or cause, or because the challenge
is there. Some breaking-and-entering has been done
ostensibly to point out weaknesses in a site's
security system.

Eric Raymond, compiler of The New Hacker's Dictionary,
defines a hacker as a clever programmer. A "good hack"
is a clever solution to a programming problem and
"hacking" is the act of doing it. Raymond lists five
possible characteristics that qualify one as a hacker,
which we paraphrase here:

A person who enjoys learning details of a programming
language or system
A person who enjoys actually doing the programming
rather than just theorizing about it
A person capable of appreciating someone else's
hacking
A person who picks up programming quickly
A person who is an expert at a particular programming
language or system, as in "UNIX hacker"
Just who are these mysterious group of people? What
does this subculture do? These questions and the like
are questioned by the IT industry.

Hacker Ranks

Like any society, there exists in the hacking world a
hierarchy based on rank.

A Hacker is a title given according to one’s rank. The
rank determines if you are a hacker or cracker. To
gain this title you must earn it from the Hacker
community. Proving your skills is central to gaining
such a title. There is no formal body that determines
this. In this closely communicated society, common
names spread quickly and become common knowledge. Most
hackers in some form or another, know their equivalent
counterparts from their names where ever they may be
in the world.

A Hacker is a title given according to one’s rank.
Your rank determines if you are a hacker or cracker.
To gain this title you have to earn it from the Hacker
community. To earn it you have to prove your skills to
others. There is no formal underground body that
determines this. In this closely communicated society,
common names are spread quickly and become common
knowledge. Most hackers in some form or another, know
their equivalent counterparts from their names where
ever they may be in the world. If you are good, you
will be known.

To increase one’s name in the underground, hackers
compose exploit code, tutorials, contribute to popular
mailing lists, write programs and construct websites.
By gaining such exposure, recognition and
identification is gained

Rank is determined by skills and experience. No one
has formally identified the

different hacker levels. Naturally these terms may not
be embraced or accepted by everyone, including hackers
and crackers.

Hierarchy




The leaders, the true hackers are known as 'Elite'.
The opposing end of the scale, the "wanna-be" hackers
are known as 'Lamers'.

Elite:

Also known as 3l33t, 3l337, 31337 (or similar
combinations of alpha-numeric characters with
occasional letters replaced by similar looking
numbers.)

Elite hackers are at the forefront of the security
industry. Their restrictions are limitless. Age
battles with raw talent. Nevertheless, with older age
comes a higher maturity level.

They know operating systems inside out, configuring
and connecting networks globally, whilst programming
code on a daily basis. Naturally gifted, they are both
effecient and skilled, using precise knowledge to
outsmart the lacklustre comptetion.

Due to the sensitive nature of security, many of these
people rarely work in security related jobs, sometimes
forced into data entry positions, helpdesk, and IT
support.

When the corporate world subceededs into its noctural
state of sleep, these hackers awake.

Their unquenchable thirst for knowledge and enourmous
sense of curiosity is the deciding factor between
success and failure. Why does this code cause a
segmentation fault when i run it as a user but not as
root? Such questions are the driving force,
encouraging a hardworking ethos until they have found
the solution to something they have discovered. Their
work is a tribute to the struggle itself. They will
not settle for anything less. Using the computer as a
catalyst for change - the imagination knows no
restrictions.

Through constant improvement and dissatisfaction, the
elite hacker is able to deftly apply the knowledge to
change and better his environment. Should he find a
flaw in an operating system or software, he will sit
down and trace the roots of the flaw, it's cause and
oftentimes deliver a possible solution.

Experience and utmost skill is essential to never
being caught. They hack in and out of systems
effeciently without leaving a trace, their presence
rarely detected and their hack seldom realised. It's
the challenge. The risk. The recognition. They want to
prove solely to themselves that they can break into a
system and leave just as quietly. They do not delete
or erase any data for damaging intent. The only data
changed is those to cover their tracks. They have
enough technical capabilities to damage entire
networks and hack into almost any system and cause
irrepairable damage. But they chose not to.

Because they follow a code. Because they are elite.

There exists a code amongst true hackers, which is
discussed later.

Though shalt not damage any data.

Semi Elite:

These hackers are usually a bit younger than their
elite counterparts. They also have extensive computer
knowledge, they understand operating systems, they
know certain holes in operating systems, and are
equipped with minor amounts of code - just enough to
change exploit code.

Many publicly reported attacksare done hackers of this
calibre. They may choose to become recognised to show
the lower ranks their superiority and to prove a point
to their colleagues or peers of the same skill level.
This activity is frowned upon by the elite. To them,
this is seen as Lame. Their skill insufficient to be
of the elite level, as oftentimes mass amounts of logs
and fingerprints are left which system administrators
notice almost straight away because of their loud and
attention seeking activities. Usually such sloppy work
and tracks left by them results in them being caught,
or otherwise "ratted on" by their counterparts.

Developed Kiddie:

Based on a younger age group than the higher ranks.
Usually these are the older teenagers, usually still
in school, who read about a method of hacking and how
to do it somewhere. They try it out on numerous
systems until one is found which is vulnerable to
exploit. Once in, they are usually unware of their
actions and either, intentionally or unintentionally,
cause destruction or damage and boast to peers their
mediocre triumph.. Some may have earned the title of
hacker, but most are still seen as crackers by the
higher ranks.

They do not possess the skills to find any new holes
or vulnerabilities or to change current ones to adapt
to their given situation. They are always reliant on
the higher ranks to supply them with the services they
requires, and are knowledgable in computers in
general, but do not know fundamental networking or
higher grade operating systems other than the GUI OS
(Graphical User Interface Operating

Systtem) .Most have just begun using UNIX and know
only the basics. To them, it is enough to execute
exploits.

They rarely know how to cover their tracks, hacking is
usually done from home or from stolen dial up account
from home. When they manage to break into a network,
they boast at every possible occasion. They engage in
what is seen as

extreme lame activities such as credit card fraud,
pirating in "warez" (a term given to illegal copies of
software), nuking, DoSing and causing general computer
chaos to networks that they can easily access. Most
serious hacks committed by this level of hacker are
almost always prosecuted to the extent allowed by the
laws bound by them. Being a minor and under most
jurisdictions minors can not be prosecuted causes a
problem for law enforcement officials and the
corporate world. Once caught, they realise the
severity and extent of their crime, usually ceasing to
continue this sort of activity after realising the
consequences and punishment of their crime.

Script Kiddie:

Much like the developed kiddie, the Script Kiddie
usually enages in the same activities as stated above.
These crackers can not earn the title of hacker. They,
like lamers (see below) have minimal networking or
technical knowledge on operating systems and networks.
They seldom explore outside the world of GUI operating
systems, using their computer knowledge for warez
pirating, and the general activities engaged by lamers
and developed kiddies. Hacking is usually done by
using popular trojans to harass and annoy normal
internet users. The main difference between script
kiddies and lamers is a small age difference and a
little more technical knowledge. These are usually the
students that the computer teacher asks questions to
when they do not know the answer themselves. By being
asked by a teacher, a false mentality of superiority
is seen and an elite level is crowned by equivalent
and lower ranks.

Lamer:

These are the inexperienced multitude who are "wanna
be" hackers. In no way, sense or form are they hackers
and should always be referred to as crackers. They
have hardly any technical knowledge on networking and
high end operating systems. Their sole use of
computers is to play games, use the internet for
ircing, warez trafficking, credit card fraud, etc.
They read about hackers in the papers, or hear about
news from their friends and inspire to be the same.
Their false sense of superiority assists in the
illusions of being 'elite'. This mentality causes them
to seek hacking tools (including popular trojan
software) for their GUI operating systems, with their
idea of hacking usually becomes using Trojan software,
nuking, DoSing etc.. This boasting inspires others in
a similiar situation and on the same technical level
to pursue their quest of becoming a hacker. Their word
is spread through their IRC and internet communication
channels, and the cycle continues. Many lack the
technical capacity to reach the elite level, even
after years of studying, training and use of
computers. They usually reach the developed kiddie or
script kiddie stage and stay their until they retire.

BOASTING

Boasting is undoubtedly one of the key reasons why
hackers get caught. Flaunting their actions, your
skill level and hacked targets to the electronic
underground projects the image of knowledge and
"elite"-ness and hence raises your status in the
hierarchy, gaining respect and following of the ranks
below you. Most hackers do not have the skills to
boast about, so they choose the targets carefully.
This is their sole method of climbing the hierarchy.
Simply, boasting leaves you open to detection and
prosecution.

HACKERS HELP THE INDUSTRY

Every major vendor around the world realises that
their internal systems are not always going to comb
out every flaw or bug in their code. Most of them rely
on "wiz"es and "gurus" to find and report them.
Therefore, they have set up methods of contacting them
regarding any security flaws, exploits, bugs etc that
have been found. It is through such discoveries that
we have the improved technologies and software of
today. Many initial release software and operating
systems were extremely 'buggy' that vendors have had
to and still release service packs and update patches
to repair them.

These flaws are not always given to the vendor upon
discovery. Most of the time, they are kept in the
"underground" until someone decides that the vendor
should be informed. Within the underground, an exploit
code is written which takes advantage of the flaw and
gives the user higher access to a vulnerable system.
Sometimes this code falls into the 'Lamers' hands and
it is used stupidly, causing destruction and spreading
chaos. This activity alerts administrators of their
actions, and they contact the vendors once they have
discovered a flaw exists and has been used to
compromise their system. Upon being contacted the
vendors research their product and flaw, and release a
patch to fix the problem.

HACKER CODE

There is a code of conduct in the hacker community
which almost all the true hackers follow. Yes, they
have ethics aswell. The ethics of true hackers are
based loosly on the following(1)

ETHICS

The idea of a "hacker ethic" is perhaps best
formulated in Steven Levy's 1984 book, Hackers: Heroes
of the Computer Revolution. Levy came up with six
tenets:

1. Access to computers - and anything which might
teach you something about the way the world works -
should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the
Hands-On imperative!

2. All information should be free.

3. Mistrust authority - promote decentralization.

4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not
bogus criteria such as degress, age, race, or
position.

5. You can create art and beauty on a computer.

6. Computers can change your life for the better.

CODE OF CONDUCT

The following is a general idea of what code true
hackers follow, from Scorpio(2)

* Above all else, respect knowledge & freedom of
information

* Notify system administrators about any security
breaches you encounter

* Do not profit unfairly from a hack

* Do not distribute or collect pirated software

* Never take stupid risks - know your own abilities

* Always be willing to freely share and teach your
gained information and methods

* Never hack a system to steal money

* Never give access to someone who might do damage

* Never intentionally delete or damage a file on a
computer you hack

* Respect the machine you hack, and treat it like
you'd treat your own system

With this Ethic and Hackers Code, it reveals that true
hackers in NO POSSIBLE WAY want to cause any damage to
computers.

PENALTIES

Hacking is a risky business. Hacking is a risky
business. The penalties have become so extreme that
sometimes, it just doesn't seem worth it. But hackers
still put themselves at risk by continuing with their
activities, regardless of the risks.

The Crimes Act 1914 of Australia states the following:

CRIMES ACT 1914 - SECT 76B

Unlawful access to data in Commonwealth and other
computers

(1)A person who intentionally and without authority
obtains access to:

(a)data stored in a Commonwealth computer; or

(b)data stored on behalf of the Commonwealth in a
computer that is not a Commonwealth computer;

is guilty of an offence.

Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months.

(2)A person who:

(a)with intent to defraud any person and without
authority obtains access to data stored in a
Commonwealth computer, or to data stored on behalf of
the Commonwealth in a computer that is not a
Commonwealth computer; or

(b)intentionally and without authority obtains access
to data stored in a Commonwealth computer, or to data
stored on behalf of the Commonwealth in a computer
that is not a Commonwealth computer, being data that
the person knows or ought reasonably to know relates
to:

(i)the security, defence or international relations of
Australia;

(ii)the existence or identity of a confidential source
of information relating to the enforcement of a
criminal law of the Commonwealth or of a State or
Territory;

(iii)the enforcement of a law of the Commonwealth or
of a State or Territory;

(iv)the protection of public safety;

(v)the personal affairs of any person;

(vi)trade secrets;

(vii)records of a financial institution; or

(viii)commercial information the disclosure of which
could cause advantage or disadvantage to any person;

is guilty of an offence.

Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years.

(3)A person who:

(a)has intentionally and without authority obtained
access to data stored in a Commonwealth computer, or
to data stored on behalf of the Commonwealth in a

computer that is not a Commonwealth computer;

(b)after examining part of that data, knows or ought
reasonably to know that the part of the data which the
person examined relates wholly or partly to any of the
matters referred to in paragraph (2)(b); and

(c)continues to examine that data;

is guilty of an offence

Penalty for a contravention of this subsection:

Imprisonment for 2 years.

CRIMES ACT 1914 - SECT 76C

Damaging data in Commonwealth and other computers

A person who intentionally and without authority or
lawful excuse:

(a)destroys, erases or alters data stored in, or
inserts data into, a Commonwealth computer;

(b)interferes with, or interrupts or obstructs the
lawful use of, a Commonwealth computer;

(c)destroys, erases, alters or adds to data stored on
behalf of the Commonwealth in a computer that is not a
Commonwealth computer; or

(d)impedes or prevents access to, or impairs the
usefulness or effectiveness of, data stored in a
Commonwealth computer or data stored on behalf of the
Commonwealth in a computer that is not a Commonwealth
computer;

is guilty of an offence.

Penalty: Imprisonment for 10 years.


As you can see, damaging data on another computer has
a heftier penalty.

"Hacking was about learning how a computer operates.
You always tried to push it to the edge. Kids these
days, they just want to do any damage they can"

- Val Koseroski






CONCLUSION

The IT industry will always be at least one step
behind hackers. Vendors will always bring out and will
continue to bring out new patches and new software,
proclaiming its safety and security. No sofware and/or
system in the world is 100% secure or safe. With the
help of hackers, we are discovering new flaws and bugs
everyday. With these bugs we are building newer and
better versions of software to overcome the found
flaw... soon after, a new flaw is discovered and the
process begins all over again. The IT industry is not
and can not be 100% secure. With the help of hackers,
these notions are slowly changing. Without them,
technology would not have advanced to today’s
standards and we would not have the improvements in
software which we have today.

To the different ranks of hackers who have read this
paper. I hope I have given the corporate world an
insight into your society. Sure, I may have offended
some, and I apologise. Be careful in what you do.
There is no great joy and superiority in spending time
in jail from hacking. To the corporate world, I hope
this paper has cleared up any myths and misconceptions
of this eletronic underground community, and provided
an insight into a secluded world where many people
fear to mention, let alone tread. Knowledge is our
greatest asset. Let us use it wisely...

(1) http://grex.org/~cyborg/cp/hacker_ethics.html

(2) Scorpio "My Code of Ethics"

http://packetstorm.securify.com/docs/hack/ethics/my.code.of.ethics.html


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Neo Corporation]

http://www.neo.net.au

Gilbert Alaverdian <gilbert.a@...> is as a
Senior Security Consultant at Neo Corporation Pty
Limited. Neo is a Sydney based security consultancy
firm providing specialised services to corporate
clients.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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>
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**|TechRepublic/Computers-Networking|mni210995@...


__________________________________________________
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--- "Web Development Zone at TechRepublic.com"
<ecomments@...> wrote:
> To: Web Development Zone Subscriber
> <mni210995@...>
> From: Web Development Zone at TechRepublic.com
> <ecomments@...>
> Subject: ASP Web utilities, part 1
> Date: Tue, 13 Mar 2001 07:36:26 -0500
> Reply-to: ecomments@...
>
> TechRepublic: http://www.techrepublic.com
>
> Presents your
> WEB DEVELOPMENT ZONE TECHMAIL
>
> <-----------------Advertisement------------>
>
> Forte(tm) for Java(tm) makes it easy to smash
> convention.
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>
>
> <------------------------------------------->
>
> This week in the Web Development Zone
>
> ASP WEB UTILITIES, PART 1
> Wouldn't it be nice to make those repetitious ADO
> (ActiveX Data Objects)
> coding chores easier to bear? Part one of this
> series on ASP Web
> utilities will tell you how to do just that.
>
> If you use SQL Server for your data source and you
> don't know about
> Stored Procedures, you're missing out. Stored
> Procedures will
> noticeably improve your speed, allowing you to
> better manage the access
> to your data.
>
> Although Stored Procedures can be called using the
> connection objects
> execute method, Microsoft recommends using the
> command object with set
> parameters. However, ensuring that the parameters
> are properly defined
> can be very time consuming. In order to ease the
> tedious and
> repetitious task of looking up the Stored Procedures
> and defining the
> parameter calls, here is a utility program that will
> let the database
> provide the names of the Stored Procedures that are
> available. It also
> allows the Refresh method of the Command object to
> return the necessary
> information to complete your parameter calls.
>
> (NOTE: Because TechMails have a varied width to work
> with depending on
> the size of the window, the line below may wrap to
> multiple lines.)
>
> <%@LANGUAGE="VBSCRIPT"%>
> <%
> Response.Buffer = true
> SP_To_Lookup = Request.Form("selectSP")
>
> 'Replace the connection information to connect to
> your data server.
> 'DB_ConnectionString = "Provider=SQLOLEDB.1;User
> ID=sa;Initial
> Catalog=pubs;Data
> Source=gandolf;Packet Size=4096;Workstation
> ID=GANDOLF;User Id=sa;"
> DB_ConnectionString =  "Provider=SQLOLEDB.1;User
> ID=sa;Initial
> Catalog=Northwind;Data
> Source=gandolf;Packet Size=4096;Workstation
> ID=GANDOLF;User Id=sa;"
>
> set rsStoredProcs =
> Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset")
> rsStoredProcs.ActiveConnection = DB_ConnectionString
>
> 'Use the sysobjects system table to get the names of
> all the stored
> procedures that are available.
> rsStoredProcs.Source = "SELECT name FROM
> dbo.sysobjects WHERE (xtype =
> 'P') ORDER BY name"
> rsStoredProcs.CursorType = 0
> rsStoredProcs.CursorLocation = 2
> rsStoredProcs.LockType = 3
> rsStoredProcs.Open
> rsStoredProcs_numRows = 0
> %>
> <html>
> <head>
> <title>Stored Procedure Code Generator</title>
> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
> charset=iso-8859-
> 1">
> </head>
> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
> <p>Select the Stored Procedure that your ASP page
> will be calling: <br>
> <form name="form1" method="post" action="">
> <select name="selectSP"  id="selectSP" size="5" ">
> <%While (NOT rsStoredProcs.EOF)%>
> <option
>
value="<%=(rsStoredProcs.Fields.Item("name").Value)%>"
> <%if
> rsStoredProcs.Fields.Item("name").Value =
> SP_To_Lookup then
> Response.Write " selected"
>
%>><%=(rsStoredProcs.Fields.Item("name").Value)%></option><%
>
> rsStoredProcs.MoveNext()
> Wend
> rsStoredProcs.Close
> set rsStoredProcs = nothing
> %>
> </select>
> <input type="Submit" value="Generate Code">
> </form>
> </p>
> <%
> if len(SP_To_Lookup) > 1 then
> SP_To_Lookup = trim(cstr(SP_To_Lookup))
> Dim objCmd
> Set objCmd = server.CreateObject("ADODB.Command")
> objCmd.CommandText = SP_To_Lookup
> objCmd.CommandType = 4  'adCmdStoredProc
>
> ' Connect to the data source
> objCmd.ActiveConnection = DB_ConnectionString
>
> ' Use the Refresh method to obtain parameter
> information from the
> stored procedure.
> objCmd.Parameters.Refresh
> ParamCount = objCmd.Parameters.Count
> WindowText = "Set Param = objCmd.CreateParameter("
> WindowText2 = "objCmd.Parameters.Append Param " &
> vbCrLf
> WindowText3 = ""
>
> For I = 0 To ParamCount - 1
>     ReturnStr = """" &
> objCmd.Parameters.Item(I).Name & """," &
> objCmd.Parameters.Item(I).Type &
> "," & _
>     objCmd.Parameters.Item(I).Direction & "," &
> objCmd.Parameters.Item(I).Size & "," & "value"
>     WindowText3 = WindowText3 & WindowText &
> ReturnStr & ")" & vbCrLf &
> WindowText2
> Next
> Set objCmd = Nothing
> %>
> This is the code to call the
> <u><%=SP_To_Lookup%></u> Stored
> Procedure<br>
> <textarea  rows="20" cols="80"  >
> DB_ConnectionString = "<%=DB_ConnectionString%>"
> Set objCmd = server.CreateObject("ADODB.Command")
> objCmd.CommandText = "<%=SP_To_Lookup%>"
> objCmd.CommandType = 4  'adCmdStoredProc
> objCmd.ActiveConnection = DB_ConnectionString
> <%=WindowText3%>objCmd.Execute
> Set Param = Nothing
> Set objCmd = Nothing
> </textarea>
> <%
> end if
> %>
> </body>
> </html>
>
> For more information on Stored Procedures, read the
> Microsoft Knowledge
> Base articles Q165156 and Q164485. These articles
> describe the syntax
> and structure that should be used, yet they leave it
> up to the
> developers to write the proper code.
>
http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q165/1/56.ASP
>
http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q164/4/85.asp
>
> ------------------------------------------
>
> Read more about IT at TechRepublic
>
> DEVELOPING CODE USING Q2
> In this Landgrave's View, Tim Landgrave discusses
> developing the
> blueprint in his method of rapid software
> development that he calls
> Quality Software Quickly or Q2.
>
http://www.techrepublic.com/article.jhtml?id=r00520000928lan01.htm
>
> ASP SHAKEOUT: FACT OR FICTION?
> The doomsayers are suggesting that ASPs are not long
> for this world.
> But others contend that opportunities still
> exist—and Bob Weinstein is
> one of them.
>
http://www.techrepublic.com/article.jhtml?id=r00520010124wei01.htm
>
> <-----------------Advertisement------------>
>
> Forte(tm) for Java(tm), makes it easy to break the
> mold.
> Click to download Forte for Java, now. FREE.
>
http://www.techrepublic.com/ad.jhtml?id=3093&listu=1&listdate=3/13/2001
>
> <------------------------------------------->
>
> Today @ TechRepublic
>
> NEED ADVICE ON APPROACHING CLIENTS? DOWNLOAD OUR
> HOW-TO WHITE PAPER
> Searching for a guideline to engaging potential
> clients during your
> initial contact meeting? Rick Freedman's framework
> for approaching
> clients gives tips on creating an agenda and
> assessing the client's
> needs.
>
http://www.techrepublic.com/article.jhtml?id=r00720010313rec01.htm
>
> OVERCOME LIMITED RESOURCES WITH A WIRELESS LAN
> Is your organization planning to implement a new
> network infrastructure
> for a small workgroup? Do you need to get it up and
> running quickly but
> still stick to your limited budget? Ed Engelking
> looks at the pros and
> cons of implementing a wireless LAN.
>
http://www.techrepublic.com/article.jhtml?id=r00220010313eng01.htm
>
> INTRODUCTION TO PALM PROGRAMMING
> Interested in learning more about developing
> software for the popular
> Palm-compatible handheld computer? Lamont Adams has
> the lowdown on how
> you can get started, and he takes a look at some of
> the more popular
> Palm development tools available.
>
http://www.techrepublic.com/article.jhtml?id=r00820010313adm01.htm
>
> ------------------------------------------
>
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>
> <-----------------Advertisement------------>
>
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> Click to download it now. FREE.
>
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>
> <------------------------------------------->
>
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> TechRepublic, Inc. is not
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mailto:ecomments@...?subject=Web%20Development
>
> Copyright 1999-2001 TechRepublic, Inc. All rights
> reserved.
>
>
>


__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Yahoo! Auctions - Buy the things you want at great prices.
http://auctions.yahoo.com/

--- In scen@y..., "Bondhan Rio P" <mni210995@y...> wrote:
> Salam kenal,

->Salam balik

> Halo dwipra,... kenalang dong,... anda siapa/apa, dimana, ngapain,

->Saya sekarang masih kuliah & saya tertarik dengan networking

> dll. Apa anda juga salah satu anggota SCeN, kalau iya angkatan
tahun
> berapa ?

->Saya bukan anggota SCen

>
> Best Regards,
>
> -=draco=-

Firewall in Unix


Note: forwarded message attached.


__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Yahoo! Auctions - Buy the things you want at great prices.
http://auctions.yahoo.com/

Kalau mau menggunakan UNIX, kalau belum pernah mencoba
yang susah. Jadi saran saya yang pertama silakan
menginstall dulu UNIX nya.
Memang sih, untuk menginstall UNIX tidak semudah NT
yang semua sudah tinggal pake. Kita perlu tahu
hardware yang kita punya dan mengkonfigurasi hardware
tersebut supaya bisa menjalankan UNIX tersebut.
Soal program saya merekomendasikan untuk memakai sbb:

1. UNIX distribution = FreeBSD (Karena yang sudah saya
coba)
2. Mail server = qmail (sama dengan punya yahoo)
3. Web Server = apache
4. FTP = sudah include pada saat instalasi
5. routing paket = tinggal dikonfigurasi

Sedangkan untuk firewall, saya tidak merekomendasikan,
karena anda bisa memilihnya sendiri pada
http://www.freebsd.org (untuk link lebih lanjut ada di
situs tsb), dimana disediakan beberapa program untuk
itu. Atau anda bisa gunakan firewall seperti Dante
atau fwtk (nggak tau persis apa singkatannya).

Trims ...

--- mni210995@... wrote:
> --- In itcenter@y..., "ican" <heryadi@c...> wrote:
>
> Hallo It'ers,
>
> Mohon suggest rekan-rekan, saya mo buat firewall
> server,
> jaringan saya yg sekarang pake NT4.0 Server, saya
> mau nantinya semua
> client
> dibawah firewall (kecuali mailserver dan router) dan
> menggunakan NAT.
> Saya
> tertarik dengan unix tapi bingung
> harus mulai dari mana (masing awam) kiranya software
> req. yg umum
> dipakai
> ada yg tau ngga untuk firewall server, OS unixnya,
> NAT software, etc.
>
> sebelumnya terimakasih atas pencerahan yg diberikan,
> rgrds,
> ican
> --- End forwarded message ---


__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

Salam kenal,

Halo dwipra,... kenalang dong,... anda siapa/apa, dimana, ngapain,
dll. Apa anda juga salah satu anggota SCeN, kalau iya angkatan tahun
berapa ?

Best Regards,

-=draco=-

wah ikutan dong ...kalo dimalang pas hari sabtu atawa minggu

mmmoooooaaahh
Edi munawan
********
--- In scen@y..., "Bondhan Rio P" <mni210995@y...> wrote:
> --- In itcenter@y..., "Brata (CIS, Poultry-TGR)" <Brata@j...> wrote:
> Dear All,
>
> Saya diundang utk melihat demo suatu jaringan, dalam LAN tsb
terdiri
> dari:
>   1 Unit komputer PIII,HDD,DD, 64 MB memory,Network card,Modem,Hub,
> OSnya
> NT,monitor  sebagai SERVER
>   5 Unit komputer 386, 4 MB memory, tanpa Harddisk,Newtwork
card,VGA
> card
> 512 kb,DD,monitor sebagai WORKSTATION
>
> dalam demo tsb, semua WORKSTATION bisa login ke server dan dapat
> menjalankan
> OS NT serta aplikasi under windows lainnya sementara workstation
tsb
> tanpa
> harddisk dan memory yang memadai utk menjalankan semua aplikasi
> window yang
> ada di SERVER. Selain itu semua worksatationnya juga bisa akses ke
> internet
> dgn kecepatan/kemampuan setarap servernya.
>
> Menurut rekan-rekan yang mengetahui hal ini:
> 1. Teknologi apa yg digunakan ?
> 2. Bagaimana caranya WorkStation yg hanya 4 MB & dgn processor 386
> tanpa
> harddisk bisa menggunakan aplikasi berbasis
>     windows (seperti: Autocad, Office 97) dengan kemampuan sama
> seperti
> SERVERNYA ???
> 3. Andaikan hal itu memungkinkan, bagaimana cara seting diservernya.
>
> Mohon penjelasan. Terimakasih.
>
> salam
> --- End forwarded message ---

--- In itcenter@y..., "Brata (CIS, Poultry-TGR)" <Brata@j...> wrote:
Dear All,

Saya diundang utk melihat demo suatu jaringan, dalam LAN tsb terdiri
dari:
   1 Unit komputer PIII,HDD,DD, 64 MB memory,Network card,Modem,Hub,
OSnya
NT,monitor  sebagai SERVER
   5 Unit komputer 386, 4 MB memory, tanpa Harddisk,Newtwork card,VGA
card
512 kb,DD,monitor sebagai WORKSTATION

dalam demo tsb, semua WORKSTATION bisa login ke server dan dapat
menjalankan
OS NT serta aplikasi under windows lainnya sementara workstation tsb
tanpa
harddisk dan memory yang memadai utk menjalankan semua aplikasi
window yang
ada di SERVER. Selain itu semua worksatationnya juga bisa akses ke
internet
dgn kecepatan/kemampuan setarap servernya.

Menurut rekan-rekan yang mengetahui hal ini:
1. Teknologi apa yg digunakan ?
2. Bagaimana caranya WorkStation yg hanya 4 MB & dgn processor 386
tanpa
harddisk bisa menggunakan aplikasi berbasis
     windows (seperti: Autocad, Office 97) dengan kemampuan sama
seperti
SERVERNYA ???
3. Andaikan hal itu memungkinkan, bagaimana cara seting diservernya.

Mohon penjelasan. Terimakasih.

salam
--- End forwarded message ---

Mumpung banyune isik lancar mar lan nang kene akeh ,,hehhe..kodewne

ps:parjo dilarang ikutan  nanti bisa di kick ma'e arek2


mmmooah
edi Munawan
******************

--- In scen@y..., "Bondhan Rio P" <mni210995@y...> wrote:
> Kepada
> Yth. Aris "Wimar" Prasetyo
>
> Harap segera kontak -=draco=- via ICQ 100953524 (Penting)
> Panggilan untuk bertugas di Infomedia Kompu..dst PBI Malang, Segera!
>
> -=draco=-

Kepada
Yth. Aris "Wimar" Prasetyo

Harap segera kontak -=draco=- via ICQ 100953524 (Penting)
Panggilan untuk bertugas di Infomedia Kompu..dst PBI Malang, Segera!

-=draco=-

--- IT Manager Republic NetNote
<ecomments@...> wrote:
> To: IT Manager Republic NetNote Subscriber
> <mni210995@...>
> From: IT Manager Republic NetNote
> <ecomments@...>
> Subject: Making the case for network security
> Date: Thu, 08 Mar 2001 02:00:00 -0500
> Reply-to: ecomments@...
>

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__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

Show how fast yaour client on network.

massage attached.

-=draco=-


__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

maksih buuanget mas draco.... ta' coba ntar kalo aku binun pasti bisa
bantu dong Ok

mmmooooah
Edi Munawan
****
--- In scen@y..., Bondhan Rio <mni210995@y...> wrote:
> OK everybody,
>
> This attachment file will introduce you all to know
> everything about networking fundamentals.
> It tells you about what, why, when and how the
> networking works.
> It wrote for fellows that really don't know anything
> about computer networking.
>
> Best Regards.
> -=Draco=-
>
> --- edix <edixp@h...> wrote:
> > --- In scen@y..., "Aryo Sanjaya" <arka@p...> wrote:
> > >
> > > > Here is your networking guide....
> > > >
> > >
> > > mungkin mas pengirim bisa sedikit menerangkan
> > tentang
> > > isi file attachment-nya, soalnya saya ragu-ragu
> > > untuk download...
> > > maklum, saya pake modem... mahal pulsanya ;)
> > >
> > > <Aryo Sanjaya>
> > > Kadiv PP SceN
> > > STIKI Malang
> > ******
> > idem kang..abis sekarang  tempatku luuaaam bat
> > banget... di karenakan
> > salah satunya banyak  kabel yang ngga' karuan alias
> > mlungker sana -
> > sini..poko'e remex..
> >
> >
> > mmmoahhh
> >
> > Edi Munawan
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> __________________________________________________
> Do You Yahoo!?
> Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
> http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

OK everybody,

This attachment file will introduce you all to know
everything about networking fundamentals.
It tells you about what, why, when and how the
networking works.
It wrote for fellows that really don't know anything
about computer networking.

Best Regards.
-=Draco=-

--- edix <edixp@...> wrote:
> --- In scen@y..., "Aryo Sanjaya" <arka@p...> wrote:
> >
> > > Here is your networking guide....
> > >
> >
> > mungkin mas pengirim bisa sedikit menerangkan
> tentang
> > isi file attachment-nya, soalnya saya ragu-ragu
> > untuk download...
> > maklum, saya pake modem... mahal pulsanya ;)
> >
> > <Aryo Sanjaya>
> > Kadiv PP SceN
> > STIKI Malang
> ******
> idem kang..abis sekarang  tempatku luuaaam bat
> banget... di karenakan
> salah satunya banyak  kabel yang ngga' karuan alias
> mlungker sana -
> sini..poko'e remex..
>
>
> mmmoahhh
>
> Edi Munawan
>
>
>


__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

--- In scen@y..., "Aryo Sanjaya" <arka@p...> wrote:
>
> > Here is your networking guide....
> >
>
> mungkin mas pengirim bisa sedikit menerangkan tentang
> isi file attachment-nya, soalnya saya ragu-ragu
> untuk download...
> maklum, saya pake modem... mahal pulsanya ;)
>
> <Aryo Sanjaya>
> Kadiv PP SceN
> STIKI Malang
******
idem kang..abis sekarang  tempatku luuaaam bat banget... di karenakan
salah satunya banyak  kabel yang ngga' karuan alias mlungker sana -
sini..poko'e remex..


mmmoahhh

Edi Munawan

> Here is your networking guide....
>

mungkin mas pengirim bisa sedikit menerangkan tentang
isi file attachment-nya, soalnya saya ragu-ragu
untuk download...
maklum, saya pake modem... mahal pulsanya ;)

<Aryo Sanjaya>
Kadiv PP SceN
STIKI Malang

Here is your networking guide....

__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/

--- In scen@y..., mni210995@y... wrote:
> Yak opo rek ? gak ono bahan omong-omongan-a?
>
> Dhel aku perlu ngomong perkoro rabimu ! SERIUS & PUENTING BANGET,
> ASAP
> -Draco-



Ojo gelem dhel, iki milis TI.
dudu' milis posmo...

tapi yok opo rabimu ?  isek suwe tah ?   jare-ne bulan mei ?

jareku awakmu ora perlu buru-buru, lha wong wes kelakon, kewajibanne..
mengko ae, bareng-bareng...
bareng aku, bareng bondet...  nek perlu ngenteni tokek menisan... ;)


<Aryo Sanjaya>
Kadiv PP SCeN
STIKI Malang

Yak opo rek ? gak ono bahan omong-omongan-a?

Dhel aku perlu ngomong perkoro rabimu ! SERIUS & PUENTING BANGET,
ASAP
-Draco-

wuaduh banyaknya dicarinya...

santai pak, ada aku kok :P

muahhh!

Draco.


--- In scen@y..., "edix" <edixp@h...> wrote:
> haloooo..ko' ngga' ad membernya tolong anak2
> dicariiiiidicariiiiidicariiiiidicariiiiidicariiiii
>
>
>
> best regards
>
> edi munawan

halo..halo..halo..halo..halo..


edix

haloooo..ko' ngga' ad membernya tolong anak2
dicariiiiidicariiiiidicariiiiidicariiiiidicariiiii



best regards

edi munawan