Hello all my name is Chandrasekar  and I am currently doing P.hd., in
the area of Wireless.  My project is Seamless mobility with WLAN and
Cellular network.

I need the simulation tool and some basic coding for the above area.
Any one working with this area, please repond me.

Thanking you,

C. Chandrasekar

hai,
iam a engg student i already have matlab source code to my project
but i have some error on it, if u have code pls help me or sent ur
valuable ideas thank u sir

Hi, there... I'm learning on how to determine BER performance for wireless link.

Anyone know on where to access a free tutorial on this subject.

   Thank you.



---------------------------------

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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Hi, there... I'm learning on how to determine BER from QAM modulation.
Anyone know on where to access a free tutorial on this subject. Thank
you.

Very well, I have bought a Access Point LOBOMETRICS LOBO908R I I have
not been able to program this device.  I wanted to interchange
experiences about the use of this device

i'm using Omnet++ for the simulation..if u hav any references from ur friend and
etc, can u inform and foward it to me? thank u

Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:  Nurul Huda wrote:
> oo..ok..i will try the method that u introduce..anyway
> do hav any references or examples in doing this project
> by simulation stuff?

I don't have any simulation code specific to this situation.

What are you using for your simulation? OPNET and ns
are two of the most widely used tools - the former is a
commercial tool (though they have pretty good licensing
terms for educational use) and the latter is a community
project. Either would be perfect for something like this.
And both have pretty good support communities to
help you with any specific questions.

- Harshal





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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Nurul Huda wrote:
> oo..ok..i will try the method that u introduce..anyway
> do hav any references or examples in doing this project
> by simulation stuff?

I don't have any simulation code specific to this situation.

What are you using for your simulation? OPNET and ns
are two of the most widely used tools - the former is a
commercial tool (though they have pretty good licensing
terms for educational use) and the latter is a community
project. Either would be perfect for something like this.
And both have pretty good support communities to
help you with any specific questions.

- Harshal

oo..ok..i will try the method that u introduce..anyway
do hav any
references or examples in doing this project by
simulation stuff?
--- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:

> Nurul Huda wrote:
> > so i'm late to reply ur email..Actually once the
> STA decides to look for other AP,
> > the probing process starts.The STA starts sending
> out probe requests and
> > then processes received probe responses.The time
> involved in this probing
> > process is called probe delay.This delay
> contributes the largest delay in
> > the handoff process.
>
> So what I suggested would reduce the delay. The STA
> should send out the probe
> requests periodically *before* it decides to roam.
> This will greatly
> reduce the delay
> in this step.
>
> - Harshal
>
>
>


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Nurul Huda wrote:
> so i'm late to reply ur email..Actually once the STA decides to look for other
AP,
> the probing process starts.The STA starts sending out probe requests and
> then processes received probe responses.The time involved in this probing
> process is called probe delay.This delay contributes the largest delay in
> the handoff process.

So what I suggested would reduce the delay. The STA should send out the probe
requests periodically *before* it decides to roam. This will greatly
reduce the delay
in this step.

- Harshal

so i'm late to reply ur email..Actually once the STA decides to look for other
AP, the probing process starts.The STA starts sending out probe requests and
then processes received probe responses.The time involved in this probing
process is called probe delay.This delay contributes the largest delay in the
handoff process.
   I'm sure that can reduce the probe delay..My lecturer advice me to focus the
simulation on the handoff process first and then gain the result from the
simulation..do u have any reference that related to my project?

Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:
   Nurul Huda wrote:
> tq..my attention is on the probe delay which contributes the largest delay
> in handoff process..There are many factor that influences the delay..
> so how i'm gonna reduce the delay?

Could you explain what you mean by 'probe delay'?

The device could send out probe frames and build a list of available
APs that it could roam to while it is still associated with an AP. It
could periodicially update this list and sort it from 'best' to
'worst' depending on some criteria that you choose - signal strength
is the most choice but not the only one. When the time comes to roam,
it doesn't need to look for a suitable AP but uses this list to
associate. Would this approach reduce this 'probe delay'?

Regards,
- Harshal




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Typically AP will create the BSSID list (AP list) from
the beacons it receives. User level Apps like the
microsoft zero config go 'nuts' pumping in calls to
firmware for BSSID list scanning.
Based on a timer the Driver also initiates a scan for
BSSIDS. Access point list is not the bottleneck in
fast handoff. You can also look up Inter access point
protocol.

The data packets can traverse the air only after
association and authentication. Roaming tests with
attenuators will show the bottleneck. It depends on
the mobile unit and Access point / wireless switch
stack implementation.

Profile roaming algorithms are like google pages. It
can be a simple algorithm like signal strenth +
security policy . In the case of having multiple
access point availability and continuous roaming, user
patterns will have to be mapped .

--- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:

> Nurul Huda wrote:
> > tq..my attention is on the probe delay which
> contributes the largest delay
> > in handoff process..There are many factor that
> influences the delay..
> > so how i'm gonna reduce the delay?
>
> Could you explain what you mean by 'probe delay'?
>
> The device could send out probe frames and build a
> list of available
> APs that it could roam to while it is still
> associated with an AP. It
> could periodicially update this list and sort it
> from 'best' to
> 'worst' depending on some criteria that you choose -
> signal strength
> is the most choice but not the only one. When the
> time comes to roam,
> it doesn't need to look for a suitable AP but uses
> this list to
> associate. Would this approach reduce this 'probe
> delay'?
>
> Regards,
> - Harshal
>
>
>


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salam and greetings,

   great discussion here, i am new to the group ... currently i am doing a
pre-lim study for my phd research on mac protocols for wlan anyone doing work on
the similar ...?

   mie.

Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:
   Nurul Huda wrote:
> tq..my attention is on the probe delay which contributes the largest delay
> in handoff process..There are many factor that influences the delay..
> so how i'm gonna reduce the delay?

Could you explain what you mean by 'probe delay'?

The device could send out probe frames and build a list of available
APs that it could roam to while it is still associated with an AP. It
could periodicially update this list and sort it from 'best' to
'worst' depending on some criteria that you choose - signal strength
is the most choice but not the only one. When the time comes to roam,
it doesn't need to look for a suitable AP but uses this list to
associate. Would this approach reduce this 'probe delay'?

Regards,
- Harshal




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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Nurul Huda wrote:
> tq..my attention is on the probe delay which contributes the largest delay
> in handoff process..There are many factor that influences the delay..
> so how i'm gonna reduce the delay?

Could you explain what you mean by 'probe delay'?

The device could send out probe frames and build a list of available
APs that it could roam to while it is still associated with an AP. It
could periodicially update this list and sort it from 'best' to
'worst' depending on some criteria that you choose - signal strength
is the most choice but not the only one. When the time comes to roam,
it doesn't need to look for a suitable AP but uses this list to
associate. Would this approach reduce this 'probe delay'?

Regards,
- Harshal

tq..my attention is on the probe delay which contributes the largest delay in
handoff process..There are many factor that influences the delay..so how i'm
gonna reduce the delay?

surya prashant s n rao <spsnr@...> wrote:  These are some variables for
the project, my
ramblings....:

- You can get conditional probabilities .
probability (Fast Handoff/ With QOS EDCA) =?
- Instead of a purely stochastic process ,
learnability can be included in access point, which
caches MU behaviour. The only problem is dynamic
security protocols ;).

Fast handoffs will be required for Audio Video and
VOIP ie. at max 50mS which brings up the ->
1. QOS Factor.
2. Security Impact.

- The impact of fast inclusion of  new node in a
EDCA/HCCA based QOS environment. HCCA adds
AP-controlled client access on top of EDCA.
- In both EDCA and HCCA , Fast handoff packet delivery
FHPD can be used.

--- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:

> huda1910 wrote:
> > hello..i am a new member of this
> group..Actually,now i'm doing my final
> > year project before graduate..my topic is IEEE
> 802.11 MAC Layer handoff
> > process..i'm trying to reduce the latency in the
> process..i hope that i
> > can gain as many as knowledge from u guys..
>
> Hi,
>
> Have you been following the work done in IEEE
> 802.11r on Fast Roaming
> and Fast Handoff? That may help you in your project.
>
> Regards,
> - Harshal
>
>
>


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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

These are some variables for the project, my
ramblings....:

- You can get conditional probabilities .
probability (Fast Handoff/ With QOS EDCA) =?
- Instead of a purely stochastic process ,
learnability can be included in access point, which
caches MU behaviour. The only problem is dynamic
security protocols ;).

Fast handoffs will be required for Audio Video and
VOIP ie. at max 50mS which brings up the ->
1. QOS Factor.
2. Security Impact.

- The impact of fast inclusion of  new node in a
EDCA/HCCA based QOS environment. HCCA adds
AP-controlled client access on top of EDCA.
- In both EDCA and HCCA , Fast handoff packet delivery
FHPD can be used.

--- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:

> huda1910 wrote:
> > hello..i am a new member of this
> group..Actually,now i'm doing my final
> > year project before graduate..my topic is IEEE
> 802.11 MAC Layer handoff
> > process..i'm trying to reduce the latency in the
> process..i hope that i
> > can gain as many as knowledge from u guys..
>
> Hi,
>
> Have you been following the work done in IEEE
> 802.11r on Fast Roaming
> and Fast Handoff? That may help you in your project.
>
> Regards,
> - Harshal
>
>
>


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huda1910 wrote:
> hello..i am a new member of this group..Actually,now i'm doing my final
> year project before graduate..my topic is IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer handoff
> process..i'm trying to reduce the latency in the process..i hope that i
> can gain as many as knowledge from u guys..

Hi,

Have you been following the work done in IEEE 802.11r on Fast Roaming
and Fast Handoff? That may help you in your project.

Regards,
- Harshal

hello..i am a new member of this group..Actually,now i'm doing my final
year project before graduate..my topic is IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer handoff
process..i'm trying to reduce the latency in the process..i hope that i
can gain as many as knowledge from u guys..

Helium Announces Free 14-Day Demonstration Copy of Wireless Recon Site Survey,
Audit Software



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Helium Networks, Inc.
(www.heliumnetworks.com), a leading provider of wireless LAN (WLAN)
site survey, design and maintenance tools, announces the
availability of a
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Wireless
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     SiteSense, the intelligent software behind the Wireless Recon
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takes this comprehensive set of wireless information and translates
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From there, the engineer or technician can design, optimize and
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     By downloading the free, 14-day demo software and examining the
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     About Helium Networks
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network reliability and performance while minimizing WLAN's security
exposure.
For more information, visit www.heliumnetworks.com or call
412.231.7770, ext. 1.



SOURCE Helium Networks, Inc.
Web Site: www.heliumnetworks.com
www.heliumnetworks.com/knowledge/demo.htm

New FRITZ!Box Fon WLAN 7050


BERLIN, January 4

- VoIP, ADSL and WLAN in One Device:

- Internet Telephony Now with ISDN Phones

- New Top of the FRITZ!Box Fon Line Available Now

Router, ADSL modem, WLAN access point, and PBX in one device

Use existing phones to dial Internet and fixed-line calls

Extensions for ISDN and POTS equipment: ISDN S0 NT and three analog
ports

Internet telephony with the computer turned off

Cross reference: Picture is available via EPA (European Pressphoto
Agency)

FRITZ!Box Fon WLAN 7050, from the Berlin communications specialist
AVM, is available now. The new product takes its place at the top of
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This ensures that existing equipment can continue in use, even if
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manufacturer's suggested retail price is EUR 171,55, plus applicable
VAT. AVM provides a five-year warranty, free support and free
firmware updates to integrate new features.



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Hi all
My name is james I just joined this group I am currently taking a
course on wireless lans I really enjoy the class and now I would like
to study for the CWNA wher can I get training for this practice exams
etc
Thanks
James




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Hello all
   my name is James I recently got into wireless networks and I am currently
taking courses at college to learn about it. Yesterday I built a wireless
network at home with 3 computers I was wondering where can I get info about
wireless what is the eaisest way to get certifcations.
   One more thing can anyone suggest to me a simple project I can do for my final
   Thanks
   James

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cw wong wrote:
>   Case 1:
>   A QSTA knows it requires quaranteed downstream bandwidth and it gets
> scheduled TXOP from the QAP through TSPEC negotiation. In this case, the AP
> SME is aware of the bandwidth reservation for the downstream flow.
>
>   Case 2:
>   Downstream traffic is iniatiated by an application residing in the QAP above
the
> wireless MAC. It requires rather constant bandwidth over a long time
(streaming 1
> hour video, for example). For some reasons, this downstream flow is not
started
> by QSTA, no TSPEC has been exchanged, and thus no bandwidth reservation.
>
>   In case 2, is it still possible to protect the traffic? If not protected, it
will be
> compromised due to other QoS streams (polled TXOP).

CW,

If the downstream traffic starts before the TSPECs have been agreed
upon, the AP knows about the resources used by the downstream traffic
and how much bandwidth is left. It can reject any TSPEC that
interferes with this already-established flow. This is admission
control and the specifics of how it is done is left to the
implementor.

If the TSPECs have already been established, the AP knows the
resources that have been already allocated. When a new downstream flow
starts, the AP can verify if it has enough resources to support this
traffic. If the flow originates in outside the AP's BSS, something has
to tell the AP about the characteristics of the flow and what kind of
QoS is needed. If the downstream flow needs more resources than the AP
currently has, the AP can reject this flow or it can accept the flow
without guranteeing QoS and try its best. It is in a better position
than the QSTAs since it can pre-empt all BSS traffic by transmitting
after a PIFS.

In short, what the AP does in such a situation is a local policy
decision. Different implementations may take different actions in such
cases.

Hope this helps.

- Harshal

Harshal,
   I need more information here. We assume 2 cases:

   Case 1:
   A QSTA knows it requires quaranteed downstream bandwidth and it gets scheduled
TXOP from the QAP through TSPEC negotiation. In this case, the AP SME is aware
of the bandwidth reservation for the downstream flow.

   Case 2:
   Downstream traffic is iniatiated by an application residing in the QAP above
the wireless MAC. It requires rather constant bandwidth over a long time
(streaming 1 hour video, for example). For some reasons, this downstream flow is
not started by QSTA, no TSPEC has been exchanged, and thus no bandwidth
reservation.

   In case 2, is it still possible to protect the traffic? If not protected, it
will be compromised due to other QoS streams (polled TXOP).
   Please advise.
   cw

Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:
   cw wong wrote:
> I understand that the scheduled TXOP is requested by an QSTA and granted
> by the AP SME.
> In this situation, if the AP SME is not aware of the AP requirement for
> guaranteed downstream bandwidth, it may think it has sufficient capacity and
> accept new TS request from QSTA. Once new TS is formed, the AP will protect
> it by all means and the AP's internally generated traffic will be compromised.
> Any comments?

CW,

I think it is quite unlikely that the AP SME does not know the details
of its downstream traffic. The admission control module has to know
about all the scheduled traffic passing through the AP - both upstream
and downstream. If it does not have this complete picture, it cannot
make correct decisions about admitting new flows and cannot guarantee
QoS to any traffic.

If a situation occurs where a new downstream flow can potentially
disrupt an established TS, the AP can handle it as it chooses. It
could notify the QSTA that the TSPEC needs to be changed or it could
throttle the new flow and keep the established TSPEC intact.

Hope this helps.

- Harshal




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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

can we get the source code of wireless drivers or firmware. can u send me any
links which tells about how to change this code so as to make it as wireless
analyzer and report signal strength... i am very much interested in doing
that...
   --sudha

surya prashant s n rao <spsnr@...> wrote:
   Airopeek has got a solution similar to distributed
sniffer where the nodes can be deployed remotely and
they report back to a mother Node ie aka. laptop with
Airopeek.
The hardware at each node calculates and reports the
RSSI or signal strength of the frames it receives.
-Alternatively if you have got the source code for the
Mobile units wireless driver/firmware, you can modify
the drivers to sync up in time (Network time
server)and report RSSI instantaneously to a log.

Hope this helps.
--Surya Prashant Rao

--- sudha rani <sudharani_v2003@...> wrote:

> I got the solution.using network analyzer like
> "commviewforwifi" you can find the signal strength
> from all the other nodes with out any transferring
> of
> files. this network analyzers captures the packets
> on
> all the channels and report the signal strength it
> is
> perceiveing from all the other nodes.
>
>
> --- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:
>
>
> ---------------------------------
> sudha rani wrote:
> > what i mean is from each node i should be able to
> measure the strength of the
> > signal from all the other nodes. As u said there
> are
> n*(n-1) values. How can i
> > measure them??
>
> Sudha,
>
> Most WLAN drivers indicate the signal strength of
> the
> received
> packets. You can use the utilities provided by your
> WLAN card's vendor
> to get this information. Other applications like
> netstumbler may also
> display this information.
>
> I don't know why you need all the n*(n-1) values,
> but
> if you really
> need all those numbers, choose one of the devices as
> the transmitter
> and start a large file transfer or any long data
> transfer. Then
> measure the signal strength at all the other (n-1)
> nodes. Change the
> transmitter to the next node and repeat the
> measurement. Doing this
> for all the nodes will give you the n*(n-1) values.
>
> Regards,
> - Harshal
>
>
>
>
> http://www.wireless--lan.com/
> http://www.wlanforum.com/
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"The world is moving so fast these days that the person who says it can’t be
done is generally interrupted by someone doing it"

---------------------------------
  Enjoy this Diwali with Y! India Click here

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

cw wong wrote:
> I understand that the scheduled TXOP is requested by an QSTA and granted
> by the AP SME.
> In this situation, if the AP SME is not aware of the AP requirement for
> guaranteed downstream bandwidth, it may think it has sufficient capacity and
> accept new TS request from QSTA. Once new TS is formed, the AP will protect
> it by all means and the AP's internally generated traffic will be compromised.
> Any comments?

CW,

I think it is quite unlikely that the AP SME does not know the details
of its downstream traffic. The admission control module has to know
about all the scheduled traffic passing through the AP - both upstream
and downstream. If it does not have this complete picture, it cannot
make correct decisions about admitting new flows and cannot guarantee
QoS to any traffic.

If a situation occurs where a new downstream flow can potentially
disrupt an established TS, the AP can handle it as it chooses. It
could notify the QSTA that the TSPEC needs to be changed or it could
throttle the new flow and keep the established TSPEC intact.

Hope this helps.

- Harshal

Hello Harshal,
   I understand that the scheduled TXOP is requested by an QSTA and granted by
the AP SME.
   In this situation, if the AP SME is not aware of the AP requirement for
guaranteed downstream bandwidth, it may think it has sufficient capacity and
accept new TS request from QSTA. Once new TS is formed, the AP will protect it
by all means and the AP's internally generated traffic will be compromised.
   Any comments?
   cw

Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:
   cw wong wrote:
> 802.11e specify a method to reserve bandwidth through tspec negotiation,
> and this is only initiated by a qsta in qbss.
> In the event that an application (resides in a QAP) needs guaranteed bandwidth
for
> its downstream traffic, how can the application obtain this reserved bandwidth
with
> its own sme? Please advise.

CW,

Please note that the TSPEC-based reservation is only for the HC (QAP)
to schedule
polls to the QSTA. It is not a true reservation in that other devices
in the network are
not aware of this scheduled traffic.

Under HCCA rules, the QAP can start transmitting a PIFS interval after
the channel is free. This allows it to pre-empt all other QSTAs who
have to wait at least a DIFS before they can start their transmission.

So for any downstream traffic, the QAP can transmit it on its own by
pre-empting all the other QSTAs and ensure that it meets the schedule.
It doesn't need to reserve any resources at the QSTA and so doesn't
need to use TSPECs.

Hope this helps.

Regards,
- Harshal





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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Airopeek has got a solution similar to distributed
sniffer where the nodes can be deployed remotely and
they report back to a mother Node ie aka. laptop with
Airopeek.
The hardware at each node calculates and reports the
RSSI or signal strength of the frames it receives.
-Alternatively if you have got the source code for the
Mobile units wireless driver/firmware, you can modify
the drivers to sync up in time (Network time
server)and report RSSI instantaneously to a log.

Hope this helps.
--Surya Prashant Rao

--- sudha rani <sudharani_v2003@...> wrote:

> I got the solution.using network analyzer like
> "commviewforwifi" you can find the signal strength
> from all the other nodes with out any transferring
> of
> files. this network analyzers captures the packets
> on
> all the channels and report the signal strength it
> is
> perceiveing from all the other nodes.
>
>
> --- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:
>
>
> ---------------------------------
> sudha rani wrote:
> > what i mean is from each node i should be able to
> measure the strength of the
> > signal from all the other nodes. As u said there
> are
> n*(n-1) values. How can i
> > measure them??
>
> Sudha,
>
> Most WLAN drivers indicate the signal strength of
> the
> received
> packets. You can use the utilities provided by your
> WLAN card's vendor
> to get this information. Other applications like
> netstumbler may also
> display this information.
>
> I don't know why you need all the n*(n-1) values,
> but
> if you really
> need all those numbers, choose one of the devices as
> the transmitter
> and start a large file transfer or any long data
> transfer. Then
> measure the signal strength at all the other (n-1)
> nodes. Change the
> transmitter to the next node and repeat the
> measurement. Doing this
> for all the nodes will give you the n*(n-1) values.
>
> Regards,
> - Harshal
>
>
>
>
> http://www.wireless--lan.com/
> http://www.wlanforum.com/
> http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wirelesslan/
>
>
>
>
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>
>     Visit your group "wirelesslan" on the web.
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> to:
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> Terms of Service.
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>
> ---------------------------------
>
>
>
>
> "The world is moving so fast these days that the
> person who says it can’t be done is generally
> interrupted by someone doing it"
>
>
>
>
__________________________________________________________
>
> Enjoy this Diwali with Y! India Click here
> http://in.promos.yahoo.com/fabmall/index.html
>
>
>




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I got the solution.using network analyzer like
"commviewforwifi" you can find the signal strength
from all the other nodes with out any transferring of
files. this network analyzers captures the packets on
all the channels and report the signal strength it is
perceiveing from all the other nodes.


--- Harshal Chhaya <harshal@...> wrote:


---------------------------------
sudha rani wrote:
> what i mean is from each node i should be able to
measure the strength of the
> signal from all the other nodes. As u said there are
n*(n-1) values. How can i
> measure them??

Sudha,

Most WLAN drivers indicate the signal strength of the
received
packets. You can use the utilities provided by your
WLAN card's vendor
to get this information. Other applications like
netstumbler may also
display this information.

I don't know why you need all the n*(n-1) values, but
if you really
need all those numbers, choose one of the devices as
the transmitter
and start a large file transfer or any long data
transfer. Then
measure the signal strength at all the other (n-1)
nodes. Change the
transmitter to the next node and repeat the
measurement. Doing this
for all the nodes will give you the n*(n-1) values.

Regards,
- Harshal




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---------------------------------




"The world is moving so fast these days that the person who says it can’t be
done is generally interrupted by someone doing it"



__________________________________________________________
Enjoy this Diwali with Y! India Click here
http://in.promos.yahoo.com/fabmall/index.html

sudha rani wrote:
> what i mean is from each node i should be able to measure the strength of the
> signal from all the other nodes. As u said there are n*(n-1) values. How can i
> measure them??

Sudha,

Most WLAN drivers indicate the signal strength of the received
packets. You can use the utilities provided by your WLAN card's vendor
to get this information. Other applications like netstumbler may also
display this information.

I don't know why you need all the n*(n-1) values, but if you really
need all those numbers, choose one of the devices as the transmitter
and start a large file transfer or any long data transfer. Then
measure the signal strength at all the other (n-1) nodes. Change the
transmitter to the next node and repeat the measurement. Doing this
for all the nodes will give you the n*(n-1) values.

Regards,
- Harshal

cw wong wrote:
> 802.11e specify a method to reserve bandwidth through tspec negotiation,
> and this is only initiated by a qsta in qbss.
> In the event that an application (resides in a QAP) needs guaranteed bandwidth
for
> its downstream traffic, how can the application obtain this reserved bandwidth
with
> its own sme? Please advise.

CW,

Please note that the TSPEC-based reservation is only for the HC (QAP)
to schedule
polls to the QSTA. It is not a true reservation in that other devices
in the network are
not aware of this scheduled traffic.

Under HCCA rules, the QAP can start transmitting a PIFS interval after
the channel is free. This allows it to pre-empt all other QSTAs who
have to wait at least a DIFS before they can start their transmission.

So for any downstream traffic, the QAP can transmit it on its own by
pre-empting all the other QSTAs and ensure that it meets the schedule.
It doesn't need to reserve any resources at the QSTA and so doesn't
need to use TSPECs.

Hope this helps.

Regards,
- Harshal