----- Original Message -----
From: "Gary Vesperman" <vman@...>
To: <Strategic_Plan@...>; <carl.wiggins@...>;
<Bob.Emond@...>; <Bill.Kennedy@...>
Cc: "David Crockett Williams" <gear2000@...>; "Patrick Bailey"
<ine@...>
Sent: Friday, April 21, 2000 12:01 AM
Subject: My comment to be included in DOE's Strategic Plan

Please include the following comment in the public record
for the DOE's Strategic Plan:

Since 1993 I have been following the development of new
sources of energy whose origins in general lie outside the mostly
uncreative mainstream science bureacracies of academia, government
and large corporations. The remainder of my comment is an
excerpt of a compilation of advanced technologies I have written
and occasionally revised the past couple of years. I believe that
the energy inventions herein described should be included in the
DOE's Strategic Plan for honest evaluation and possibly vigorous
commercialization.

Gary C. Vesperman
3123 Trueno Road
Henderson, NV 89014-3142
(702) 435-7947
vman@...


Introduction

I used to be associated with a resort complex to be built on a large tract
of raw land which is located outside the United States. This project
presented a rare opportunity to incorporate on a large scale current
thinking and ideas prevailing among experts in urban planning, ecological
sustainability, wildlife habitat preservation, etc. The project also
provided an opportunity and the freedom to utilize advanced technologies
which may lie outside the generally accepted theoretical constraints of
mainstream science. The resort ended up being built by other people on an
adjacent property. The exercise still was somewhat fruitful in stimulating
some fresh ideas.

For the past few years, I have been accumulating knowledge of futuristic
technologies not commonly known among mainstream scientists. I have
personally had the pleasure to know some of the top scientists and inventors
involved with what has been referred to as a mostly unpublicized
international "underground" science research network. Disregarding the
scientific dogma taught by academia, these people have chosen to follow
their own independent paths of scientific discovery to whatever they feel
the genuine scientific truth may be.

I have selected several advanced technologies which seem to be usable for
the foreign resort project. Their selection was based on their being
available for purchase and are definitely past the research and development
stage. Implementation of most of these technologies could occur anytime
before, during or after the construction phase of the project. However, it
should be noted that the electric station car technologies ought to be
adopted as soon as possible as they happen to substantially impact
architectural design and construction. The electrical power infrastructure
could also be affected by adopting one or more small-scaled electrical
generation technologies. Retrofitting at a later date could be costly.

I also have selected a few advanced technologies which are still under
development but may have potential applications for the resort project.

Please be warned that investments and purchases in any of these advanced
technologies should proceed only after a thorough and cautious exercise in
due diligence. Yet their inventors usually do deserve respect and fairness.
In most cases, I can not personally take responsibility for the accuracy and
validity of my descriptions; I am only editing other people's reports.

The literature on the devices which involve extracting energy from
radioactive substances, the ether, hydrogen, etc. contains anecdotes of
strangely behaving devices and explosions and, in some cases, of bodily
injury and even death!

WARNING!

Before experimenting with such devices, protect yourself from harm! Please
try to be well-informed of other experimenters' experience with these
strange devices and beware of danger.


Davis Tidal Turbine

The worldwide electrical energy market has been estimated at $800 billion
(US) per year and rising. "There are 2 billion people who still lack
electricity today, and the world demand in developing countries is doubling
every eight years." (World Watch Institute, May 1997)

The Institute for New Energy maintains a database of 127 new energy
production devices which includes a list based on commercialization criteria
ranging from 0 (found to be lies) to 10 (proven prototype - ready for
commercialization). (I know of several such devices that don't appear to be
included in their database.) The Davis tidal turbine, invented by Canadian
aerospace engineer Barry Davis, is one of only two new energy devices which
have earned a ranking of 10. His company, Blue Energy Canada, Inc., owns one
patent and has filed additional patent applications.

The Davis tidal turbine captures the power of ocean currents and tides to
generate electric current in a module fitted with slowly rotating
hydrofoils. The module does not emit gas of any kind, nor do the hydrofoils
offer any threat to marine organisms swimming through them. With fixed rotor
blades mounted in durable marine concrete caissons, the Davis tidal turbine'
s mechanical simplicity is profound. The basic concept is the multiple
vertical-axis hydro turbine. They are large marine structures of reinforced
concrete and steel that provide the necessary economies of scale. They
generally can be installed in areas with a tidal regime of about 1 meter or
more, or where velocities exceed about 2 meters per second. Standardized
tidal turbine modules can be grouped to meet any site application from ocean
to river in sizes that range from 7.5 megawatts to 15 megawatts for ocean
use, and 5 kilowatts to 500 kilowatts for river use.

The Davis tidal turbine is a low-cost, eco-benign energy alternative. Fueled
by the free forces of rivers and ocean tides and currents, tidal power can
provide a significant amount of the world's energy needs. Energy costs with
the Davis tidal turbine will be around $0.06/kilowatt-hour and eventually
should drop to $0.035/kilowatt-hour for tidal fences in the 1000-megawatt
range. Power outputs from the larger units can be accurately predicted to
within 2 per cent accuracy.

In many instances, tidal fences can double up with transportation corridors,
providing dual infrastructure use with essentially single infrastructure
cost. Coupled with existing grid prices and mounting social and
environmental costs associated with conventional power generation (health
care, climate change, etc.) tidal power is an outstanding and sustainable
energy choice. Remote sites can also produce hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide,
methane and other valuable energy intensive products for widespread
distribution, as well as provide irrigation and desalination facilities.

Tidal energy sites in the world's oceans can provide a significant, viable
and cost-effective source of reliable, inexhaustible energy. Many are
strategically located close to populated areas where they can be
economically harnessed using an ecologically benign, low-head technology.
For example, British Columbia may have up to 50,000 megawatts of potential
tidal power resource.

The Philippines Presidential Office had announced on December 20, 1997 a
$136,000,000 (US) order for a pilot tidal power generation facility which is
likely to be in the Hinatuan Passage area just north of Mindanao. Its
average power output will be 30 megawatts, and its peak power will be 55
megawatts. The pilot project is performance-coupled to the future
development rights of a 1000-megawatt commercial project. The Philippines
hope to become energy exporters.


Electric Station Cars

The Las Vegas Chapter of the Electric Auto Association appears to be one of
the association's stronger chapters. I have attended over 80 per cent of
their monthly meetings for the past several years. I myself have written an
Advanced Self-Powered Electric Vehicle concept (see end of this paper). The
"super car" concept is a proposal for combining advanced technologies I have
collected over the past few years into a futuristic self-powered electric
car superior to conventional cars.

On November 20, 1997, at their November meeting, Martin J. Bernard III,
Ph.D., Executive Director of the National Station Car Association, spoke on
"Station Car Potential in Las Vegas". Of all the meetings I have attended,
his talk was the most practical application of electric vehicles I have
heard. Because I could see an obvious application of the station car concept
to the foreign resort project, I thought I would list a few key points for
further discussion:

Many pages of additional information and diagrams concerning electric
station cars are available on the National Station Car Association's Web
site (www.stncar.com). The Web site includes a photograph which shows some
of the 40 electric station cars currently being used in conjunction with the
Bay Area Transit District in the San Francisco Bay Area. There are a total
of 60 other station cars in several other cities around the United States.

The resort project as presently planned probably allows for lots of parking
space for gasoline-powered cars, gas stations, auto repair facilities, etc.
Because the project is still in the planning stages, there is a high
probability that it can be easily converted to emphasis on electric station
cars. Only three simple changes would have to be made to the plans:

A substantial reduction in paved parking space in exchange for a substantial
increase in landscaping and preserved wildlife habitat. (I think Martin said
up to 90 per cent reduction.)

Reductions in gasoline refueling stations and auto repair facilities.

Installation of electric vehicle charging stations in the remaining parking
lots.

In return, the resort would gain the following benefits:

A more pleasant environment in the immediate vicinity of the resort's
buildings, featuring silence (except noise from an occasional diesel or
gasoline-powered truck), less dust and particles from vehicle exhaust, and
zero runoff from oil dripping on pavement.

More efficient use of the small country's electric power plants which
otherwise can not be operated as efficiently in a small market as compared
to huge markets such as the United States. When I looked up the country's
power information on the Internet, I noticed that a new coal-fired power
plant enters operation in mid-1999. It happens to be impractical to reduce
power output in a coal plant during the middle of the night.

Lower vehicular operating costs.

Less pavement, more landscaping, and increased preservation of the resort's
natural features and greenery.

Electric station cars are not owned by the drivers. Instead they are owned
by an operator such as a municipality or transportation authority. They are
intended for use at places featuring frequent usage and regular access such
as train stations, airports, hotels, convention halls, and downtown areas.

A driver who has previously bought a smart card (similar to a credit card)
swipes the card through a card reader which allows him access to the station
car. He or she then unplugs the car from the charger, drives off, and leaves
it either at the same charging station or a different charging station,
which is then available for the next driver to drive. Arrangements can be
made to leave it at home overnight providing it is driven again the
following morning.

The cars are manufactured in Norway by a family-owned plastic manufacturer.
The car body is a simple lightweight one-piece plastic shell framed with
extruded rods made of recycled aluminum. It is surprisingly sturdy and can
carry two passengers. The pack of nickel-cadmium batteries is hung
underneath the body and range up to 65 miles.

It is reasonable to anticipate that a variety of sizes and improved models
of electric vehicles will become available in a few short years. For
instance, on October 23, 1997, a pre-production Sunrise prototype built by
Solectria Corporation, Wilmington, Massachusetts, was driven from Boston to
New York City on a single charge of its Ovonic nickel/metal-hydride battery
with enough electricity left over to drive an additional 66 kilometers to
Atlantic City for a total range of 405 kilometers (IEEE Spectrum December
1997). Power Technology, Inc., has a brand new battery, compared to
lead-acid batteries, that is 30 per cent to 50 per cent lighter, insensitive
to temperature, long-lived, cheaper, environmentally friendly, quickly
rechargeable, and quadruples the range.

Blacklight Power, Inc., is developing a battery which weighs only 10
kilograms but can supply 150 horsepower for 1,000 miles. Blacklight
compresses hydrogen atoms into lower-energy-state hydrogen atoms called
"hydrinos". When the hydrinos are formed, energy is released which is
considerably more than the energy from chemical reactions but less than from
nuclear reactions. (See Blacklight Power's impressive Web site
http://www.blacklightpower.com .)

Each car is equipped with a commercially available electronic tracking
device. The San Francisco Bay Area is ringed with 15 transmitting towers.
Each car can be located with an accuracy of 4 feet in case it is stolen.

At each station, a driver returning a car is responsible for cleaning the
car and plugging the car into a battery charger before leaving it.


POWR/MASTR (trademark) Industrial Engine

The commercially available POWR/MASTR (trademark) is a high-efficiency,
long-life industrial engine which is fueled by natural gas, propane or
butane. A POWR/MASTR (trademark) can be directly connected to gas company
pipelines and so never needs refueling. Each POWR/MASTR (trademark) unit can
generate over 145 horsepower for mechanical power needs, or 100 kilowatts of
electricity for electric power needs. POWR/MASTR (trademark) units can be
linked together in parallel and/or linked to utility company electricity to
satisfy energy requirements of any size.

POWR/MASTR (trademark) offers savings of up to 50 per cent over other
mechanical power costs, or up to 70 per cent over utility company charges
for electricity. A San Diego shopping center saves $125,000 per year in
electricity costs.

POWR/MASTR (trademark) is environmentally friendly, using only clean burning
gases at a maximum rate of 9 therms/900,000 Btu/900 cubic feet per hour of
natural gas. When less power is needed than 100 kilowatts or 145 horsepower,
POWR/MASTR (trademark) automatically self-adjusts to use less fuel.
Operating at less than a quiet 60 dB at 20 feet, POWR/MASTR (trademark)
sounds no louder than a new car engine at idle. It also produces far less
harmful exhaust emissions than a typical gasoline-fueled automotive engine.
POWR/MASTR (trademark) is fully automated and designed for 60 months of
continuous use with maintenance regularly scheduled every 1,500 hours.

Each POWR/MASTR (trademark) unit weighs 3,200 lb., and its size is 8 feet
long by 5 feet wide by 6 feet high. A POWR/MASTR (trademark) unit can be
transported on its own delivery trailer and installed by one person in about
four hours after site preparation. No cranes, work crews, nor special
foundations are necessary. An adjustable level platform system is built-in
so that no poured nor perfectly level pad is required. Controls are included
at no charge to allow more than one POWR/MASTR (trademark) unit to deliver
electricity with other power generation units or in conjunction with utility
company power.


Hydrosonic Pump

The hydrosonic pump seems destined to become a billion-dollar invention with
many applications. It is really a zero-pressure boiler, not a pump. The
inventor has been calling it a pump so as to avoid tangling up with strict
American Society of Mechanical Engineers boiler codes.

Mechanical input power rotates the shaft, and plain water is converted to
steam without the need for hot surfaces. The process seems to be actually a
form of fusion where collapsing microscopic bubbles momentarily create
extremely high pressures and temperatures. The technical term for this
phenomenon is "sono-luminescence". The energy conversion efficiency is
around 130 per cent. (To prevent confusion, it should be clearly understood
that the hydrosonic pump on the macro scale does NOT operate at high
temperatures and pressures as is the case with nuclear or fossil-fueled
boilers.)

One application is to use a windmill to turn the shaft. Out of the nozzle
comes steam which drives a steam turbine to produce electricity. The steam
then enters a condenser from which can be obtained potable water and hot
water for space heating. For remote islands, for example, the hydrosonic
pump would be very useful. One utility is reportedly already looking at
increasing the efficiencies of its nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants by
3 - 5 percentage points.

Nevada has large underground reservoirs of useless mineralized water. The
hydrosonic pump could be the centerpiece of a large-scale scheme to generate
electricity, heat and potable water.

The hydrosonic pump is actually being commercially manufactured and sold.
The inventor definitely is using the correct approach in that since the pump
is such a new technology, for some time he has been simply building one unit
at a time in various sizes and configurations. He has been purposely
restricting their sale to local installations so he can closely monitor
their performance and incorporate improvements and changes into future
units.

As of May 1996, he had 14 units actually installed and operating. One
application is for producing clean steam on demand for a commercial laundry.
Based on feedback from customers' experience with them, he is evolving
step-by-step in an organized manner towards eventual mass production of
fully validated units. It seems to be much easier to obtain expansion
capital for actual commercial units than "laboratory queens".


Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge Reactor

A typical flashlight's light bulb is a glass vacuum tube where the
flashlight's batteries force current through the bulb's filament, resulting
in a power loss equal to the square of the current times the positive
resistance of the filament. The power is then radiated out of the light bulb
as light and heat.

Physicists have known for many years that the pulsed abnormal glow of a
discharge tube has a negative resistance characteristic. What physicists
have not appreciated, until the development of the PAGD reactor, was the
real possibility or the knowledge of precisely how to go about extracting
'free' energy by exciting self-sustaining oscillations in the plasma
discharge.

The pulsed abnormal glow discharge (PAGD) reactor (U.S. Patents 5,416,391,
5,449,989, and 5,502,354) is an over-sized glass vacuum tube which is
constructed and electrically driven within a narrow range of DC voltage so
that it operates with negative resistance. Because of the reactor's negative
resistance, other components with positive resistance such as light bulbs,
batteries, and motors can be inserted in the circuit without drawing energy
from the DC power source, up to the reactor's maximum amount of negative
resistance.

The PAGD reactor's function is based upon heretofore unknown spontaneous
emission properties of certain metals in vacuum and involves an anomalous
cathode reaction force. The reactor may be conceived of as a portable vacuum
battery made active only when needed.

The technology employs cold-cathode vacuum discharge plasma reactors to set
up self-exciting oscillations, in the form of pulsed abnormal glow
discharges triggered by auto-electronic emissions, in order to produce
power. The circuit is driven from a direct current source of impedance
sufficient to prevent establishment of a sustained vacuum arc discharge. In
combination with a special circuit, electrical power, in excess of the input
power needed for operation, can be extracted. The system, therefore, may
also be referred to as an over-unity system where net energy output greatly
exceeds net energy input.

The experimental data show numerous tests involving the discharge of a
source bank of 12-volt cells as the powered apparatus recharges an output
bank of cells and/or runs an electric motor. In one typical test run, within
20 minutes, 0.988 kilowatt-hour of energy is generated for an input of 0.258
kilowatt-hours. Power conversion gain performance efficiencies are clearly
shown in the figures by data plots on a scale that runs to 1000 per cent.
One power conversion gain efficiency cited was 483 per cent.

It seems that the PAGD reactor's inventors have conquered the problem of
electrode over-heating after long duration running of many devices built
using different electrode configurations, shapes and materials. The PAGD
reactor's development is now at the point where predictably 40
megawatt-hours of energy can be delivered from something of light-weight
construction that one can hold in one hand.

Imagine holding something that can deliver 2 kilowatts of electrical power
output and keep going for 20,000 hours. Then ask yourself when we can expect
to see self-powered electrical vehicles on our roads using somewhat larger
versions of those tubes.

Unlike the chemically-assisted nuclear reaction process, which outputs
low-grade heat, the PAGD reactor directly generates electricity at power
voltage levels, without any utilization of cold or thermonuclear fusion
principles. Another important feature of the apparatus is that it employs no
radioactive compounds and generates no nuclear radiation or radioisotopes.
The energy system is entirely pollution-free, self-contained and composed of
readily recyclable materials. Storage of the power produced may be carried
out by traditional means, be these mechanical or electrical.

At least three patents have so far been issued. One of the patents involves
an associated motor drive which provides for direct electromechanical
transformation of the energy accumulated within the reactor. Additional
patents covering various aspects and applications of the PAGD reactor are
being sought.

Energy conversion system applications for electric vehicles, stand-alone
power supplies and autonomous housing are currently under development. The
inventors hope that by making vehicles self-sufficient in terms of energy,
the PAGD reactor will offer the possibility of bypassing massive
infrastructure expansions in order to make the electric vehicle a feasible
reality while solving the problem of range which currently detracts from its
appeal. Other potential applications include pulsed lasers, inverters,
transformer and motor circuits. The inventors are presently engaged in
negotiating licensing agreements with a view to development of the
applications.


Testatika Free Energy Machine

The Testatika free energy machine was developed over a 20-year research
period in Switzerland. It resembles a Wimshurst electrostatic generator
commonly seen in high school physics labs. Other documents may refer to it
as the "Swiss M-L converter" or "Thesta-Distatica." The inventor of this
superb machine, Paul Baumann, claims its running principle was found by
studying the effects of lightning.

Testatika not only runs on its own energy but produces also a huge amount of
excess power. A video shows a demonstrator unit producing at least 3
kilowatts of power. Yet the machine is only about 70 cm wide, 40 cm deep,
and about 60 cm tall. It delivers DC voltage ranging from 270 to 320 volts,
only depending on the dryness of the air. At this voltage it can supply at
least 10 amperes of DC current.

Testatika is not a perpetuum mobile, but an energy machine that collects its
"free" energy from the charged and ionized air particles. Some technological
tricks are implemented to overcome the normal drag-resistance of a
conventional Wimshurst machine, which is still the secret of the Swiss
group. However, progress is being made by several researchers in the
underground science network in deducing and explaining the basic mechanisms
of this remarkable machine.

The initial high voltage, at high frequency, is produced by twin
counter-revolving electrostatic disks made from magnetic stainless steel.
The magnetic disk segments provide an electromagnetic speed control for the
disks, while functioning as electrostatic elements to provide the very high
voltage.

The solid-state amplification subsystem consists of polarized sections of
barium-iron permanent magnets with multiple coil arrays, as first introduced
by Hans Coler in Germany during the 1940's. This subsystem increases the
amperage level about 20 times from the 150 watts from the twin electrostatic
disks up to about 3000 watts at the output terminals.

An independent feedback subsystem provides the electromagnetic force to
power a small DC motor to revolve the twin electrostatic disks continuously.
This arrangement consists of two horseshoe magnets with coil sets wound
fully around each magnet leg. This feedback method provides that the
Testatika free-energy machine is a fully standalone system, with no external
power input. Once the two disks are turned by hand, they continue to revolve
on their own, producing free energy.

The Testatika machines (some smaller units also exist which only deliver
about 200-300 watts) are not yet mass-production type models. They are still
laboratory prototype units, although they are built with a very good
craftsmanship. No maintenance is required with these units.

Besides powering a Swiss commune of 3,000 people, at least four Testatika
free energy machines are reportedly in operation in Palm Springs,
California, Canada, Florida, and another western state. The parts and
materials for one powerful enough to electrify a house are estimated to cost
about $2,000. Two commercial sizes reportedly have been developed. The
smaller unit weighs about 50 pounds and generates 4 to 5 kilowatts. The
larger unit has two disks 3 meters in diameter rotating at 12,000 RPM and
generates 30 kilowatts.


GeoExchange Heat Pump

A refrigerator is a one-way heat pump that cools the inside of the box by
removing heat, which is then pumped someplace else. Cold air is not pumped
into refrigerators.

Conventional air conditioners pump hot air from the inside of a home into
the outside air. Because the outside air is already so hot in the summer,
the difficulty of pumping hot air into air that is already hot results in
low efficiency and high energy costs.

GeoExchange Heat Pumps are electrically-powered devices that use the natural
heat storage ability of the earth or the earth's ground water to heat and
cool a structure. They are being promoted by the Geothermal Heat Pump
Consortium which claims that they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40
per cent or more over traditional air conditioners.

At the Bella Vivente subdivision of Lake Las Vegas, Henderson, Nevada, their
GeoExchange system pumps heat into and out of homes with one loop of pipe
which is connected to the lake. Residents save an average of $150 per month
in heating and air conditioning bills. Other advantages include eliminating
noisy and unattractive outdoor condensers and cooling towers.


Hydro-Magnetic Dynamo

Russian inventor Oleg V. Gritskevitch's performance CLAIMS for his
"hydro-magnetic dynamo" are as follows:

Dynamos are scaleable from 100 kilowatts to 1,000 megawatts. Dynamos can be
built as big as
1,000 megawatts. Seven such dynamos can be stacked on top of one another to
make a single 7,000-megawatt unit about the size of a two-car garage. For
comparison, Hoover Dam's 17 generators have a total rated capacity of 2,000
megawatts.

A dynamo can reliably run continuously for 25 years or more with little or
no maintenance, no external fuel source, and no pollution. If a dynamo's
output is 1,000 kilowatts, its total input power is approximately 10
kilowatts. So the dynamo's energy efficiency is 10,000 per cent, or 100 to
1.

The source of the dynamo's massive electrical output is a nuclear reaction
which is not generally known to mainstream science. However, it is known
that the dynamo produces alpha particles which are helium nuclei made from
fused deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron. The
electrons missing from the helium nuclei are what seem to provide a copious
"sink" of electricity, and which happens to be the source of the dynamo's
ability to generate an exceptionally large amount of electricity. It is also
known that the dynamo uses high-density charge clusters. High-density charge
clusters are the basis of plasma-injected transmutation of elements and
low-voltage nuclear transmutation of radioactive materials.

There were three dynamo prototypes built. The first two small experimental
prototypes were built in Vladivostok. The third and last prototype generated
electricity off and on from 1992 to January 1997 in Armenia. (It was sadly
destroyed during an armed rebellion by local religious fanatics unhappy with
the Armenian government.) It generated a constant current of 6,800 amperes
at 220 volts DC. That multiplies out to nearly 1.5 megawatts. In the winter
when lower temperatures allowed more efficient cooling, the power output was
increased to 2.5 megawatts. The Armenian prototype dynamo's toroid weighed
900 kilograms and had a diameter of approximately 2 meters.

Cooling water is circulated through copper pipes wrapped around the toroid.
The heat is expelled from the cooling water with a heat exchanger.

After a dynamo is assembled in a factory, the water is literally
jump-started (by discharging a large bank of capacitors) to moving around
the toroid. The dynamo's controls are temporarily set to generating enough
of a modest amount of electricity to sustain itself, even while being
transported from the factory to its site. For the Armenian prototype dynamo,
two10-farad capacitor banks (from Russian military radar stations) were used
to provide the initial water motion (acceleration and excitation of water).
Using a total of 20,000 joules, 100,000 volts with 0.05 amperes of current
were applied to the Armenian dynamo for 3 - 5 minutes for starting its
generation of electricity.

After these Russian radar capacitors were used to jump-start the Armenian
prototype dynamo, a bank of buffer batteries sustained continuous operation
when water motion and ionizing occurs. This battery bank contained 8
powerful 12-volt, 150-ampere lead batteries. The Armenian dynamo's
sustaining input power was 14,400 watts. (For comparision, in winter, the
Armenian dynamo's output power was 2,500,000 watts.) Once, the output
current was accidentally increased to 40,000 amperes for almost a minute.
Fortunately, the power was reduced to a safe level before the water started
to boil. Internal coils (windings) control water velocity and therefore
dynamo power.

The dynamo's production cost is estimated at $500 per kilowatt which is
competitive to nuclear power's capital costs of $5,000 per kilowatt,
windmill capital costs of $4,000 per kilowatt, etc. A well-run nuclear power
plant can generate power for 1.5 cents per kilowatt-hour, coal 1.8 cents,
natural gas 3.4 cents, and oil 4.1 cents, on the average. The dynamo's
operating cost would be approximately .1 cent per kilowatt-hour with no
external fuel needed nor pollution.

Dynamos could replace all nuclear power plants, solar installations,
wood-buring furnaces, hydro-electric dams, windmills, fossil-fueled power
plants, etc. Satellites, locomotives, heavy trucks, airplanes, and ships are
obvious applications. It does not seem that dynamos can be made compact
enough to power electric cars although it certainly would be worth trying.

A Forbes article states that PECO (formerly Philadelphia Electric Company),
with an income stream to back it up, was able to sell on Wall Street $4
billion worth of bonds paying 5.8 per cent. A dynamo manufacturer could
simply sell bonds to build and operate dynamos at a low interest rate.
Dynamo loan payback times may be in the ball park of a half-year to a year,
depending on the local electricity market price. As soon as a dynamo is
paid for, the revenue from that time on would be almost pure profit. Once a
track record is established by successfully installing a few dynamos, the
dynamo company could raise money to build more dynamos by simply selling
billions of dollars of bonds instead of stock. So therefore, there wouldn't
be any dilution of ownership.

A recent IEEE Spectrum article stated that world demand for electricity
increases approximately 500 megawatts every day. To put this in perspective,
the equivalent of another Hoover Dam would have to be built every four days
to keep up with world electricity increase demands. Or, a dynamo
manufacturing company would have to build another 500-megawatt dynamo every
single day to keep up with world electricity increase demand in addition to
replacing all existing generators fueled by hydro, nuclear, and fossil
fuels.

The following is a translation, with slight editing for increased clarity,
of the "Description" of the dynamo's Russian patent. The numbers in the
"Description" refer to the patent's drawing which is attached to this email.
Note that while the drawing shows 4 electrodes, the dynamo actually uses 32
electrodes.

The Description
IPC H 02 K 44/00
Method of deriving of electrical energy and organization of Gritskevich's
MHD-generator for its realization

This invention is regarding a new source of energy, i.e., about deriving an
electric power by using MHD-generators.

The method of deriving of energy [1] (in particular thermal) by means of
organization of movement of water in certain direction inside a closed loop
is already known. The given method uses unique properties of water which
cause a release of energy as an outcome of a rupture of hydrogen
connections. Along with a thermal, an outcome of electrical energy occurs.
However, the given method does not allow to receive electrical energy in a
suitable for use kind. In a similar method [2] (with not only usage of water
but with any polar liquid as a substitute) a proof of outcome of additional
liquid energy occurs and it's just on the part of the process of a cold
nuclear fusion and cavitational processes. The given method isn't intended
for deriving electrical energy as well.

An organization and method of deriving of electrical energy [3, 4] are known
by means of organization of movement of ferromagnetic spheroids in certain
direction inside closed channel when the voltage, obtained as a result of an
electromagnetic induction, was used with the help of electromagnetic
windings. The device realizing this method contains tightly closed
(hermetically sealed) toroid-style channel, in which a conducting media and
electromagnetic system with windings have been placed (as ferromagnetic
spheroids). The device and the method have low efficiency, are rather
complicated and have low reliability.

An organization and method of deriving of electrical energy [5, 6] are
known, and were chosen to be a prototype, by means of organization of
movement of a conducting media in certain direction inside closed channel,
in the case when obtained electrical energy is used by electromagnetic
windings. Ionized gas is used as a conducting media. The device that
accomplishes the realization of this method (the MHD generator) contains a
closed (sealed) toroid-style channel whose body is made from a non-magnetic
material, whose inside part is covered by dielectric material, and
electromagnetic system with windings as well. Both the organization and
method have low efficiency, are rather complicated and have low reliability.
In addition, this (known) method is not ecologically safe.

Ultimate purposes (goals) of prospective engineering solutions are the
following: increasing of efficiency, reliability and ecological safety, and
simplification of a construction of the MHD generator as well.

The indicated goals can be achieved as follows.

In the known (mentioned before) method of deriving of electrical energy by
means of organization (controlling) of movement of a conducting media in
certain direction inside a closed (sealed) loop when the electrical energy
is derived by electromagnetic windings, new point is the fact that a polar
liquid is used as a media, which liquid gets ionized and actuated even at
the start-up time by a running magnetic field with the help of stimulating
electromagnetic windings, and the movement of a media is organized
(controlled) inside a tightly sealed channel (circuit) whose internal walls'
factor of a dielectric permeability is greater than the polar liquid's one .

The liquid can be ionized by a high-voltage discharges or with the help of
disk made from a non-magnetic material, who is gyrating inside the channel
with a liquid.

Liquid's movement can be stabilized with the help of tight hermetically
sealed chamber, filled-in with a polar liquid. And the chamber has
electromagnetic windings and it is connected to the channel.

If a water is being used as a liquid, it can be preliminary activated by
adding heavy water.

In the known (mentioned before) device of the MHD-generator containing a
closed toroid-style channel with a body made from a non-magnetic material,
whose inside part is covered with a dielectric material, and electromagnetic
system with windings as well, a new point is the fact that the channel is
built tight (hermetically sealed) and is filled in with a polar liquid,
where the factor of the dielectric permeability of the covering material is
greater than the liquid's one.

A water can be used as a liquid, containing heavy water as an option.

The MHD-generator can contain a tight (hermetically sealed) stabilization
chamber, having a junction with the channel, placed outside of it in the
internal area of a toroid. In this case the chamber can be built as a
cylinder, whose axis lies in the plane of a middle axis of the toroid-style
channel.

MHD-generator can contain a device for ionization of the liquid, which
device can be built either as electrodes (placed inside the channel and
joined with a source of high-voltage periodic voltage), or either as a disk
made from a non-magnetic material (placed the same way inside the channel
and kinematically joined with the drive of rotary movement).

The electromagnetic system can contain force (power) windings and windings
of stimulation which can be physically placed inside the channel.

A segnetoelectrical material can be used as a cover of walls of the channel.

These inventions are explained (accompanied) by drawings (figures), where on
dr.1 (fig.1) the general view of the generator as shown, and on dr.2 (fig.2)
the transversal slit (section, cut) is shown.

The invention is explained on the example of hydro-magnetic dynamo of
Gritskevich (OGRI).

The dynamo contains hollow toroid-style body 1 of a cermet (metal +
ceramics), whose internal surface is covered with a synergetical stratum
(layer) 2, and the concavity is filled in with a pure (distilled) water 3
with added heavy water in it. In the body's channel 1 electrodes 4 (made
from a hard-alloy material) are placed, connected to a power supply, and
also stimulation windings 5 connected to the power supply are placed. Inside
the body's ring 1 a cylindrical stabilization chamber 6 (made from a cermet)
connected with the body's channel 1 is mounted. The internal surface of the
chamber 6 is covered with a synergetical stratum (layer) 7 as well, and the
concavity is filled in with pure (distilled) water 8 with added heavy water
in it. The body 1 and the chamber 6 have force (power) windings 9 and 10 at
the outside.

Hydro-magnetic dynamo works the following way. The partially pre-ionized (on
the part of the heavy water) water 3 gets ionized further by the
high-voltage discharges by electrodes 4. With the help of windings 6 a
running magnetic field is being created, which field creates movement of
water 3 in one direction inside the body's channel 1. An electromotive force
gets created by the electromagnetic induction in windings 9. During the
movement of the water stream free electrons get created, and an additional
energy gets emitted because of water's friction (viscosity) 3 against the
stratum (layer) 2, and because of electrostatic breakdowns of
cavitatal-vacuum structures and of the ongoing reaction of the cold nuclear
fusion. In this case the energy's (power's) volume received in the windings
9 can be greater than the energy's volume wasted for liquid's ionization and
start-up by the electrodes 4 and windings 5. Moreover, the presented
organization and method do not conflict with the energy conservation law.
Because the redundant energy (in relation to brought-up energy) gets emitted
from the water 3 and from the internal stratums (layers) 2 as well, which
are due for replacement after certain interval of usage. The stabilization
of the liquid's movement 3 gets created during the interaction (-e) of
charges in it with other charges in the chamber 6. The electric power from
windings 10 also can be used.

Information sources:

1. Application ??? WO 90/00526, 1990.
2. Patent RU No2124681, 1999.
3. Copyright certificate USSR No753372, 1980.
4. Patent USA No3496781, 1967.
5. Patent RU No2071163, 1996.
6. Application RU No95110712, 1997.


High-Temperature Incinerator

This simple process reportedly incinerates garbage, sawdust, and wood chips
at such an unbelievably high temperature that even thermocouples at 3200
degrees burn up. So little odor and smoke is produced that a prototype was
tested indoors. Very little waste is left behind which needs to be trucked
away. The high-grade heat from this type of incinerator can be used for
generating electricity and producing process heat.


Small-Scaled Energy Production

Large-scaled centralized electrical generation facilities typically require
costly fuel, pollute, use up large areas of land for generators and power
lines, are unsafe in the case of nuclear, have limited operating lifetimes
of a few decades, and inherently subject large regions to blackouts. The
country where the resort complex is to be located currently is expanding its
electricity generating capacity by building large-scaled fossil-fueled power
plants.

Small-scaled decentralized electrical generating units ideally do not
require any costly fuel, do not pollute, only require a square meter or two
of floor space, are standalone and do not interlock with a power grid, and
are dependable.

What are referred to as "renewable" energy sources are receiving much
attention and R and D support. They include producing and using hydrogen as
a fuel, fuel cells, solar, and wind. Some types are already in use such as
windmills, solar water heaters, and solar box ovens for cooking. (I myself
own and use a solar box oven with excellent results, particularly with
baking delicious potatoes.) While the intent is laudable and much clever
engineering has been accomplished, solar and wind, for example, are
inherently not completely satisfactory sources of energy.

The international underground science research network seems to focus mostly
on developing unconventional new sources of energy. The basis of many of
their devices is extracting energy in some fashion from the ether.

The hydrosonic pump (see above) is a rare example of an unconventional new
source of energy which is actually being commercially manufactured and sold.
The pulsed abnormal glow discharge reactor is one of many examples of
unconventional new sources of energy that, to my knowledge, are not
currently being commercialized.

The country's people may be interested in starting up a massive new industry
specializing in researching and commercializing new sources of energy,
particularly etheric energy. They could follow a path similar to Taiwan
becoming a strong computer manufacturer, for example, even though Taiwan is
merely an out-of-the-way island.

Since such an organization is a new concept with me, what follows are some
thoughts I have come up with:

Our first task should be to try to define somewhat just what is it the new
organization is supposed to research and commercialize. The mission of Ether
and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc., (which seems as good a name as any
other) would be to take advantage of this small country's freedom from
scientific dogma and pioneering entrepreneurial spirit in researching and
commercializing applications of etheric energy, the existence of which is
pooh-poohed by practically all physicists.

The potential applications of etheric energy are diverse. Major categories I
can think of are:

Over-unity gain energy conversion by rotating magnets and electronic
circuits

Plasma-injected transmutation for radioactivity amelioration, thermal energy
production,
and manufacture of scarce elements out of more plentiful elements

High-density charge clusters

Radiovoltaic, petrovoltaic, and super-capacitor batteries

Self-powered electric vehicles

Niches in agricultural technology

Medical treatment devices

Self-powered heating, air conditioning, and ventilation equipment

Stand-alone power supplies for appliances, office equipment, instruments,
etc.

Anti-gravity

Etheric weather engineering

Shape power

Space flight

Archaeology

Machine tools

Electrical power generation

Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc., should establish a close
relationship with the local university's engineering departments for two
reasons: One would be to build up, organize, and document the theoretical
underpinnings of ether engineering. The other would be to train and inspire
young engineers in the exciting new field of ether engineering.

There was a similar situation during the 1950's and 1960's where Stanford
University's electrical engineering faculty helped start the computer and
semiconductor companies of the now fabulously successful Silicon Valley. I
see a similarly wealthy "Ether Valley" starting up in the country's capital
city. It could be a sound business decision for several reasons:

The country could get rid of its coal-fired power plants.

The country could ensure its long-term financial and energy survival by
commercializing new sources of energy and other applications of etheric
energy while its primary electrical energy generation and distribution
business gradually disappears.

Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc., could greatly enhance the
livability of employees, customers, friends, relatives, and shareholders who
live in the country by eliminating smog, reducing living costs, improving
health standards, controlling the weather, and removing unsightly power
lines and transformers.

PacifiCorp Holdings, Inc., an Oregon public utility holding company and the
third largest power utility west of the Mississippi River, has already set a
precedent by investing $1,000,000 in Blacklight Power, Inc., of Malvern,
Pennsylvania. Blacklight Power is developing an exotic new source of clean
energy from ordinary water. Either an electrolytic cell or gaseous potassium
ions in a vacuum compress hydrogen atoms into lower-energy-state hydrogen
atoms called "hydrinos". When the hydrinos are formed, energy is released
which in magnitude is between chemical and nuclear energy. Blacklight has
ambitious plans for retrofitting fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants.

Blacklight is developing a 100-kilowatt generator which can power a car
100,000 miles on a tank of water. Blacklight Power, Inc., also claims on its
Web site that it is developing a 10-kilogram battery which can supply 150
horsepower for 1,000 miles. Parked in a garage, it would seem that the car's
battery charger could feed electricity back into the electric power grid and
help pay for the car. Unfortunately, generators in homes and small
businesses pose a safety problem for power company workers who normally
assume the power is off from the central generating stations when there is a
blackout.

The price of Blacklight Power's stock in private offerings has increased
from $.75/share in 1991 to $1,500/share in 1996 (not publicly listed). A
recent stock offering sold $5,000,000 in one week and may close at
$10,000,000. Because energy is one of the world's largest industries,
Blacklight Power offers an example of how lucrative a validated new source
of energy can be.

As a public service, I would be happy to work part-time as an advisor to
Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc.

I am acquainted with many of the key scientists and inventors who have done
so much to create physical etheric devices as well as develop ether physics.
I think I can easily line up an advisory board of highly qualified technical
consultants.

There seems to be a high likelihood of productive ether engineering research
that could be accomplished for two or three more decades. The initial
emphasis of Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc., should be to
commercialize an existing inventory of devices and technologies that are at
least close to being ready to market and to which Ether and Charge Cluster
Engineering, Inc., could acquire licenses and rights. It should be reminded
that commercialization of any inventions is contingent upon acquisition to
patents, licenses, rights, territories, application fields, etc.

I am certain that a modest amount of advertising in publications which cover
the ether and charge cluster engineering fields such as New Energy News,
Electrifying Times, Journal of New Energy, Exotic Research, Planetary
Association of Clean Energy, Space Energy Journal, Nexus, and Infinite
Energy - Cold Fusion and New Energy Technology would attract additional
inventors.

However, it is crucial that Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc.,
first establishes a reputation for being fair and responsible when
negotiating with inventors for the rights to their inventions. It is also
crucial that Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc., recruits competent
staff not only for engineering and management, but also for evaluating the
reality and economic worth of ether-related inventions.

The human species has laboriously pulled an impressively diverse mix of new
energy technologies out of the dark hole of its ignorance. (I have counted
about 50 new sources of energy in this report.) Sometime in the future,
Ether and Charge Cluster Engineering, Inc., could conceivably find a
particular energy technology it has commercialized in competition with some
other energy technology. By simultaneously commercializing a variety of
ether-related energy technologies, I am confident that profitable niches in
the immense energy business as well as applications of etheric energy to
industries unrelated to energy production can be found for many years to
come.

What follows is a sampling of energy inventions - at least nearly all of
which could be candidates as small-scaled energy production units and, in
some cases, even as off-grid electricity generators. Please keep in mind
that some may require additional development and/or verification.


High-Density Charge Cluster Technology.

Nearly solid-state electrical energy converter (U.S. Patent 5,018,180) with
a stable over-unity power conversion gain of approximately 5. The gain can
be cranked up to a maximum of approximately 100 but then loses stability. A
fax sent August 1996 reported that it now "appears capable of providing 1
kilowatt of thermal energy plus 1 kilowatt of electrical output per cubic
inch with a power supply (small) and heat exchanger". The high-density
charge cluster device also offers ease of manufacture as well as
compactness. It is thought that this new technology is so fundamental that
ultimately 1,000 doctorate theses could be researched and written by
academia. For example, one university is researching flat-panel displays
based on high-density charge cluster technology. High-density charge cluster
technology appears to be a credible candidate for an advanced self-powered
electric vehicle's on-board battery charger.


Low-Energy Nuclear Transmutation - A Primer for Non-Physicists.

The physics of high-density charge cluster technology can be explained
somewhat by the following which was written primarily for non-scientists.
Low-energy nuclear transmutation is thought by some to be the basis for
these technologies mentioned elsewhere in this compilation of advanced
technologies: pulsed abnormal glow discharge reactor, cold fusion reactor
with thermal-to-electric conversion, fiber-based cold fusion power cell,
hybrid cold-fusion hydrogen reactor, and gas-phase catalytic fusion.

Atoms comprise of negatively charged electrons whirling around a relatively
small nucleus of neutrons and positively charged protons. Protons have a
mass 1836 times the mass of electrons. A neutron is a combination of an
electron and a proton with zero net electrostatic charge. An atom's number
of protons and its equal number of electrons determine its type of element.
Only when a positive ion (such as a proton or nucleus of a helium atom)
penetrates an atom's nucleus does the atomic nucleus become another element
(or another isotope of the same element) or becomes unstable and splits
(fissions) into two or more elements.

For decades, physicists have assumed that changing (transmuting) elements
always requires high energies. Elaborately expensive machinery was required
to accelerate a positively charged particle of less than atomic size to a
high enough energy to overcome the electrostatic repulsion of an atom's
nucleus and penetrate its interior.

The inaccurately named "cold fusion" is only one of several types of
physical phenomena which indicate the existence of a mechanism by which
elements could be changed to other elements without seemingly requiring very
high energies. However, the secret of cold fusion's excess heat had remained
a mystery until September 13, 1996 when Kenneth Shoulders explained how the
fracturing of palladium loaded with hydrogen (deuterons) could produce
high-density charge clusters and cause nuclear reactions. Based on this
evidence and on the pioneering work of Rod Neal and Stan Gleeson, a trio of
physicists, Hal Fox, Robert W. Bass, and Shang-Xian Jin, finally deduced a
more complete theory of the nature of the mechanism which extends beyond the
discovery of cold fusion. The magnitude of their fundamental scientific
discovery can best be appreciated by considering that Hal Fox's Fusion
Information Center, Inc., has collected over 3,000 papers on cold fusion
since its discovery in 1989 without anyone else being able to offer a
complete understanding of just how cold fusion works.

What follows is a simplified explanation of their remarkable concept using
an analogy of electrons as ping pong balls and protons as bowling balls.
Visualize a room with one wall as the positive plate connected to the
positive terminal of a battery, and the opposite wall as the negative plate
connected to the battery's negative terminal. Each ping pong ball is
negatively charged and when released at the negative wall, electrostatic
repulsion/attraction will cause the ping pong ball to fly across the room to
the positive wall. Each bowling ball is positively charged and when released
at the positive wall, it will roll slowly in the opposite direction across
the room to the negative wall.

Both the ping pong ball and the bowling ball have an equal but opposite
electrostatic charge. So therefore they both draw the same amount of
electrical energy from the battery as they fly or roll from one wall to the
opposite wall. But because the ping pong ball is so much lighter than the
bowling ball, the ping pong ball will strike the opposite wall at a much
greater speed than the bowling ball.

Now assume that 1,000,000 ping pong balls are released as a cluster at the
negative wall. (At a high enough density, electrons will forget their mutual
electrostatic repulsion and cluster in the same manner as ball lightning.
Mother Nature sometimes pulls weird tricks.) Embedded in the ping pong ball
cluster are 10 bowling balls. Because there are so many more negatively
charged ping pong balls, the positively charged bowling balls are going to
stick with the ping pong balls and ignore the attraction of the negative
wall and the repulsion of the positive wall. So therefore the bowling balls
hitch a free ride along with the ping pong balls. When the bowling balls hit
the positive wall along with the ping pong balls at the same speed as the
ping pong balls, the bowling balls will hit the positive wall with
enormously greater energies than if they had hit the negative wall, rolling
slowly alone, in the opposite direction.

In the same manner, protons (and other types of positive ions) in
"low-energy" nuclear reactions are hurled into the nucleus of atoms by their
"piggy-back" ride on high-density electron charge clusters with sufficient
energy to split or transmute atoms. This mechanism apparently is the secret
of cold fusion's excess heat, eliminating radioactivity, transmutation of
common elements into scarce elements, and powerful new atom smashers small
enough for college physics laboratories. If the new theory holds up to
scrutiny by other physicists, it might win a Nobel prize in physics.


Cold Fusion Reactor with Thermal-to-Electric Conversion.

These are small reactors similar to electrolytic cells which produce more
thermal energy than their electrical energy input. Power gains have
reportedly been measured as high as several hundred. When atoms are being
transmuted under specialized low-energy conditions, thermal energy is
released. The heat can be directly converted to electricity. The electricity
could then be transmitted to another geographically separate site and used
to power two or more reactors. Reactors could in theory be cascaded
indefinitely. Two drawbacks of cold fusion are the requirement for water and
the need to occasionally replace electrodes. Some cold fusion researchers
have changed the terminology to "low-energy nuclear transmutation".


Hybrid Cold-Fusion Hydrogen Reactor.

This reactor is intended to be an economical super-efficient heater for
homes and as a hot water heater. The device is so new that its potential
ultimate electrical input-to-thermal output conversion gain is yet to be
experimentally determined. Applications could include heating homes and
other buildings, greenhouses, and fish tanks. The electrodes are made of
nickel. Because the country has nickel deposits, it could manufacture its
own hybrid cold fusion hydrogen reactors.


Gas-Phase Catalytic Fusion.

Activated carbon catalysts are loaded with various precious metals (by
weight, in the range of 0.1 per cent to 0.5 per cent). Palladium works best
so far. When these catalysts are heated, considerable excess heat is
produced reliably when such catalysts are exposed to several atmospheres of
heavy hydrogen gas (deuterium gas). Pairs of deuterium atoms are fused to
produce waste helium-4 atoms plus abundant clean heat. No lethal radiation
is released. One cubic kilometer of ocean water contains enough deuterium
that when catalytically fused, the energy released equals the chemical
combustion energy in all of the earth's known oil reserves. With suitable
insulation, the process, once started, is self-heating. Temperatures can
rise well above the boiling temperature of water. Engineered with efficient
heat exchangers, thermal/electrical energy generators can be built in sizes
for applications ranging from mobile homes to large centralized generating
stations. No electrolysis is involved nor are finicky electrodes required as
with some other types of low-energy nuclear transmutation devices. However,
the device's requirement for rare precious metals such as palladium could
hinder widespread use.


Fiber-Based Cold Fusion Power Cell.

This is a cold fusion reactor which is highly competitive with the Patterson
Power Cell. Patents have been applied for. Demonstration products could be
manufactured and prototypes readied for distribution within six months after
funding. International Nickel Company is considered a strong strategic
partner. (The resort's country has nickel deposits.)


Light-Polarizing Photovoltaic Film.

The light-polarizing photovoltaic film known as LUMELOID (trademark) is a
stretch-oriented polymer film about 0.3 microns thick which mimics
photosynthesis. Light energy is absorbed in a molecular antenna which
converts it to electron energy. The electron energy is then rectified by a
molecular tunnel diode comprising an electron donor, an insulating space and
an electron acceptor. Voltage and current is generated in the plane of the
film parallel to the stretch axis.

Conventional silicon photocells are 25 per cent efficient in theory, but in
practice attain only 4-10 per cent. The silicon concentrator cell
theoretically has a 32 per cent efficiency, but in practice has reached only
15 per cent, and is too expensive.

LUMELOID (trademark) has a theoretical efficiency of 72 per cent. Initially
its efficiency is expected to be comparable to existing photocells. However,
because of the film's high theoretical efficiency, with further R and D,
LUMELOID (trademark) is expected to soon surpass conventional photocell
efficiency. More importantly, the low cost per watt of LUMELOID (trademark)
represents a tremendous cost decrease over presently available sources of
solar energy and would facilitate its early acceptance in the energy market.

The projected cost of the basic LUMELOID (trademark) thin film is $1.00 per
square meter, and the assembly which comprises a LUMELOID (trademark) film
on a substrate with microelectronics circuitry, is about $5.00 per square
meter. Its capital investment cost is about 30 cents per watt. This is a
fraction of all conventional electric energy producing technologies. The
capital cost of fossil fuel generation from large power plants is over $1.50
per watt, nuclear energy is more than $6.00 per watt, and present
semiconductor photovoltaic devices are more than $4.00 per watt.

LUMELOID (trademark) will be available in rolls at low cost, affording easy
transportation, and any amount of power during sunlight hours by just
rolling it out flat on any surface. Eventually with the development of
QUENSOR (trademark), which is like a very thin battery (see below), a
combined LUMELOID (trademark)-QUENSOR (trademark) sheet may be spread out on
a roof or on the ground, and will provide electric power day and night,
available on demand.

"Diad" is an acronym for Donor-Insulator-Acceptor-Device which acts as a
diode. Molecular diads have been chemically synthesized. LUMELOID
(trademark) incorporates diads in a stretch-oriented electrically conductive
polarized film. The linear polarizing molecule in the film acts as antennae
to absorb a resolved component of the energy of the light photons in the
plane of the film. Diads are essential in LUMELOID (trademark) to convert
the energized electrons to unidirectional (DC) electric power.

When two polarized films are positioned with their stretch axes
perpendicular, light is almost completely absorbed. Using two crossed films
with electrodes connected in series or parallel, ordered diads in LUMELOID
(trademark) enable the conversion of light to electric power at 72 per cent
theoretical efficiency. This principle was demonstrated at the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory by converting microwave to DC electric power using
rectifying antennae at 82 per cent efficiency.


Femto Diode Photovoltaic Glass Sheet.

The LEPCON (trademark) femto diode concept is similar in principle to
LUMELOID (trademark), which provides a technology mimicking photosynthesis,
absorbing light energy with a molecular antennae structure, and rectifying
the electron energy by the known phenomena called electron tunneling. In
contrast to LUMELOID (trademark), however, LEPCON (trademark) comprises the
durable materials of sub-micron metal on a glass substrate sheet. (A "femto"
is one quadrillionth (10-15)).)

A device for fabricating LEPCON (trademark) photovoltaic sheets in
commercial production is called "Supersebter", an acronym for Super
Submicron Electron Beamwriter. The Supersebter utilizes 100,000 rows and
100,000 columns to position 10 billion electron emitters on a square meter
sheet by a lithographic process. This process produces 10 billion electron
beams simultaneously to write the nanostructure patterns of femto diodes on
the sheet. A square-meter LEPCON (trademark) photovoltaic sheet could be
produced in twenty seconds at a cost of about 50 cents per watt and a
lifetime expectancy of over 50 years.

LEPCON (trademark) panels could be utilized by utility companies in solar
farms. It has been calculated that LEPCON (trademark) panels covering a
150-kilometer x 150-kilometer area in a desert region could produce over
250,000 MW of electric power, enough for most of the United States.

This successful commercial fabrication of the LEPCON (trademark) femto diode
structure should lead to many other advanced nanostructure devices. For
example, computer circuitry could be miniaturized 100-fold, efficient laser
lighting devices could be produced, and vast improvements could be made on
high-definition 2D to 3D TV flat-panel displays. (The 1993 Alvin Marks
patent on a monomolecular resist significantly increases the resolution of
the nanostructures.)


Quantum High Energy Density Storage or Retrieval Device.

Essentially a very thin battery, the solid-state Quantum High Energy Density
Storage or Retrieval Device (QUENSOR (trademark)) has an energy density of
about 1-15 kilowatt-hours/kilogram, which is comparable to gasoline, or
more. A fundamentally new principle and a new method of manufacture is
employed.

Electric energy is stored or retrieved from quantum dipole electric fields
throughout the volume of the QUENSOR (trademark) film. Electric energy is
stored in the QUENSOR (trademark) film by charging the dipole electric
fields from an electric energy source. Electric energy is retrieved from a
QUENSOR (trademark) film by discharging the dipole electric fields and
supplying the energy to a load. Electric breakdown in the film is avoided
because positive and negative electric charges in the film are balanced
everywhere. Busbars attached to metal layers are connected to terminals for
charging or discharging the QUENSOR (trademark) film.

A composite photovoltaic LUMELOID (trademark) and QUENSOR (trademark) panel
may be used for the storage or retrieval of solar-electric energy day or
night on demand.

Eight patents protecting the LUMELOID (trademark), LEPCON (trademark), and
QUENSOR (trademark) technologies have been issued, and additional patent
applications have been filed.


Buried Contact Multijunction Thin Film Solar Cell.

In the past, to produce high-performance solar cells, expensive high-quality
solar cell material were required.This new solar cell approach produces high
efficiency cells but with the use of much lower quality material than
previously possible; material 100-1,000 times lower in quality than the
worst presently used in commercial silicon cells. Using this approach, the
major material costs in making the modules becomes the cost of the glass
used in the modules.

The approach involves the deposition of a very thin layer of silicon upon
the glass cover. During deposition, fluctuations are introduced in the
properties of these layers to produce a multilayer structure. Three separate
ideas are combined:

The first new idea is to use a multilayer structure, which provides the
tolerance to the use of low quality material; material 100-1,000 times
poorer than the worst used in present commercial cells. The second is using
a laser grooved approach which allows correct contacting to each of the
layers in the cell. The third is the automatic series interconnection of the
cells which results from the laser grooving approach and greatly simplifies
module fabrication, contributing to low processing costs.

High efficiency can still be obtained by this approach but with material
costs not appreciably higher than the glass used in the modules. In the
normal approach, material costs alone are over $2 per watt of electrical
output. In the new approach, material costs are only about 10 cents per
watt, about 20 times smaller. Total solar power costs are expected to be
cheaper than fossil or nuclear power.


Solar Hydrogen Producer.

This simple device efficiently uses all solar wavelengths to make hydrogen
in abundance. The hydrogen could replace natural gas in pipelines, and be a
base for the so-called "hydrogen economy".


Hydrogen Tank.

A hydrogen tank was developed by the same inventor (now dead) of the above
solar hydrogen producer that is so safe it can be punctured with rifle
bullets.


Super-Steam Technology.

This machine combines compressed air, untreated or even polluted water, and
almost any combustible fuel to produce steam at any pressure or temperature.
The response is instant compared with a conventional boiler taking hours to
reach operating pressure and temperature. The efficiency is over 90 per
cent, which compares favorably with a conventional boiler's efficiency of 40
per cent. Maintenance costs, fuel consumption, and air pollution all go way
down. 3500 applications have been found for super-steam technology.
Electricity can be generated for 1 cent per kilowatt-hour. Super-steam
technology can be scaled from the size of a one-pound coffee can to a house.

Super-steam technology could be combined with the aforementioned solar
hydrogen producer and hydrogen tank for on-site renewable energy uses.


Double-Exposure Flat-Plate Solar Collector.

Apparently combines photo-voltaic and solar thermal collecting.


Environmental Heat Engine.

Has some similarity to refrigerator or heat pump. Working fluid of ammonia
or carbon dioxide is expanded by propane heater, cold fusion thermal
reactor, or environmental heat to move pistons. Applications include vehicle
engines, small-scale on-site electrical generators, and large-scale water
lifters for dams and canals. (Could double electrical output of Hoover Dam.)
This is a variation of Dennis Lee's low-temperature phase-change engine
which the inventor (now dead) claimed is superior to Lee's engine.


Brown Nuclear Battery.

Small "nuclear" battery uses tritium to power small circuits and electrical
devices for several years. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with
a half-life of 12 years. These nuclear batteries use beta emitters which are
similar to devices used in smoke detectors and to illuminate wrist watches.
The key approach is the methods used by the inventor to "funnel" the emitted
beta particles (electrons) into the affiliated circuits so that a useable
voltage is produced.

The Brown nuclear battery has many uses, especially for computer-chip
applications. A very small "nuclear" battery can be used to power a computer
chip or computer chip set for several years. The battery could be about the
same size as the packaged chip and be mounted directly on or adjacent to the
chip. Many other applications are available. The nuclear radiation consists
of beta particles which are electrons and can do no harm unless the battery
material is ground up and swallowed.


Perpetual Battery.

The hyper-cap E-converter is a thick quarter-sized battery which would put
out .001 watt "forever" for such applications as critical components inside
fail-safe computers, cellular telephones, etc. The energy comes from tapping
ether fluctuations.


Clem Over-Unity Vegetable-Oil Engine.

Richard Clem was a heavy equipment operator who had noticed that a hot
asphalt sprayer would continue to run for up to an hour even after the power
was turned off! So he built a modified version as a 200-pound engine which
ran on vegetable oil at 300 degrees and was started by a 12-volt battery.
The heat is internally generated by the engine. During a nine-day test
conducted by Bendix Corporation engineers, the engine in its self-running
mode consistently generated 350 horsepower into a dynamometer. The engine is
constructed from off-the-shelf components except for a hollow shaft and a
custom cone with enclosed spiral channels.

If the automobile industry adopts the Clem over-unity engine, motorists
could change its eight gallons of vegetable oil only every 150,000 miles and
never buy any gasoline. To illustrate the engine's durability, the only
working model of the Clem engine has been continually running on his son's
farm for several years.

Combining the Clem over-unity engine with the hydrosonic pump at the resort
area could provide distilled ocean water as well as hot water for space
heating, kitchens, and bathrooms at no energy cost.

The Clem over-unity vegetable-oil engine is not patented. It may be fairly
straightforward to set up a small machine shop in the resort's country for
manufacturing hollow shafts and cones. Off-the-shelf components could be
shipped in for subsequent commercial assembly and sale of Clem over-unity
engines. Hydrosonic pumps could be either shipped in or locally manufactured
under license and then combined with Clem engines into desalination units.
The market for efficient self-powered desalination units ought to be
enormous. Unfortunately, I have no idea as to the maximum practical size
that self-powered desalination units could be built.


Water Engine.

Hydrogen is formed by creating an underwater electrical discharge between
two aluminum electrodes. Aluminum wire is fed against a rotating aluminum
drum. A hydrogen-fueled 900-kilogram car runs 600 kilometers on 20 liters of
water and one kilogram of aluminum.

The required high voltage can be obtained from the battery, a generator off
the drive shaft, or two coils in parallel and fed from a conventional
distributor.

The hydrogen gas fills a small buffer tank which in turn supplies hydrogen
to the engine on demand. When the tank's pressure exceeds a predetermined
level, the electrodes are separated so that hydrogen generation is
interrupted. As the pressure drops to a certain level, the aluminum wire is
again fed against the aluminum drum.


Converter of Zero-Point Electromagnetic Radiation Energy to Electrical
Energy.

The existence of zero-point electromagnetic radiation was discovered in 1958
by Dutch physicist M. J. Sparnaay. Zero-point electromagnetic radiation is
the same as the electromagnetic waves radiated from radio and television
antennas except that the frequencies are random, incoherent, are present
everywhere in the universe, and vary from zero cycles per second to
infinity. Other names include "zero-point energy field", "vacuum field
energy", "etheric energy field", and "ether".

Mr. Sparnaay had continued the experiments carried out by Hendrik B. G.
Casimir in 1948 which showed the existence of a force between two uncharged
parallel plates which arose from electromagnetic radiation surrounding the
plates in a vacuum. This force has since been named the "Casimir effect" to
honor the discoverer. (See "Casimer Effect Self-Charging Energy Cell"
below.)

Mr. Sparnaay discovered that the forces acting on the plates arose from not
only thermal radiation but also from another type of radiation now known as
classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation. Mr. Sparnaay determined that
not only did the zero point electromagnetic radiation exists in a vacuum,
but also that it persisted even at a temperature of absolute zero. Because
it exists in a vacuum, zero-point electromagnetic radiation is homogeneous
and isotropic as well as ubiquitous.

In addition, since zero-point electromagnetic radiation does not vary, the
intensity of the radiation at any frequency is proportional to the cube of
that frequency. Consequently the intensity of the radiation increases
without limit as the frequency increases. The result is an infinite energy
density for the radiation spectrum.

The special characteristics of the zero-point electromagnetic radiation of
having a virtually infinite energy density and that it is omnipresent even
in outer space make it very desirable as an energy source. However, the high
energy densities only exist at very high frequencies. These large energies
can be collected with small antenna-like structures (frequency is inversely
proportional to size). But the frequencies are so high that they are
unusable for practical energy uses.

With two antennas of very slightly different sizes, the converter collects
zero-point electromagnetic radiation of two very slightly different
frequencies. The converter then superimposes the two frequencies which
results in a far lower beat frequency. The energy contained in the beat
frequency is then transformed to practical electrical power which can be
made available in any location on earth or in space. Applications include
transportation, heating, cooling as well as many others.


Water-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine with Garrett Electrolytic
Carburetor.

Henry "Dad" Garrett and his son, Charles H. Garrett, in 1935 patented and
exhibited an automobile that ran on water substituted for gasoline.
Actually, the fuel was hydrogen after the water was broken down by
electrolysis. The only items needed to convert a gasoline-powered auto to a
water burner was an electrolytic carburetor and installation of a generator
of double normal capacity for the breaking down of the water. Instant starts
in any weather, no fire hazards, cooler operation and plenty of power and
speed were claimed.

Rather than store the inflammable hydrogen, the same process makes the gas
without a storage chamber in which the flames from the motor's cylinders
might react. Water is broken down into its component gases by passage of an
electric current through it from electrodes immersed in the water. Hydrogen
collects at the negative pole, and oxygen collects at positive. The hydrogen
is then mixed with air and introduced directly into the cylinders. For an
ordinary automobile, an electrolysis chamber of about a quart in capacity is
big enough.

In summary, this simple process can provide:

Heat - through the burning of hydrogen/oxygen.

Power for local energy generation - the explosive energy to drive a piston
to drive a shaft to power a generator. The generator then charges a battery
network which feeds an inverter (converts DC to AC) to run your house.

Motive power for transport power - explosive energy drives the piston to
drive your vehicle.

Light - condoluminescence - hydrogen/oxygen exposed to phosphor-coated
surfaces for light generation.

Sound amplification - flame speakers where flame is electrostatically
deflected at audio rates to produce sound. The hydrogen/oxygen mix is
generated locally rather than using bottled gases such as propane, butane,
etc.


Papp Engine.

Joseph Papp was granted US Patent #3,670,494 for his "Noble Gas Plasma
Engine". A mixture of recycled inert gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton,
and xenon) is exposed to a high-voltage discharge in a sealed cylinder with
a piston. The spark causes the gases to expand violently though no
combustion occurs. Mechanical energy is delivered by the piston's
displacement. The gases immediately collapse to their original density, and
the cycle is repeated. After several thousand hours the gases lose their
elasticity and are replaced. The operating cost is 15 cents an hour.

The first prototype was a simple 90-horsepower Volvo engine with upper end
modifications. Attaching the Volvo pistons to pistons fitting the sealed
cylinders, the engine worked perfectly with an output of three hundred
horsepower. The inventor claimed it would cost about twenty five dollars to
charge each cylinder every sixty thousand miles.

There were indications that such an engine could provide its own electrical
power and being a closed system, require no fuel. It is not by definition an
electromagnetic engine, however. It is believed that at the heart of the
Papp engine is the development of high-density electrical charge clusters
which provide the energy to expand the gases.

Other patents are 5319336, 4151431, 3670494, 4046167 - Mechanical
Accumulator, 3680431 - Method and Means for Generating Explosive Forces, and
4,428,193 - Inert Gas Fuel, Fuel Preparation Apparatus and System for
Extracting Useful Work from the Fuel.

A demonstration of the Papp engine to representatives of the Stanford
Research Institute resulted in killing one person and injuring another. Papp
himself is believed to have died from apparent neutron radiation from his
engine.

Jim Kettner of the Space Energy Association recently stated in a letter to
me that this is the best self-running device he knows of which can produce
substantial amounts of power. A variation of the Papp engine is currently
being built by Jim Sabori and, if sufficiently funded, was to have been
ready by the end of 1998.

In a recent letter from Hal Fox of Trenergy, Inc., Fox states that he
believes that the Papp engine works but hopes that much simpler ways of
making energy can be developed. There are several groups working on versions
of the Papp engine. It seems to keep recycling through the new-energy
community.


Muller Motor/Generator.

Electrical generators in common use require external torque from gas,
hydroelectric, and steam turbines, for example, to overcome back
electromotive force. Bill Muller's magnetic motor/generator eliminates back
electromotive force. The coils are removed from the rotor and instead
wrapped around powerful magnets equally spaced around the stator. Magnets
are also equally spaced around the rotating disk. However, the number of
rotor magnets is one more than the number of stator magnets.

A typical commercial motor involves pushing and pulling magnetically where
in the Muller motor/generator only the magnetic pulling effect occurs. A
perfectly balanced arrangement of the magnets results in a disk-like rotor
that can be turned with no effort at all. The completely reversible result
is if current is applied to the stator coils, the rotor turns. If the rotor
is turned, the stator coils can generate current to be supplied to a load.

The stator coils are wrapped around cores made of inexpensive
Muller-patented amorphous material which eliminates heat-producing
hysteresis and eddy current losses. Because of instantaneous saturation and
permeability, much less wire is needed for the stator coils which greatly
reduces both ohmic resistance losses and inductance losses. No brushes are
needed like in conventional direct current generators and motors which wear
out. Bearing friction losses are greatly reduced by both weight reduction
and using Muller's cone-shaped magnetic bearings (patent applied for).


Electrical Generator.

Two pairs of electromagnets warp permanent bar magnet's magnetic fields
across field coils to achieve over-unity electrical energy conversion gain,
the magnitude of which is unknown. Requires additional resonant circuit
components. Appears to be a potentially robust generator of electricity.


Self-Contained Power Supply.

Uses tightly wound coil spring, flywheel, and magnets to achieve over-unity
energy conversion gain. Potential market is as a battery pack replacement.


Motor/Generator.

Incorporates permanent magnets which provide the drive torque by pulling
rotor and stator poles together with an electromagnetic opposed excitation
input pulsation used to weaken that magnetic pull to allow the poles to
separate. Power output claimed to be 3 times power input.


WIN Zero Point Electrical Energy Converter.

Extracts AC current with an output power over input power gain as high as
268.6 per cent. It generates electricity by collecting electrons between
E-dam cermets in a vacuum. A charge of electrons is oscillated in a tank
circuit, and energy is collected or added to that charge from the vacuum.
The mechanism is believed to be the Casimer effect. Solid-state with no
moving parts and no size restrictions, individual units can be built to
power a 15-kilowatt home or a 20-megawatt arc furnace without outside energy
input.


Conversion of Aluminum Internal Combustion Engines to Magnetic Motor.

Heads replaced with magnet arrangement so that the vehicle doesn't need fuel
nor battery recharging. Two-inch square Chinese super-magnets are embedded
in the piston heads. Same-size magnets are embedded on outside of disks
mounted on shaft, one magnet to each cylinder. A toothed gearwheel mounted
on the front end of the shaft is linked by a chain drive to a gearwheel on
the crankshaft. An electric motor is mounted on the block to turn the
crankshaft. As crankshaft rotates, when each piston is up closest to top of
the cylinder, its matching magnet is also at its angular point closest to
the head. The two opposing south poles repel each other with 1,000 lb. of
force. (This compares with the approximately 250 lb. of force on the piston
head in a gasoline engine.)

The engine would still need oil changes every 50,000 to 80,000 miles.
Because it runs cool, the block could be made of hard plastic which ought to
be of cheaper material and easier to mold and machine than aluminum. A
constant-speed motor, it would require a continuously variable transmission
in order to power a vehicle. If the electric motor is replaced with a Muller
magnetic motor (see above), the combined energy conversion gain is projected
to be about 300.


Searl Effect Generator.

The Searl effect generator (SEG) can be used to charge the batteries in a
self-powered electric vehicle. A solid-state device, the heart of an SEG is
a series of three concentric magnetic rings with magnetic rollers going
around the rings. Both the rollers and rings are comprised of four layers of
titanium, iron, nylon, and neodymium.

The magnetic fields impressed on the rollers have both AC and DC components.
The AC component is for floating the rollers so they don't touch the rings.
The DC component is to prevent them from flying off. The innermost set
contains a minimum of 12 rollers for the same reason that a linear motor
will not operate with less than 12 phases.

The inner set of rollers travel around at 250 miles per hour, the middle set
travels at approximately 600 miles per hour, and the outer set at
approximately 1500 miles per hour. Hundreds of millions of volts are
generated the energy of which is picked up by brushes positioned all around
the outside set of rollers.

An SEG also creates an anti-gravity field. An uncontrolled SEG will rise
about 50 feet as the rollers increase speed, emit a light blue halo which
indicates energy is being extracted from the ether, and then shoot up into
the sky gaining speed, never to be seen again. At least one roof has been
holed by an SEG. The friction-less rollers can be prevented from reaching
the critical velocity that produces lift by use of a "governor", either
mechanical or electronic.

An SEG can be easily controlled by immersing it in an electromagnetic wave
field the frequency of which is a harmonic of the SEG's primary frequency.
While in resonance, the magnetic poles of the rollers reach a unification
state, and they stop moving.

The inventor has built and flown a small "inverse gravity" vehicle. A flying
saucer-like SEG-powered aircraft about the size of a bus is currently being
built in England by a private group.

The inventor for some years independently powered his house off the power
grid with a home-sized electrical generator version of the SEG. A
householder could set up a 45 x 45-cm unit and generate an output of 11
kilowatts of free electrical power.

Oddly, a house powered by an SEG has been observed to have greater healing
powers than conventionally electric powered houses. The healing effect is
claimed to be due to the electrons zapping the occupants, taking away pain
and returning blood more quickly to damaged tissue. The SEG would also help
combat asthma, bronchitis, hay fever and lung complaints due to the
increased supply of oxygen in the body. Conventional methods of electric
power do not pump out electrons which results in tired eyes and a tired
brain.

The SEG's negative charge also means that dust stays in the carpet instead
of floating in the air. This is similar in action to negative ion generators
sometimes sold as air fresheners.

A German power company is reportedly considering replacing a nuclear power
station with eight fuel-less SEGs costing a total of about $4.5 million and
generating a total of 240 megawatts with no pollution.


Gravito Magnetic Device.

The gravito magnetic device (GMD), also known as the David Hamel machine, is
a cheap version of the Searl effect generator (SEG) (see above) that can be
built with off-the-shelf components. The GMD has magnets attached to radial
spokes or arms that are jointed. These magnets are floated in a magnetic
housing and when properly biased, continue to spin, gaining momentum and
speed with each rotation and achieving the same tremendous electrostatic
buildup on the outside rim as the SEG.

The parts inside the GMD are configured in such a way as to promote an
enclosed constant variation of opposing magnetic fields. In the resting
state, the moving cones are balanced and stabilized in a magnetic field
repulsion, like a magnetic bearing. The startup of the GMD is initiated by
lowering a magnet at the center top of the shell, inside the shell, towards
the momentarily magnetically balanced moving cones.

As the center magnet, which opposes the one attached at the center of the
upper moving cone, is lowered inside the GMD, it forces the upper cone to
move sideways, shifting the magnetic balance between the cones inside the
GMD. The cones stay offset to each other for a short while and then
plasma-like energy starts to build up around the GMD. This energy built up
creates a shift of colors from red-orange to light blue and then white.
Following this effect the GMD starts to lose weight and quickly generates an
upper lift in a greater ratio than its total weight.

It should be emphasized that the power generated, surrounding the GMD, is
extremely powerful and radiates, causing interruptions of electron flow in
normal electrical systems, i.e. lights, cars, transformers, and interferes
with electromagnetic transmissions. So it is without saying that this
machine has to be operated with serious caution when completed and
activated. However, if a control system is in place, it is easy to stop its
effect. One of the main purposes of GMD research is to understand the
effects of enclosed opposing magnetic fields that have varying vector
angles.

The GMD is potentially a versatile, useful technology which also generates
antigravity. The GMD has a powerful upward thrust causing it to rise in the
air in a manner similar to a Searl effect generator (see above). (The first
assembled model after two hours of increasing spin velocity unexpectedly
crashed through the roof and escaped.) When the inner workings of what
causes the secondary electrogravitational fields are understood, it is
probable that various devices can be created providing plentiful energy of
different types.

It should be noted that all building materials for the GMD are readily
available almost anywhere in the world, and the cost is relatively cheap. A
lot of hand work is required but nothing that is unreasonably unattainable.
No special machining or parts are required. Only patience and devotion is
needed.


Casimer Effect Self-Charging Energy Cell.

The force of gravity is theorized by some scientists as the ether weakly
pushing two objects such as a book and the earth into each other's shadow.
Gravity can also be thought of as the long-range version of the Casimer
effect. The Casimer effect predicts that two metal plates close together
will attract each other.

Consider the plates set at a certain distance apart. In the space between
the plates, only those ether (vacuum) field fluctuations for which a whole
number of half-waves just spans the distance can exist, just like waves
formed by shaking a rope tied at both ends. Outside the plates, the
fluctuations can have many more values because there is space. The number of
modes outside the plates, all of which carry energy and momentum, is
greater than those inside. This imbalance PUSHES THE PLATES TOGETHER.

The proprietary Casimer effect self-charging energy cell contains many
extremely thin layers of carbon, magnesium, chromium oxide, and a couple of
other elements and compounds. The result is analogous to a boat that has
some rather large leaks. More water pours into the boat as fast as water is
bailed out. Likewise, as electromagnetic energy is drawn out of the Casimer
effect self-charging energy cell when inserted in an electrical circuit,
energy is drawn in from the surrounding ether. Physically and functionally,
the Casimer effect energy cell is like a solid-state battery that recharges
itself with some valuable features such as simplicity and compactness.


Switched Reluctance Motor.

The switched reluctance motor is a motor design that has been around for
many decades but has never been commercialized. The inventor of the Casimer
effect self-charging energy cell is also developing an efficient commercial
version of the switched reluctance motor specifically designed with modern
switching components. The intended end use is for powering electric
vehicles. The switched reluctance motor has the key advantages of ease of
manufacture, simplicity, and allowing complete vehicle motion control. No
claims are being made that it is capable of over-unity power conversion.

Most self-powered electric vehicle power train concepts involve combining an
over-unity motor (to extend the range between battery charges) with an
on-board battery charger and a pack of batteries or super-capacitors. The
Casimer effect self-charging energy cell offers some important advantages
such as much simpler mounting of one to several battery-like cells in the
vehicle's engine compartment and greatly increased maintainability and
dependability. With the cells' self-charging capability, the efficiency of
the vehicle's electric motor thus becomes less of an issue. Electric motor
features such as controllability, manufacturing cost, simplicity, and
reliability can thus be given much greater consideration.

This particular self-powered electric vehicle power train combination may be
the best one. If plugged into the electric grid while parked in the owner's
garage, the revenue from running the electric meter backwards could
eventually pay for the vehicle's purchase cost.


Joe's Energy Cell.

The Joe's energy cell basically comprises of two metal containers, one
inside the other. Both containers are filled with specially charged and
cleaned water with the inner container perforated to allow water to freely
move between the inside and outside of the inner container. The outside
container is electrically connected to the anode of a battery, and the inner
container connected to the battery's cathode. The outside container is
closed except for an orifice to which a thin pipe is attached. The other end
of the pipe is attached to the outside housing of the carburetor of a
gasoline engine. Gas/energy is transferred to the carburetor through the
pipe. The entire cell including the pipe must be electrically insulated from
the engine.

Various designs and shapes of both containers have been experimentally
built. The original and simplest comprised of both containers as long pipes
with the inner pipe, which was perforated, inside the outer pipe.

At least fourteen vehicles in Australia have been fitted with different
versions of Joe's energy cells to be driven without fuel nor battery
charging. The engine, radiator and exhaust pipe stays cold enough to freeze
water - warranting replacing water in the block with transmission fluid. The
timing does have to be advanced between 25 and 80 degrees, depending on the
type of engine, to allow the engine to run smoothly. The engine's power
doubles over that when petrol-fueled.

The Joe energy cell is not explainable using conventional mainstream
physics. It is not even known if the process inside the cylinders is
implosion, explosion, or both. No gasoline is mixed with air inside the
carburetor. It appears that zero-point energy is somehow drawn from the
ether and converts the air entering the cylinders into some kind of fuel.
The inventor claims the process increases the frequency and energy of the
air.

For converting existing gasoline-powered vehicles into self-powered vehicles
which don't require fuel nor battery charging from a local electric utility,
adding the Joe's energy cell seems to offer by far the easiest modification.
Nearly the entire engine is left alone. A separate heater would have to be
provided since the engine runs cold. The vehicle will not rust, and paint
will not oxidize.

Guy McCarthy guy@... has provided the following insightful
analysis of the Joe energy cell from a biodynamics perspective:

[0.1] The "Joe Cell" (described in NEXUS magazine, Aug-Sep '98, pp. 43-46)
is an electrical device attached to the carburetor of an ordinary automobile
engine which allegedly enables it to run for extended periods with the fuel
line disconnected.

[0.2] Biodynamics is a science of natural forces and agriculture inspired by
the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner. It pre-dates "Organics" as the
original alternative to chemical/industrial agriculture. Biodynamics has
achieved limited recognition in the United States and Canada, but is widely
practiced in Europe, New Zealand, and Australia.

Main Text:

[1.0] The Joe cell uses water as a storage medium, which, when charged
above a certain threshold, collects additional energy as needed by the
engine. The initial charge is not depleted as the engine runs, but will
dissipate under certain conditions. This matches a key attribute of the
biodynamic ether, which attracts more ether to itself once the local
concentration reaches a certain threshold. Without adequate boundaries (or
storage conditions) the etheric charge build-up will dissipate.

[2.0] The motive reaction in the engine seems to be *implosion*, since the
ignition timing must be advanced so far into the compression stroke. (Note
that 80 degrees is nearly 2/3 of a typical compression cycle, which totals
about 135 degrees in a 4-stroke engine.) Implosion may be considered
equivalent to "a sudden condensation of the ether" which is also thought to
be the motive reaction that creates lightning and thunder in the atmosphere.
According to biodynamic researchers, condensation is a state change from a
more rarefied ether into a less ratified one, releasing energy in the
process.

[2.1] Biodynamics deals with four states of ether which are equivalent to
the four elements intuited by ancient philosophers:

Warmth Ether corresponds to the Fire element
Light Ether corresponds to the Air element
Tone Ether (or "Chemical Ether") corresponds to the Water element
Life Ether corresponds to the Earth element

[2.2] In the physical world, substance tends to flow from a high potential
to a low potential. This is what the concept of "entropy" and the Second Law
of Thermodynamics are based on. But in the etheric world of living energies,
the inverse is true. Ether is naturally attracted to itself and flows from
low potential to high potential. This is why living organisms continue to
draw nutrients and life forces into themselves while the rest of the world
is supposedly running down. Ether penetrates substance, and substance
influences ether. This dynamic interplay is essential to life on the
physical plane.

[2.3] Under favorable conditions, the following etheric condensations will
occur:

Warmth Ether --> Light Ether, releasing energy as lightning
Light Ether --> Tone Ether, releasing energy as thunder
Tone Ether --> Life Ether, releasing energy as biological manifestation

[2.4] Recall that lightning and thunder sometimes occur independently of
each other (as in "heat lightning" and "rolling thunder"), while at other
times they are closely linked. Clearly any reasonable explanation for these
phenomena must allow for both cases. The common notion that lightning and
thunder are caused by static discharge between air masses is clearly
untenable. A buildup of static charge in such magnitudes could only occur
under extremely dry conditions; the typical thunderstorm is certainly not
dry.

[2.5] The biodynamic researcher points to a well-defined cumulus cloud in
mid-summer as the ideal collector of etheric energy. Hour by hour it grows,
drawing abundant warmth ether from the atmosphere into itself as well as
particles of dust and moisture. The cloud builds itself taller and taller -
its boundaries sharply distinct from the rest of the sky. Eventually the
cloud becomes saturated - turning darker and forming a mighty thunderhead.
At this point, anyone who is familiar with weather patterns in open country
is headed for shelter. They know that a violent thunderstorm could be
unleashed at any moment.

[2.6] Just a few months ago the author observed such a phenomena in central
Maryland. The top of the cloud was puffy and brilliant white, illuminated by
the late afternoon sun. In contrast, the bottom was flat and dark, laden
with moisture. Great bolts of lightning began to crackle about its upper
regions. The air felt clear and energized while all around trees were
bending and twisting in sudden gusts of wind. When the storm finally broke
it was both fearsome and beautiful, a mighty discharge of lightning,
thunder, and rain.

[2.7] We can surmise that the Joe cell becomes highly charged with etheric
energy, and that this charge is transferred through the carburetor to the
air entering each cylinder. As the compression stroke begins the volume of
air is compressed, causing a further concentration of etheric charge. Soon
the air becomes saturated with ether. At this point conditions in the
cylinder are similar to those within the thunderhead. The ignition spark,
far advanced into the compression stroke, serves to catalyze a condensation
reaction of the compressed ether. This sudden change of state causes the air
mixture to contract sharply, generating power through the remainder of the
compression stroke. Therefore the air mixture in each cylinder undergoes a
structural change, not a chemical one, and the flywheel is driven by
*suction* rather than combustion. With the exception of small amounts of
vapor from engine oil and perhaps trace elements from the engine and
muffler, the exhaust should be of substantially the same quality as the air
intake.

[2.8] Since warmth ether is the most rarefied ether, condensation will have
the effect of reducing or consuming warmth. Therefore implosion is a cool
process, which tends to absorb heat rather than release it. This matches
observations of the Joe cell in which the engine runs cold. Unlike
combustion, implosion is a "living" process, and as such produces no waste
heat or by-products.

[3.0] All three styles of Joe cell are based on concentric, insulated
cylinders. This is similar to the classic "orgone accumulator" discovered by
Wilhelm Reich. Reich found that metals tended to conduct ether while organic
materials tended to absorb it. By layering the two types of materials
together, Reich caused a directional flow of ether to occur. The orgone
accumulator was a six-sided box constructed with alternating layers of metal
and non-metallic materials.

[3.1] The inclusion of a 1.5-volt battery to maintain the charged condition
(and a 12-volt battery to create it) is an interesting variation on the
orgone accumulator design. There is precedent for this idea in
electrogravity documentation that has become available in recent years. (See
the USAF report "Electrogravitic Systems" that was released in 1995 as well
as patents by T. Townsend Brown.) The basic idea is that a charged condenser
exhibits a tendency to move towards its positive terminal. This is thought
to result from a net movement of ether in the opposite direction (from
positive to negative). Therefore a static electric charge stimulates a
directional flow of ether.

[3.2] The Joe cell design implies a net movement of ether from positive to
negatively charged terminals (i.e. towards the center of the cell and
towards the engine).

[4.0] The transfer of energy to the carburetor is accomplished by several
different conductors including plastic, copper, aluminum and rubber tubing.
The common material in all of these configurations is the *air* inside the
tubing. This is consistent with the biodynamic view that oxygen is an
excellent carrier of etheric forces. (Fertile soils are said to contain 50
per cent air for just this reason.) The metallic carburetor housing would
conduct the etheric energy to its interior surfaces, where incoming air
would absorb it and carry it into the cylinders.

[5.0] In conclusion, the Joe cell offers a compelling view of how ordinary
combustion engines might be modified to run on natural etheric energy. This
could be an important direction for future research. Validation of the
concept could be approached in three phases:

[5.1] Collecting a high concentration of etheric charge. For some ideas on
how to accomplish this, see "Geometric Energy Fields" at
http://www.twelvestar.com/sourceworks/ which includes specific instructions
for building resonant etheric devices.

[5.2] Stimulating a sudden condensation of ether by means of electric spark
and measuring the implosion effect in a pressurized container.

[5.3] Achieving reproducible evidence of successive implosion events within
a small engine mounted for laboratory testing.


Advanced Self-Powered Electric Vehicle Concept

Electric vehicles are clean, quiet, powerful, require much less maintenance
than gasoline or diesel-fueled vehicles, and inherently much simpler and
easier to manufacture. Their drawbacks have been a short range, long battery
recharging time, and a heavy, bulky battery pack. Clearly, self-powered
electric vehicles, if they could somehow be designed and manufactured at a
reasonable cost, would be a commercial success. Forbes January 25, 1999
compares golf carts (400,000 already sold) with personal computers.
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/99/0125/6302088a.htm

Self-powered electric vehicles at minimum must satisfy four requirements:
The battery ideally should not have the disadvantages of conventional
lead-acid batteries such as temperature sensitivity, low charge-to-weight
ratio, toxic materials, and finicky slow recharging. The electric motor
should be durable and highly efficient. Heating and air conditioning must be
provided. The really key difference from conventional electric vehicles is
having an on-board battery charger.

Electric bicycles with only one battery are inherently more practical than
conventional electric cars or trucks carrying a half-ton or so of batteries
stuffed into every available nook and cranny of the vehicle. When just one
battery out of one or two dozen batteries fails, the dead battery can be
time-consuming to find before replacement. Once a dead battery is replaced,
it could be a short time before another battery fails again. Besides
weighting much less and with the batteries taking up much less space, a
self-powered electric vehicle with an on-board battery charger would require
at most only a few batteries.

What follows is a discussion of candidate technologies which could be
combined into a reliable, commercially successful advanced self-powered
electric vehicle.


BATTERY

Alvin Snaper's Power Technology Battery.

Las Vegas resident Alvin Snaper (600 patents and new products) through his
company, Power Technology, Inc., is developing a superior new battery with
none of the drawbacks of all other types of batteries such as temperature
sensitivity. Increasing the surface area of the electroplates by up to 1000
times greatly increases current output and allows much quicker
charge/discharge rates. Different chemistry reduces the weight of the
battery by 50 per cent, reduces cost, and is much more environmentally
friendly than lead. (For more information, see
www.powerpwtc.com/business_of_issuer.htm.)

Maxwell Technologies Ultra-Capacitor.

Since there is no heat nor waste product buildup as with electrochemical
batteries, ultra-capacitors can easily last many hundreds of thousands of
extremely rapid and deep charge/discharge cycles. They can supply repeated
bursts of power for fractions of a second to several minutes. They are
especially useful for supercharging power for accelerations or climbing.
With their quick recharge capability, ultra-capacitors can easily capture
regenerative braking energy, extending the range of the vehicle. For
increased safety, they can be stored, assembled, maintained, and transported
while completely discharged. Since the energy stored is directly related to
the voltage, the amount of available energy can be easily monitored. This
precision eliminates the need for sophisticated state-of-charge algorithms.
Other advantages include temperature insensitivity and low maintenance.

Capacitors are inherently more capable than electrochemical batteries of
withstanding quick discharges of electricity to the motor when the driver
demands high acceleration by stepping on the throttle. It is conceivable
that ultra-capacitors could be combined with batteries to take advantage of
the best performance characteristics of both types.

Maxwell Technologies' commercially available PowerCache (trademark)
ultra-capacitors pack up to 100 times the energy of conventional capacitors
and can deliver ten times the power of ordinary batteries. Their
ultra-capacitor is a double-layer capacitor incorporating a unique
metal/carbon electrode and an advanced non-aqueous electrolytic solution. As
a potential is applied across the terminals, ions migrate to the
high-surface-area electrodes. The combination of available surface area and
proximity to the current collector provide an ultra-high capacitance for
this electrostatic process.

Ukrainian Capacitor-Like Battery.

The I. N. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, Kiev,
Ukraine, has invented an entirely new type of battery. Emtech LTD.,
Mississauga, Ontario is commercializing the battery and has applied for 11
patents. A set of conventional lead-acid batteries can propel a small
electric car for 100 miles or so, require several hours to recharge, and
weigh 1000 lb. An equivalent set of Ukrainian batteries is expected to weigh
approximately 200 lb., provide a much greater range of up to possibly
200-300 miles, require 15 to 30 minutes to recharge, and maintain full
voltage until 94 per cent discharge. The Ukrainian battery operates well in
the temperature range of -40 to +60 degrees centigrade. A side benefit of
the Ukrainian batteries is that they are made only of proprietary materials
which are environmentally friendly, plentiful, and inexpensive. (Dated 1993;
claims currently are not considered credible. Emtech LTD, which had the
commercialization license, recently went bankrupt. Nu Omnicomm Technologies,
Inc., of Salt Lake City, which has close ties to the I. N. Frantsevich
Institute for Problems of Materials Science, may be able to revive the
Ukrainian battery.)

A Ukrainian battery stores the charges in crystalline layers of a sheet-like
material similar in appearance to mica. Due to nonlinear quantum mechanic
effects, the electrical characteristic of each crystalline layer is that of
a capacitor as thin as one molecule. Since capacitance is inversely
proportional to thickness of the separation between layers, the practical
consequence of the Ukrainian battery is to electrically function in a manner
similar to that of a giant capacitor.

Ed Baldwin's Super-Capacitor.

Similar in electrical function to the Ukrainian battery, Ed Baldwin's
solid-state multi-layered "super-capacitor" has a very high dielectric
constant. It is believed ultimately capable of ten times the electrical
energy storage capacity per pound of lead-acid batteries.

Yasunori Takahashi's ultra-capacitor.

The Takahashi ultra-capacitor is rated at approximately 20 farads at 25
volts in a volume of about one cubic centimeter.

Blacklight Power's hydrino battery.

Blacklight Power is completing a 10-kilogram battery using hydrinos which
can supply 150 horsepower for 1,000 miles.

ON-BOARD ULTRA-CAPACITOR/BATTERY CHARGER

The famous inventor Dr. Nikola Tesla reportedly modified and drove a Pierce
Arrow automobile in 1931. Tesla's car required neither gasoline nor external
battery charging. The power source was an array of vacuum tubes apparently
similar to photo-multiplier tubes. Before and since then, dozens of other
inventors claimed to have developed or are developing devices for converting
relatively small input power to larger output power.

It is generally inaccurate to say that their devices produce more energy
than they consume which would violate the widely accepted physical law of
the conservation of energy. The accurate statement to make would be that a
small external energy input causes very large internal energy to be
transformed into large external energy output (electrical, thermal, and/or
mechanical).

An on-board charger is required to keep the ultra-capacitor/batteries fully
charged while the vehicle is parked as well as when the vehicle is motion.
Parked in a garage, the car's battery charger could feed electricity back
into the electric power grid and help pay for the car, if it were not for
potential safety problems for power company workers. Descriptions of some of
the more promising on-board charger technologies follow. (If only mentioned,
see additional details above.)

Blacklight Power's "hydrinos".

It is an exotic new source of clean energy from ordinary water.

Ken Shoulders' high-density charge clusters device (U.S. Patent 5,018,180).

A nearly solid-state device, it ultimately may put out one kilowatt of
electricity and one kilowatt of thermal energy per cubic inch. Its gain can
be increased so that it puts out 100 times as much power as its input
electrical power. However, the device's power conversion gain is more stable
with the gain at about 5 times. (Still being researched.)

Trenergy's plasma-injected transmutation, Dr. Case's gas-phase catalytic
fusion, fiber-based cold fusion power cell, and the hybrid cold-fusion
hydrogen reactor have electric-to-thermal energy conversion gains as high as
well over 100 to 1. Their energy comes from high-density clusters of
electrons carrying small numbers of protons at very high velocities to
target nuclei using relatively low voltages.

W. A. Lambertson's WIN zero point electrical energy converter extracts AC
current as high as 9.908 amperes using an input current of only 0.2596
amperes. It generates electricity by collecting electrons between "E-dams"
in a vacuum. A charge of electrons is oscillated in a tank circuit, and
energy is collected or added to that charge from the vacuum. Solid-state
with no moving parts and no size restrictions, individual units may
eventually be built to power a 15-kilowatt home or a 20-megawatt arc furnace
with an efficiency of 1000% or ten times the external input power.

The Correas' pulsed abnormal glow discharge reactor is an over-sized glass
vacuum tube which uses high-density charge clusters to produce useful
positive AC-to-DC electrical power conversion gains such as 483 per cent.

Converter of Zero-Point Electromagnetic Radiation Energy to Electrical
Energy. Converts very high frequencies of natural fluctuations of the
universal electromagnetic radiation field to usable electrical power at much
lower beat frequencies.

John Searl's Searl effect generator has three concentric rings of magnetic
rollers. Brushes positioned around the outer ring of rollers pick up
electricity.

Frank Richardson's electrical generator. Two pairs of electromagnets warp
permanent bar magnet's magnetic fields back and forth across field coils to
achieve over-unity electrical energy conversion gain. Requires additional
resonant circuit components.

ELECTRIC MOTOR

Of the many types of electrical rotating machines that have been developed,
of particular interest are those which are claimed to incorporate permanent
magnets in order to develop more mechanical output power than their
electrical input power. Such claims are considered suspect by many skeptics
since they apparently violate the so-called law of conservation of energy.
Skepticism is often reinforced by frequent power gain measurement errors.
However, it has also been suggested that the key to over-unity power
conversion gain in such motors is to use super-powerful permanent magnets at
a very high rotating speed. A so-called "super-efficient" electric motor,
besides providing motive power, could also act as an on-board
capacitor/battery charger whether the vehicle is cruising, idling, or
parked.

Perm-Mag Motor.

An over-unity energy converter claimed to have a gain of up to several times
of shaft rotational power over electrical input power, the super-efficient
"perm-mag" motor generates 1 horsepower per pound of weight. Used in a
self-powered electric vehicle, a 50-pound, 50-horsepower electric motor is
equivalent to a 250-horsepower gasoline-fueled engine.

The perm-mag motor's inventor, Ronald Brandt, has successfully demonstrated
a 10-pound, 10-horsepower prototype. Further research is expected to lead to
a substantial increase in energy conversion gain over the reported gain of
400 per cent. A 50-pound, 50-horsepower model (equivalent to a
250-horsepower gasoline-fueled engine) is currently being mounted in a
Chrysler New Yorker for testing. Its companion controller, which is required
to complete the resonant circuit for achieving over-unity gain, has been
designed. It is not known yet whether a separate on-board battery charger
will still be needed for a completely self-powered electric vehicle.

It should be noted that just because a motor can produce more mechanical
power than its electrical input power does not necessarily mean that it is
suitable for powering an electric vehicle. An electric vehicle motor ideally
should have a number of other characteristics such as reversibility,
complete variable power control, complete variable speed control, braking,
and stepping. It is understood that the perm-mag motor meets all performance
requirements for powering electric vehicles. It is not known how the
perm-mag motor specifically compares with other types of over-unity motors.

Minato Over-Unity Permanent Magnet Motor.

The Minato motor (US Patent 5,594,289) is a bicycle wheel-like disk that is
self-starting and self-rotating. On one half of the disk is mounted a
counter weight comprising of a single curved piece of aluminum spanning 180
degrees. Each of the several individual magnets on the other half of the
wheel are slightly symmetric, crescent shaped, and nested. They are
magnetized end to end with their north poles pointing out.

The motor is actuated by using the energy of a battery to move the north
pole of a large permanent magnet (the drive magnet) towards the wheel. As
the drive magnet approaches within several inches of the wheel, the wheel
starts to spin. As the drive magnet is moved closer to the wheel, the wheel
spins faster. The particular orientation of the wheel when it is at rest
seems to have no effect on how rapidly the wheel starts to turn. When the
drive magnet is moved away from the wheel, it coasts rather quickly to a
stop.

In May 1997, a working prototype was demonstrated at the First
International New Energy Conference in Seoul, Korea. It used 150 watts power
input and produced 450 watts output on a sustained basis. A December 1997
report, possibly not true, states that a large unit was being manufactured
in Japan that comprises of four connected 10-foot-long units that can power
30 homes. A smaller unit for powering individual homes has also been built.

An unimpressive summer 1998 Mexico City demonstration of a half-ton unit
showed an output of about one horsepower. This test result appears to show
that the horsepower per unit weight efficiency of the Minato motor is about
the same as one horsepower per horse.

Other Over-Unity Magnetic Motors.

There are several other types of magnetic motors claimed to have over-unity
energy conversion gain such as the ones that have been developed by Aspden,
Reed, Watson, Takahashi, Bergman, Johnson, Labine, and Marinov. For example,
Teruo Kawai of Tokyo, Japan recently obtained U.S. Patent 5,436,518 for his
"Motive Power Generating Device". The patent's key statement is as follows:
"Electric power of 19.55 watts was applied to the electromagnets at 17 volts
and 1.15 amperes. . an output of 62.16 watt was obtained." Dividing the
output power by the input power yields an efficiency of 318 per cent.
However, as stated above for the perm-mag motor, such motors may not
necessarily have all the characteristics needed for powering electric
vehicles. Power gain measurements also can be tricky.

COMPRESSED AIR-DRIVEN AIR CONDITIONER/HEATER

Alvin Snaper has patented a compressed air-driven air conditioner/heater. It
relies on the principle of a vortex tube. Air whirled in a vortex tube
separates with the cold air molecules collecting in one portion of the tube,
and the warm air molecules collecting in another portion of the tube. The
cold air is expelled from one end of the tube, and the warm air is expelled
from the other end. It can be switched between providing 90 per cent cold
air and 10 per cent warm air, or 10 per cent cold air and 90 per cent warm
air.

The metal tube is about a foot long and a half-inch in diameter with a
two-inch long compressed air intake tube perpendicularly attached about
three inches from one end. The intake compressed air requirement
specifications are 7 CFM at 40 PSI. The volume of air expelled is twice that
of a refrigerant-type automobile air conditioner while requiring only
one-fourth the horsepower. Also, no warm-up period is required as with
conventional air conditioners or heaters. Its efficiency is nearly 30 per
cent.

The vehicle would have a redundant pair (for increased reliability) of air
compressors for pressurizing the vehicle's tubular frame which would also
serve as a storage chamber. The heavy (no fuel economy requirement) and
strong (for safety) tubular frame would help distribute compressed air to
the power steering, power brakes, power seats, power windows, windshield
wipers, door locks, air conditioner/heater, and a computer-controlled air
ride suspension system.

CONTINUOUS CLIMATE-CONTROL SYSTEM

Since the vehicle's on-board super-capacitor/battery charger is expected to
keep the super-capacitor/batteries charged even while the vehicle is parked,
the vehicle's interior temperature could be thermostatically controlled at a
comfortable room temperature 24 hours per day, seven days a week regardless
of the exterior temperature.

LOW-TEMPERATURE DIAMOND COATINGS

Durability would be enhanced by coating parts such as shock absorbers with
diamond using a new nondestructive low-temperature coating process which
also was patented by Alvin Snaper.

ADVANCED COMPUTER-CONTROLLED SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

Computer-controlled hydraulic shock absorbers as well as the
computer-controlled air ride suspension system would be supplied by Aimrite
Systems International, Inc., which owns the patents. Aimrite's
Computer-Optimized Adaptive Suspension Technology (COAST) system replaces a
vehicle's conventional shock absorbers with specially designed hydraulic
shock absorbers. The COAST system utilizes a sophisticated computer and
position sensors to monitor the vehicle's level at each corner. The
computer's microprocessor checks the sensors 240 times per second and
optimally regulates the damping on all four shocks based on this input. The
firmware used in the microprocessor is patented and represents the most
important element in the COAST system. It controls nine dynamic and static
parameters of motion (roll, pitch, sprung natural frequency, unsprung
natural frequency, pumping down, stored energy, topping out, bottoming out,
and height).

The COAST system is not only totally automatic, but it monitors and controls
the vehicle's ride performance on a continuous basis providing soft and
stable ride characteristics at all times as needed. The ride is comparable
to active systems without the need for pumps nor high-speed servo-valves.

Each shock absorber is actually a complementary pair of shock absorbers
mounted in opposing vertical compression/rebound modes. The computer sends
signals to valves to release pressure as required. Aimrite considers its
shock absorbers more durable and react faster than competing
computer-controlled shock absorbers which apply pressure when needed. A
built-in safety factor is that if the computer fails, the result is
conventional damper operation, and failure of an individual damper is
equivalent to failure of a conventional shock absorber.

Aimrite's air ride suspension system replaces a vehicle's front coil springs
and rear leaf springs. The air suspension comprises of a high-quality
control subsystem that includes the aforementioned dual redundant air
compressors, air dryers and filters, position sensors, computer-controlled
solenoid valves, and a dashboard-mounted control to ensure proper operation
and a long and reliable life of the air suspension in all weather and
driving conditions. While stopped or driving, the control subsystem allows
the operator to easily maintain the correct ride height under all loading
conditions. For example, the chassis can be raised for a bumpy ride and
lowered for stable highway driving. The vehicle body is automatically
leveled at all four corners, even when parked on an uneven surface.

Aimrite's suspension provides a full air suspension ride, with increased
comfort and control. Built-in safety capabilities are provided that
virtually eliminate traditional problems associated with air ride suspension
systems.

Combining Aimrite's two computer-controlled suspension systems would offer a
luxurious ride with sports-car control and additional features at a
reasonable price.

MONOCOQUE (UNIBODY) BASALT/CARBON FIBER FOAM BODY/FRAME

Developed by the I. N. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials
Science, Kiev, Ukraine, basalt/carbon fiber foam is extremely strong yet
lighter than fiberglass. Test vehicle made with basalt/carbon fiber foam
parts was only vehicle ever tested that can cut through a cast-iron London
taxicab in a collision.

MARKETING

By combining these superb new technologies into an advanced self-powered
electric car that would be superior to any other car even envisioned, it is
evident that it should not be very difficult to sell a reasonably priced car
which would offer the following features:

Continuous climate control even while parked.

Computer-controlled luxurious ride with sports-car control and automatic
leveling even while parked.

Powerful but quiet and emission-free electric motor.

Much less hassle with bothersome and costly maintenance such as oil changes,
tune-ups, etc.

No dangerous gas tank taking up space.

Only a few maintenance-free lifetime environmentally benign
super-capacitors/batteries.

Heavy pressurized tubular frame and basalt/carbon fiber foam body for
increased safety.

And, above all, never requires refueling nor electricity recharging.

(Gary C. Vesperman, Henderson, Nevada)


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